argument types and fallacies

Question 1

Induction

Answer 1

Special Case -> General Principle

Question 2

Deduction

Answer 2

General Principle -> Special Case

Question 3

Arguments by Example

Answer 3

argument that uses a small example as data to make a claim about a general/large group

Question 4

Argument by Example Questions

Answer 4

Enough data to support? Are the data representative of the whole

Question 5

Argument from Authority

Answer 5

using evidence through an authoritative figure

Question 6

Argument from Authority Questions

Answer 6

Is the source considered a legit expert in this case? Is the source impartial/credible?

Question 7

Argument by Analogy or Parallel Case

Answer 7

focused on the similarities between 2 different cases

Question 8

Argument by Analogy or Parallel Case Questions

Answer 8

Are the relationships similar enough in relevant ways?

Question 9

Argument about Causes

Answer 9

warrant contains that a causes b; cause and effect argument

Question 10

Argument about Causes Questions

Answer 10

Does the argument explain how the cause leads to the effect (or vice versa)? Is A the only cause of B or are there other likely causes? Does the arguer mistake sequential events or correlations for cause?

Question 11

Argument by Sign

Answer 11

argument made anytime someone draws an inference from observable signs

Question 12

Argument by Sign Questions

Answer 12

Is the sign fallible?

Question 13

Motivational Arguments

Answer 13

motivating audience to do the claim

Question 14

Motivational Arguments Questions

Answer 14

Is the motive upon which the argument is based true of this audience?

Question 15

Argument by Deduction or General Rule

Answer 15

General Principle -> Special Case claim: small group data: large group

Question 16

Argument by Deduction or General Rule Questions

Answer 16

Can we assume the general rule, assumption, or belief to be true?

Question 17

Hasty Generalization

Answer 17

Making an unfair generalization about a large group based on inadequate data to support it; Example argument

Question 18

False Cause (Post Hoc)

Answer 18

When a false casual relationship is perceived between a claim and evidence; Cause argument

Question 19

Slippery Slope

Answer 19

A chain reaction when one event leads to the next, even tho there is no natural connection between each event; Multiple cause arguments

Question 20

Weak Analogy

Answer 20

Making a comparison between 2 things that are too dissimilar to be compared; Analogy argument

Question 21

Appeal to Authority

Answer 21

When you cite someone who is not an expert on the topic that they are discussing; authority argument

Question 22

Ad Populum

Answer 22

“To the people” in Latin, using the audience’s desires to take advance of them and make them feel like they’ll fit in, the bandwagon fallacy

Question 23

Red Herring

Answer 23

Bringing up irrelevant information and trying to use it as evidence

Question 24

Ad Hominem

Answer 24

When you attack someone’s character instead of their argument

Question 25

Appeal to Ignorance

Answer 25

uses ignorance/the unknown as evidence

Question 26

Straw Man

Answer 26

As you anticipate your opponent’s argument, you may set up a weaker version of it and strike it down in advance but in reality, it isn’t that impressive

Question 27

False Dichotomy

Answer 27

When you claim there are only 2 options for something when there are actually more available

Question 28

Begging the question/Circular reasoning

Answer 28

argument that begs the question asks the reader to simply accept that conclusion without providing real evidence; repeating themself