WSET Diploma Unit 3: Americas > Argentina > Flashcards
Argentina Flashcards
Domingo F. Sarmiento
1811- 88
Argentinean governor of San Juan who instructed a French agronomist to plant French vine cuttings in Mendoza
Argentina takes differences of altitude to extremes, Chile have extremes of……
Latitude
Describe Rio Negro and Neuquen
Pinot Noir and Malbec; Neuquen makes high quality sparkling wine
Describe Salta
Highest commercial v/ yards. Intense colour and aromatics, with natural acidity Torrontes, Malbec, Cab Sauv, Tannat, Sauv Blanc and Chardonnay
Describe San Juan
Three valleys. Hotter and more arid than Mendoza. Shiraz, Malbec, Cab Sauv, Tannat, Viognier, Pinot Grigio, Chardonnay, Sauv Blanc
Describe Mendoza
More than 75% of the wine produced in Argentina. Largest producer in the world Desert conditions. Protected from rain by Andes and Pampas. Snow- melt water and high altitude. Altitude has moderating effects on temps. and increased sunlight intensity.
What are the main regions of Argentina?
Mendoza, San Juan, Salta, Rio Negro and Neuquen
What are the main varieties of Argentina
Malbec, Torrontes, Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay, Viognier, Barbera, Bonarda, Sangiovese, Temp, also some traditional varieties such as Criolla and Cereza.
Describe winemaking in Argentina
High- yielding vineyards, low labor cost dry summers- can select healthy fruit @ low cost. Up- to- date equipment. Widespread use of oak barriques.
What is the climate of Argentina and how does it relate to viti
Most vineyards are high in alt (except for Rio Negro and Neuquen). Historically planted in pergola system. Now using Cordon Training. Rain Shadow of Andes makes rainfall low. Flood irrigation mostly. Dry climate means few problems with rot.
More than 2/3 of Argentina wine production is located in which viticultural region?
Mendoza
What is the most important growing regions of Argentina?
Mendoza
Sub regions of Argentina
Salta, Cantamarga, La Rioja, San Juan, North Mendoza, East Mendoza, Mendoza, La Pampa, Rio Negro
Department of Salta?
Cafayate
Department of Catamarca?
Eastern Valley: Tinogasta, Fiambala, Belen, Capayan
Regions of Argentina?
Andean Northwest Region
Cuyo Region
Patagonic Region
What is the Southern most region in Argentina
Rio Negro- Patagonia
Argentina takes differences of altitude to extremes, Chile have extremes of……
Latitude
Describe Rio Negro and Neuquen
Pinot Noir and Malbec; Neuquen makes high quality sparkling wine
Describe Salta
Highest commercial v/ yards. Intense colour and aromatics, with natural acidity Torrontes, Malbec, Cab Sauv, Tannat, Sauv Blanc and Chardonnay
Describe San Juan
Three valleys. Hotter and more arid than Mendoza. Shiraz, Malbec, Cab Sauv, Tannat, Viognier, Pinot Grigio, Chardonnay, Sauv Blanc
Describe Mendoza
More than 75% of the wine produced in Argentina. Largest producer in the world Desert conditions. Protected from rain by Andes and Pampas. Snow- melt water and high altitude. Altitude has moderating effects on temps. and increased sunlight intensity.
What are the main regions of Argentina?
Mendoza, San Juan, Salta, Rio Negro and Neuquen
What are the main varieties of Argentina
Malbec, Torrontes, Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah, Chardonnay, Viognier, Barbera, Bonarda, Sangiovese, Temp, also some traditional varieties such as Criolla and Cereza.
Describe winemaking in Argentina
High- yielding vineyards, low labor cost dry summers- can select healthy fruit @ low cost. Up- to- date equipment. Widespread use of oak barriques.
What is the climate of Argentina and how does it relate to viti
Most vineyards are high in alt (except for Rio Negro and Neuquen). Historically planted in pergola system. Now using Cordon Training. Rain Shadow of Andes makes rainfall low. Flood irrigation mostly. Dry climate means few problems with rot.
