Arguement Structures Flashcards
Introduction- Exordium
Classical- Warm up the audience
Establish rapport
Claim
Toulmin- The position or stance being argued
What you are asking the audience to accept as a truth
Introduction
Rogerian- Catch the readers interest
Immediately states the problem and the impact to both sides
Cover both thoroughly
Background/ Narration
Classical- Summarizes background
What the audience needs to know about the issue
Grounds/data
Toulmin- Reasons and supporting evidence that supports the claim
Neutral non-judgement statement of opponent’s position
Rogerian- Describe the opposing side with neutral language
Acknowledge the validity of oppositions support and evidence
Proposition
Classical- States the position on the issue
Warrant
Toulmin- The explanation that connects the grounds/data to the claim
Most times explicit- sometimes implicit
A neutral statement and explanation of your own position
Rogerian- Present own argument - neutrally - maintain a fair and balanced tone
Confirmation/proof
Classical- Reasons and evidence to support the position
Backing
Toulmin- Support or justification for the warrant.
Often times, personal examples are good for the backing. Doesn’t necessarily support the claim, but provides support for the warrant.
An analysis
Rogerian- Describe situations where you hope your opinion will be honored.
Refutation/ Concession
Classical- Anticipating the other side of the argument- to knock it down.
Finding the common ground establishes goodwill
Rebuttal
Toulmin- Exceptions to the claim when the argument/ claim doesn’t hold true.
Counter arguments and responses
Proposal
Rogerian- Shows how the opponent will benefit from accepting your position
