Argument Techniques

Question 1

What type of appeal is pathos

Answer 1

emotional

relies on feelings, instincts and opinions
leads to predictable and unpredictable results

Question 2

What type of appeal is ethos

Answer 2

ethical appeal

appeals to sense of how people ought to behave

Question 3

What type of appeal is logos

Answer 3

logical appeal

presents a series of reasonable observations and a conclusion to establish reliable claim or position

Question 4

oversimplification

Answer 4

emotional fallacy

provides easy answers to over complicated questions

Question 5

red hearings

Answer 5

emotional fallacy
use misleading or unrelated evidence to support conclusion
ex. the painting is worthless because i do not recognize it

Question 6

scare tactics

Answer 6

emotional fallacy

try to frighten people into agreeing with the person by threatening them or predicting unrealistically die consequences

Question 7

ad populum or bandwagon appeals

Answer 7

emotional fallacy
encourage an audience to agree with the writer because everyone else is doing so
ex. if my friends jump off the cliff then i should too

Question 8

false authority

Answer 8

ethical fallacy
asks audiences to agree with the assertion of a writer based simply on his or her character or the authority of another person or institution who may not be fully qualified to offer that assertion

Question 9

using authority instead of evidence ( overreliance on authority)

Answer 9

ethical fallacy
occurs when someone offers personal authority as proof
ex trust me

Question 10

failing to accept the burden of proof

Answer 10

ethical fallacy

the assertion of a claim without presenting a reasoned argument to support it

Question 11

guilt by association

Answer 11

ethical fallacy
calls someones character into question by examining the character of that person’s associates
ex. Sara’s friend Amy robbed a bank; therefore Sara is a delinquent

Question 12

ad hominem / name calling

Answer 12

ethical fallacy

arguments attack a person’s character rather than that person’s reasoning

Question 13

hasty generalization

Answer 13

logical fallacy

draws general and premature conclusions from scanty evidence

Question 14

faulty casuality

Answer 14

logical fallacy
arguments confuse chronology with causation; one event can occur after another without being caused by it
ex. a year after the release of a violent shooting game it caused an increase in school shootings

Question 15

stacked evidence/ slanting/ card stacking

Answer 15

logical fallacy

represents only one side of the issue, thus distorting the issue

Question 16

begging the question (circular reasoning)

Answer 16

logical fallacy
occurs when a writer simply restates the claim in a different way; such an argument is circular; trying to prove one idea with another idea that is too similar to the first idea
ex. his lies are evident from the untruthful nature of his statements

Question 17

repetition

Answer 17

propaganda techniques

used to drum the message into the audience and eventually it will be accepted by the audience

Question 18

list all of the propaganda techniques

Answer 18

selection/ card stacking/ slanting
lying
repetition
pinpointing the enemy/ bandwagon/ ad populum appeal
assertion / failing to accept the burden of proof
rhetorical questions

Question 19

selection/ card stacking/ slanting

Answer 19

propaganda techniques

out of mass complex facts, the propagandist selects only those that supports their side

Question 20

lying

Answer 20

propaganda techniques

tell lies

Question 21

pinpointing the enemy/ bandwagon/ ad populum appeal

Answer 21

propaganda techniques
the propagandist often tries to find an enemy to attack therefore it unites everybody against the enemy and encourages them to stop thinking for themselves

Question 22

assertion / failing to accept the burden of proof

Answer 22

propaganda techniques

just makes bold statements without any info to back it up

Question 23

rhetorical questions

Answer 23

propaganda techniques
asks a question that he intends to answer himself
this is helping to control all of them