More than 2/3 of Argentina wine production is located in which viticultural region?
Mendoza
What is the most important growing regions of Argentina?
Mendoza
Sub regions of Argentina
Salta, Cantamarga, La Rioja, San Juan, North Mendoza, East Mendoza, Mendoza, La Pampa, Rio Negro
Department of Salta?
Cafayate
Department of Catamarca?
Eastern Valley: Tinogasta, Fiambala, Belen, Capayan
Regions of Argentina?
Andean Northwest Region
Cuyo Region
Patagonic Region
What is the Southern most region in Argentina
Rio Negro- Patagonia
Oldest winery in the Americas?
Casa Madero- 1597
Coahuila, Mexico
What are Baja Pennisula’s important subregions
Valle De Guadalupe
Valle De Santo Tomas
Valle De San Antonio De Las Minas
Valle De San Vincente
Departments La Rioja?
Chilecito
Angiuiana
Famatina
Nonogasta
Departments of Eastern Mendoza
San Martin Rivadavia Junin Santa Roza La Paz
Departments of South Mendoza
General Alvear
San Rafeal
Departments of San Juan?
Talum Valley Jalhal Valley Calingsta Iglesia Zonda Valley Ullum Valley Perdenal Valley
Departments of Uco Valley
San Carlos
Tunuyan
Tupungato
Departments of Upper Mendoza
Lujan De Cuyo
Maipo
Las Heras
Guaymallen
Departments of Calchaqui Valley?
La Poma
Cachi
San Carlos
Molinos
Where are most of the Argentine vineyards located?
Between the Tropic of Capricorn and the 40th Parallel, Northwest section in the Lower slopes of the Andes
Argentina has made a name for itself with which red Bordeaux grape variety?
Malbec
What is the Zonta?
A fierce hot dry wind that blows out of the Northwest in Argentina
What is the largest wine region in Argentina?
Mendoza
What factors contributed to a strong wine culture in Argentina?
Linking of the wine industry in Mendoza to Buenos Aires by way of rail road
What is the most widely planted grape in Argentina?
Pedro Gimeniz
In which Aregentine wine region were the first vines planted?
La Rioja
Where is Salta?
Northern Argentina
Brazil
Most is too hot and lacks defined season to growth cycle of vine.
Serra Gaucho in South @ high altitude= 80% production. Damp makes rot and mildew a problem. Also planting along Urugay border and in Tropical North.
Argentina Climate
Subtropical North of Salta to Patagonia. Most Vineyards over 500m. Salta vineyards over 2000m for cool climate so near equator. Low rainfall due to Andes Shadow. Hail threat. Spring frosts in South. Plantings close to Andes.
Argentina Viticulture
High pergola to raise fruit from heat near ground. New Plantings cordon trained. 90% of vineyards flood irrigated (Low rainfall and mountain run off). Growing drip irrigation= more use of Nematodes resistant rootstock. Netting used in summer to minimise hail damage
Argentina Vinification
Large healthy crops. Dry sunny growing conditions and high yielding vineyards. Hygienic temperature controlled stainless steel fermentation common. Large oak casks for aging red are common (some 225L barrels used).
Argentinian Two Main Wine Styles
Malbec- Tannic, Full Bodied, Brambly (Bordeaux variety)
Torrontes- Full bodied, dry white with aromatic, Muscat- like aromas
Argentinian Grapes Blends or Varietals
International varieties for export (half or Plantings)
Reds: Malbec, Bonarda, Barbera, Sangiovese, Tempranillo, Cab Sav, Merlot, Syrah
Whites: Chardonnay, Viognier, Torrontes
Argentina Historic Varieites
Just under half of Plantings:
- Criolla
- Cereza
For local basic table wine and grape concentrate
Uruguay Climate
Temperate maritime similar to Bordeaux (year round rain causes mildew and black spot problems minimised by lyre system training)
Uruguay History
Basque settlers brought vines inc Tannat in 1870s
Uruguay Vineyard Areas
Rolling hills around Montevideo
Variety of soil types
What are Argentina’s 6 main regions
Jujuy, Salta, Catamarca, La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza
Uruguay vineyard problems
Year round rain causes mildew and black spot problems.
