Argument Techniques Flashcards
What type of appeal is pathos
emotional
relies on feelings, instincts and opinions
leads to predictable and unpredictable results
What type of appeal is ethos
ethical appeal
appeals to sense of how people ought to behave
What type of appeal is logos
logical appeal
presents a series of reasonable observations and a conclusion to establish reliable claim or position
oversimplification
emotional fallacy
provides easy answers to over complicated questions
red hearings
emotional fallacy
use misleading or unrelated evidence to support conclusion
ex. the painting is worthless because i do not recognize it
scare tactics
emotional fallacy
try to frighten people into agreeing with the person by threatening them or predicting unrealistically die consequences
ad populum or bandwagon appeals
emotional fallacy
encourage an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so
ex. if my friends jump off the cliff then i should too
false authority
ethical fallacy
asks audiences to agree with the assertion of a writer based simply on his or her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer that assertion
using authority instead of evidence ( overreliance on authority)
ethical fallacy
occurs when someone offers personal authority as proof
ex trust me
failing to accept the burden of proof
ethical fallacy
the assertion of a claim without presenting a reasoned argument to support it
guilt by association
ethical fallacy
calls someones character into question by examining the character of that person’s associates
ex. Sara’s friend Amy robbed a bank; therefore Sara is a delinquent
ad hominem / name calling
ethical fallacy
arguments attack a person’s character rather than that person’s reasoning
hasty generalization
logical fallacy
draws general and premature conclusions from scanty evidence
faulty casuality
logical fallacy
arguments confuse chronology with causation; one event can occur after another without being caused by it
ex. a year after the release of a violent shooting game it caused an increase in school shootings
stacked evidence/ slanting/ card stacking
logical fallacy
represents only one side of the issue, thus distorting the issue
begging the question (circular reasoning)
logical fallacy
occurs when a writer simply restates the claim in a different way; such an argument is circular; trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea
ex. his lies are evident from the untruthful nature of his statements
repetition
propaganda techniques
used to drum the message into the audience and eventually it will be accepted by the audience
list all of the propaganda techniques
selection/ card stacking/ slanting
lying
repetition
pinpointing the enemy/ bandwagon/ ad populum appeal
assertion / failing to accept the burden of proof
rhetorical questions
selection/ card stacking/ slanting
propaganda techniques
out of mass complex facts, the propagandist selects only those that supports their side
lying
propaganda techniques
tell lies
pinpointing the enemy/ bandwagon/ ad populum appeal
propaganda techniques
the propagandist often tries to find an enemy to attack therefore it unites everybody against the enemy and encourages them to stop thinking for themselves
assertion / failing to accept the burden of proof
propaganda techniques
just makes bold statements without any info to back it up
rhetorical questions
propaganda techniques
asks a question that he intends to answer himself
this is helping to control all of them
