Arguement Flashcards
Argument
A RELATIONSHIP of claims where one claim functions as a conclusion with other claim(s) functioning as premise(s)
Conclusion
A claim that is supported by its claim(s)
The “what”
Premise
A claim that supports its conclusion
The “why”
Aristotle’s argument
All men are mortals (major premise)
Socrates is a man (minor premise)
So, Socrates is mortal (conclusion)
All arguments can be weak or strong and questioned if looked at/examined too closely. We have no true evidence that Socrates was a person so the premise,”Socrates is a man,” could essentially be wrong
Conclusion indicators
Therefore So Consequently Hence Thus
Premise indicators
For
Since
Because
2 possibilities of claims
- Unspoken premise
2. Transitional claim
Unspoken premise
A claim functioning as a premise in an argument (but isn’t spoken)
Ex. Since premise indicator you have no money, you can’t come with me-conclusion-.
Unspoken claim: you need money to come with me; the place I’m going requires payment
Transitional claim
A claim functioning as a conclusion in one argument and a premise in another
Ex.
Argument #1: everyone who got an A for the Midterm, got an A for the course. Joe got an A for the Midterm, therefore Joe got an A for the course.
Argument #2: Everyone who got an A for the course was a Philosophy major. Joe got an A for the course, therefore Joe was a Philosophy major.
2 types of arguments
- Deductive argument
2. Inductive argument
Deductive Argument
The conclusion comes from within the premise(s)
-No new info will be given in the conclusion
Ex.All men(A) are mortal(B)
Socrates (C) is a man(A)
Socrates (C) is mortal(B)
*A minimum of 2 premises are needed to avoid the conclusion just being a repeat
Inductive Argument
The conclusion is a projection from its premise(s) -New info will always be offered in the conclusion Ex. The Eagles play the Redskins Therefore, they will win -Uses the unspoken claim -A projection was made -Indicated by the conclusion indicator *At least 1 premise needed