Minimised by Lyre System training.
Name 2 key wines of Argentina (Region and Varietal)
Mendoza Malbec
Cafayate- Torrontes
4 key regions and 1 key varietal in each
Mendoza- Malbec, Cab Sav, Chardonnay
San Juan- Salta (Cafayate)- Cab Sav, Torrontes
Rio Negro- Malbec
Name 2 key white grapes
Torrontes
Chardonnay
Key black grape- Name 2 of the 3 grapes
Malbec
Bonarda
Cab Sav
Where are most vineyards in Argentina planted and why?
Vineyards above 500m to benefit from cooling influences of altitude (Andes)
What is the red varietal most widely planted in Argentina?
Malbec
Also Criolla and Cereza
Uruguay Wines
Export emphasis has lead to improved equipment and techniques.
Tannat in a range of styles.
Fruity dry style is main Tannat for export.
Tannat often blended with Merlot to soften the powerful tannins.
History- Argentina
Influx of European citizens in the 19th Century led to planting of vineyards at the bottom of the Andes, near mendoza and San Juan. Opening of the Buenos Aires at Pacifico railway to Medoza in 1885 created expansion of market in Argentina and rest of the world.
Vine plantings and local wine consumption has decreased since its peak mid 1970’s. Open economy from the 1990’s has led to increased investment in vineyards and winery equipment.
Cafayate- Argentina
High altitude region in Salta province. Large diurnal temperature differences allows aroma and flavour development in Torrents while retaining acidity.
La Rioja (Famatina in the EU)- Argentina
Production is dominated by one group of co-operative cellars.
San Juan- Argentina
Second largest production after Mendoza. Hotter climate, large production of Vermouth as well as light wines. Mendoza and San Juan account for 90% of total Argentinean production.
Mendoza- Argentina
Mendoza is the only area with a formal appellation system. Five regions, with numerous departments and sub regions.
Upper Mendoza River Region- Considered best for red wine production.
Uco Valley Region- Cooler, and produces good quality whites and pinot noir.
San Rafeal and Lujan de Cuyo region introduced a DOC system in 1992.
Much confusion exists in Argentina over the meaning of DOC. Mendoza’s focus is on large volume, varietally labelled wines and international blends. Good Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay produced and excellent Malbec that is dark purple in colour with rich, ripe damson fruit, soft tannins and spicy flavours.
Rio Negro- Argentina
Far south latitude, majority of production is Malbec; great potential for white production also. Rio Negro Malbec has higher acidity, firmer tannins and is more elegant than Mendoza Malbec. It develops a smoky, tobacco note with bottle age.
Climate- Argentina
Plantings are close to the Andes, extending over 1000km from the subtropical north of Salta to the Rio Negro in the south near Patagonia. Most vineyards planted above 500m, those near Salta lie above 2000m, to produce a suitably cool climate for winemaking so near the equator. Rainfall tends to be low as vines are planted in the rain of the Andes. Spring frosts in the south of Argentina are an occasional problem and hail is a threat each summer.
Viticulture- Argentina
Vines planted on high pergolas to raise grapes away from the heat near the ground. Newer plantings usually on cordon training systems. Low rainfall makes irrigation necessary; water is drawn from mountain run off or natural aquifers, 90% of vineyards are flood irrigated. Most use of drip irrigation has led to increased planting on rootstock that is nematode resistant. Netting is used over summer to minimise damage from hail.
Vinification- Argentina
Large quantities of healthy fruit is produced each year due to dry, sunny conditions over the growing period and high yielding vineyards. Hygienic, temperature controlled fermentation in stainless steel is common. Small numbers of estates use 225L barrels for ageing but many still use large oak casks for ageing reds before bottling.
Grape Varieties- Argentina
Two specialty varieties marketed, Malbec and Torrentes:
Malbec- Bordeaux variety that produces tannic, full bodied, brambly red wines.
