Argument, Types of Evidence, Fallacies Flashcards
Argument
A process of reasoned inquiry and rational discourse seeking common ground
Claim
An assertion that puts forward a proposition that states the argument main idea or position. Must be arguable
3 Types of Claims
Claims of Fact, Claims of Value, Claims of Policy
Claims of Fact
Asserts something that is true or not true
Claims of value
Argues something that is good or bad, right or wrong, or valuable or not
Types of Evidence
6 types, emotionally persuasive and/or factually authoritative
Personal Experience
Adds a human element
Appeals to Pathos
Anecdotes
Stories about other people that you’ve observed, been told, or researched
Current Events
Locally, Nationally, or Globally Events Happening
Can be interpreted multiple ways so view many perspectives
Historical Information
Provides background and context to current issues
Establishes ethos
Used to develop a point of compare and contrast
Expert Opinion
Find someone who has published research or whose job requires them to have specialized knowledge on that topic.
Quantitative Evidence
Things represented in numbers
Presented verbally, graphs, charts or tables
Appeals to logos and/or pathos
Red Herring Fallacy
Evidence that’s irrelevant to the claim
Ad Hominem
Switches argument from the issue to attacking the character or appearance of others
Faulty Analogy
Poor Comparison
Straw Man
Ridicule false arguments
Either/ Or
Only two extreme options
Hasty Generalization
Quick Decision
Circular Reasoning
Restates Claim
Post Hoc
Causation without correlation
Appeals to False Authority
Not an expert speaks on an issue as a authority
Bandwagon Appeal
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