Torrentes- Full bodied, dry white wine with aromatic, Muscat- like aromas.
Other red varieties planted are Bonarda, Barbera, Sangiovese, Tempranillo, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and Syrah, either produced varietally or part of a blend.
Chardonnay and increasingly Viognier planted for white production.
Historic varieties such as Criollo and Cereza making local, basic table wine and grape concentrate account for just under half of the vineyard plantings. International varieties are mainly exported.
La Rioja Argentina IG- Cuyo
Region: Cuyo
Subregions:
Multi-Department IG: Valles del Famatina
Department IGs: Arauco, Castro Barros, Chilecito, Famatina, Felipe Varela, General Lamadrid (includes the Castelli district IG), San Blas de los Sauces, Sanagasta, Vinchina
Main Subregions: Chilecito, Famatina, Felipe Varela (90% of vineyards in 2010 were located in these three subregions.)
Total Hectares Under Vine: 7,140 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Grapes listed in descending order of hectares planted in 2009. (source: INV) White Grapes (45%): Torrontés Riojano (2,667 ha in 2009.), Moscatel de Alejandría Red Grapes (43%): Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Bonarda, Malbec "Rosado" Grapes (12%): Cereza
Latitude (City of La Rioja): 29° 43’ S
Climate: Hot semi-arid
Elevation: 935-1,700 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (City of La Rioja): 27.1° C (80.8° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (City of La Rioja): 411 mm / 16.2 inches (Most rainfall occurs during the summer months.
Many of the winegrowing regions west of the city receive less rainfall, with as few as 5 inches per year.)
Average Annual Sunshine Hours: 2,691 hours
Major Natural Features: Andes Mountains
Key Producers: Cooperativa La Riojana, Valle de la Puerta, San Huberto
Mendoza IG- Cuyo
Region: Cuyo
Total Hectares Under Vine: 157,204 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes (for quality wines): Malbec: 29,281 ha Bonarda: 15,606 ha Cabernet Sauvignon: 12,434 ha Pedro Giménez: 9,280 ha Tempranillo: 5,933 ha Chardonnay: 5,372 ha Merlot: 4,870 ha Torrontés Riojano: 3,533 ha Chenin Blanc: 2,108 ha
Latitude: 32° 88’ S (city of Mendoza), 34° 96’ S (General Alvear)
Climate: Arid Continental
Mean January Temperature (City of Mendoza): 25.2° C (77.4° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (City of Mendoza): 220 mm / 8.8 inches (Most rainfall occurs during the summer months.)
Average Annual Sunshine Hours: 2,872 hours
Major Natural Features: Andes Mountains, Mendoza River, Diamante River, Tunuyán River, Atuel River
Key Producers: Achaval Ferrer, Belasco de Baquedano, Bressia, Catena Zapata, Chakana, Cheval des Andes, Clos de los Siete, Dominio del Plata, Enrique Foster, Familia Zuccardi, Norton, O. Fournier, Salentein, Terrazas de los Andes, Trapiche, Vistalba, Bodegas Weinert
IG Established: 2002
San Juan IG- Cuyo
Region: Cuyo
Subregions:
Multi-Department IG: Valle de Tulum
Department IGs: 25 de Mayo, 9 de Julio, Albardón, Angaco, Calingasta, Caucete, Chimbas, Iglesia, Jáchal, Pocito, Rawson, Rivadavia, San Martín, Sarmiento (includes the Valle del Pedernal district IG), Ullum, Valle Fértil, Zonda
Total Hectares Under Vine: 47,394 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes (for quality wines): Syrah: 3,090 ha Pedro Giménez: 2,541 ha Bonarda: 2,275 ha Malbec: 1,970 ha Cabernet Sauvignon: 1,658 ha
Latitude (City of San Juan): 31° 53’ S
Climate: Desert
Elevation: 600-1,350 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (City of San Juan): 27° C (80.6° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (City of San Juan): 92 mm (3.6 inches)
Major Natural Features: Andes Mountains, San Juan River
Key Producers: Bodegas Callia, Finca las Moras, Graffigna
IG Established: 2002
Cordoba Argentina IG- Center Region
Region: Center Region
Subregions (Department IGs): Colón (includes the Colonia Caroya district IG), Cruz del Eje, San Javier
Total Hectares Under Vine: 261 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Pinot Negro, Merlot, Torrontés Riojano (Listed in descending order of 2010 production.)
Latitude (Colonia Caroya): 31° 03’ S
Winemaking provinces of Center Region?- Argentina
- Córdoba Argentina IG
- Entre Rios (Only 23 ha of vines in 2012. Source: INV)
Winemaking provinces of North Region?- Argentina
- Catamarca IG
- Jujuy IG
- Salta IG
- Tucumán IG
- Valles Calchaquíes IG
Catamarca IG- Argentina
Region: North Region
Subregions (Department IGs): Belén, Pomán, Santa María, Tinogasta
Main Subregion: Tinogasta (89% of vineyard surface in 2010.)
Total Hectares Under Vine: 2,635 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Grapes listed in descending order of hectares planted in 2009. (source: INV)
White Grapes (16%): Torrontés Riojano
Red Grapes (38%): Syrah, Bonarda, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon
“Rosado” Grapes (46%): Cereza
Latitude (Tinogasta): 28° 06’ S
Climate: Hot semi-arid
Elevation: 1,000-2,100 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (Tinogasta): 24.8° C (76.6° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (Tinogasta): 183 mm (7.2 inches)
Major Natural Features: Andes Mountains, Abaucán River
Key Producers: Don Diego, Tizac - Cabernet de los Andes
Jujuy IG- Argentina
Region: North Region
Subregions (Department IGs): None
Total Hectares Under Vine: 11 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Latitude (San Salvador de Jujuy): 23° 75’ S
Climate: Humid Subtropical
Elevation: 1,250 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (San Salvador de Jujuy): 23.5° C (74.3° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (San Salvador de Jujuy): 777 mm (30.6 inches)
Salta IG- Argentina
Region: North Region
Subregions (Department IGs): Cachi, Cafayate - Valle de Cafayate, Molinos, San Carlos
Main Subregion: Cafayate
Total Hectares Under Vine: 2,650 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Grapes listed in descending order of hectares planted in 2009. (source: INV) White Grapes (38%): Torrontés Riojano (879 total ha in 2009.) Red Grapes (59%): Cabernet Sauvignon, Malbec, Merlot, Tannat "Rosado" Grapes (3%)
Latitude (Cafayate): 26° 08’ S
Climate: Subtropical Highland
Elevation: 1,280-3,100 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (City of Salta): 21.2° C (70.2° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (City of Salta): 754 mm (30 inches)
Average Annual Sunshine Hours: 1,863 hours
Major Natural Features: Calchaquí Valleys, Andes Mountains
Key Producers: Colomé, El Porvenir, Bodegas Etchart, Yacochuya
Tuchman IG- Argentina
Region: North Region
Subregions (Department IGs): Tafí (Tafí del Valle)
Total Hectares Under Vine: 82 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Torrontés Riojano (approx. 50% of total vineyard acreage.)
Latitude (Tafí del Valle): 26° 86’ S
Climate: Hot semi-arid
Elevation: 1,675-2,500 meters above sea level
Winemaking provinces of Patagonia IG- Argentina?
- Chubut (Only 20 ha of vines in 2012. Source: INV)
- La Pampa
- Neuquén IG
- Río Negro IG
La Pampa- Argentina
Region: Patagonia
Main Subregion: 25 de Mayo**
Total Hectares Under Vine: 216 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Grapes listed in descending order of hectares planted in 2009 (source: INV). White Grapes (19%): Chardonnay, Palomino, Sauvignon Blanc Red Grapes (79%): Merlot, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc "Rosado" Grapes (2%)
Latitude (25 de Mayo): 37° 77’ S
Climate: Semi-arid Continental
Major Natural Features: Colorado River
*The province of La Pampa is not currently a legal IG area.
**The city of 25 de Mayo lies on the Colorado River, which marks the border with the Río Negro province, and is about 125 miles north of General Roca.
Neuquen IG- Argentina
Region: Patagonia
Subregions (Department IGs): Añelo, Confluencia
Total Hectares Under Vine: 1,683 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Grapes listed in descending order of hectares planted in 2009 (source: INV).
White Grapes (32%): Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc
Red Grapes (59%): Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Negro
“Rosada” Grapes (9%)
Latitude (San Patricio del Chañar): 39° 07’ S
Climate: Semi-arid Continental
Elevation: 400-450 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (City of Neuquén): 23.5° C (74.3° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (City of Neuquén): 182 mm (7.2 inches)
Average Annual Sunshine Hours: 2,682 hours
Major Natural Features: Limay River, Neuquén River
Key Producers: NQN, Bodega del Fin del Mundo, Familia Schroeder
Rio Negro IG- Argentina
Region: Patagonia
Subregions (Department IGs): Avellaneda, General Conesa, General Roca, Pichimahuida
Main Subregion: General Roca
Total Hectares Under Vine: 1,673 ha (2012, Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura)
Major Grapes: Grapes listed in descending order of hectares planted in 2009 (source: INV).
White Grapes (31%): Torrontés Mendocino, Pedro Giménez, Torrontés Riojano
Red Grapes (60%): Merlot, Malbec, Syrah, Red Globe (table grape), Pinot Negro
“Rosada” Grapes (9%)
Latitude (Villa Regina): 39° 10’ S
Climate: Semi-arid Continental
Elevation: 150-300 meters above sea level
Mean January Temperature (Villa Regina): 21.4° C (70.5° F)
Average Annual Rainfall (Villa Regina): 186 mm (7.3 inches)
Major Natural Features: Negro River (Most vineyards are located within the Alto Valle, or High Valley, of the Negro River.)
Key Producers: Bodega Chacra, Bodega Noemia, Humberto Canale, Infinitus
Argentina- Background
Located in the Southern Cone of the American Continent, with a population of 42 million inhabitants and a territory that is four times larger than France, Argentina is one of the world’s nature reserves. Privileged with outstanding natural richness and extraordinarily diverse landscapes, Argentina boasts high mountains and plains, lush vegetation and extreme deserts, forests and steppes, glaciers and waterfalls. This wealth of natural ecosystems includes vast, highly productive grapegrowing regions stretching at the foot of the Andean strip, to the West of the country, from latitude 22° south to latitude 42° south. The cultivated area covers more than 538,071 acres. It is in this context, and in the course of five centuries, that Argentina has developed such an extraordinary wine industry. The altitude, the wide range of temperatures, the local know-how, the new technologies and a deeply-rooted popular wine culture lend our wines their unique identity and quality.
Argentina- Altitude
Altitude generates different microclimates and also varied terriors, which contributes to the distinctive features of viticulture.
Argentina- Continental Climate
High altitude valleys, in desert areas far from the ocean. This means Argentina is one of the true continental viticulture regions of the world.
Argentina- Terrior diversity
Due to the size of Argentina (being one of the biggest countries in the world), there is a why range of areas from icy Patagonia to the coppery North.
Argentina- Low fertility of Soils
Very young and nutrient deprived soils. As a consequence of the high mineralisation of Nitrogen, due to the climate of the country, nitrogen availability is very low.
Argentina- Wine Making History
- Dates back to over four hundred years ago when the first specimens of Vitis vinifera were brought to the Americas by the Spanish colonizers in the early 16th century.
- In 1551, the 1st vines were planted in Argentina. Favored by the optimum soil and weather conditions of the Andean region, the winemaking industry experienced extensive growth. The Catholic priests who came to these lands planted vineyards near their monasteries.
- During the XIX century, European immigrants introduced new vinegrowing techniques and grape varieties, which found an ideal environment for their development in the Andes and the Río Colorado Valley.
- Between 1850 and 1880, Argentina eventually got to join the international economic networks. Two factors made this possible: the expansion of the railways; and the incorporation of Patagonia to the national territory after the Conquest of the Desert, which forced the indigenous peoples of the region to retreat.
- During this period, in 1853, the Quinta Normal – the first school of agriculture in the country – was created in Mendoza. Both Mendoza and San Juan saw changes leading to the modernization of the industry. The passing of the Water Act and the creation of the General Irrigation Department, together with the implementation of measures promoting agricultural development and credit for the implantation of vineyards, the construction of wineries and the incorporation of cutting-edge machinery and technology, as well as the development of qualified human resources for the development of wine-growing on the basis of scientific knowledge, all contributed to the expansion of vineyard acreage and an increase in the amount of produced wine.
- By 1873, Argentina already had 5,000 acres of vineyards, and by 1893, that area had expanded five-fold to 25,000 acres. The expansion of the vineyard area and the growth of the wineries led to changes in the land, the landscape and the architecture.
- Early in the 1900’s, the vineyard area had reached 519,800 acres.
- In the 1960’s the production and elaboration system was finally complete, with large winemaking establishments, bottling plants and a solid distribution and retail network covering the main centers of consumption across the country.
- In the 1970’s the prevailing model, based on the production of large volumes of low quality wines geared towards the domestic market, collapsed. The sweeping entry of soft drinks and beer into the market led to a drop in the consumption of table wine from 90 liters per capita in 1970 to 55 liters per capita in 1991. Between 1982 and 1992 extensive uprooting of vineyards was undertaken, and 36% of the existing vineyards were removed.
- By the end of the 1980’s and the early 1990’s a new era began for the Argentine wine industry. The arrival of Neoliberalism in the national economy led to the implementation of a model of adjustment and the incorporation of Argentina into the global market. New local and foreign businesspeople came into the scene. They geared the industry towards the production of small volumes of top quality wines, both for export and for domestic consumption. Due to the incorporation of new technologies, growing systems, grape stock selection techniques and marketing systems, the Argentine wine industry has found its place in the international market.
Argentina- North: Catamarca
Altitude: 900 to 2700 masl.
Latitude: between 28 and 29,5° degrees South.
Climate: continental, dry and semiarid.
Heliothermal index: 3380 in Tinogasta and 3042 in Chilecito.
Cool night index:15,5°C in Tinogasta and 14.4°C in Chilecito.
Drought index:-205 in Tinogasta and -128 in Chilecito.
Highest temperature in summer: 33,3 °C in Tinogasta and 33,4 °C in Chilecito.
Thermal amplitude: 15 °C in Tinogasta during January and 15,1 °C in Chilecito during January.
Summer rainfall: 162 mm in Tinogasta and 135 mm in Chilecito.
Heat summation: 2.000 °C.
Predominant soils: soils are mostly alluvial and possess a loamy, sandy-loam structure in the entire valley region.
Prominent varietals:in the Catamarca Valleys red varieties such as Syrah, Bonarda and Malbec. In La Rioja, Torrontés Riojano, Cabernet Sauvignon, Bonarda and Syrah.
Main characteristics of the wines:white wines from this region tend to have greenish color and intense fruity aromas. They are medium body wines and have moderate acidity. Red wines, especially those from Famatina Valley have mild color intensity, violet tones and aromas that highlight the fruit’s maturity. It is ideal to drink them throughout the year as young varietals.
Argentina- North: Salta
Vineyard Altitude: 4,200 to 9,860 feet above sea level
Average Annual Temperature:59F
Average Rainfall: 8 inches/year
Total Vineyard Area: 6.541,00 acres
Main Region:Cafayate
Main Varieties:Torrontés, Malbec, Cabernet, Sauvignon and Tannat
Salta is located at 26° 23’ latitude south and 68°33’ longitude west. The most outstanding wine region is Cafayate, in the so-called Calchaquíes Valleys, and it concentrates 70% of the vineyards in the Valley.
It has more than 7,900 acres of vineyards, 99% of which are devoted to the production of fine wines. The grape-growing area starts at an altitude of 4,900 feet above sea level and extends beyond altitudes of 6,500 feet to reach 10,210 feet high, which makes this the highest grape-growing region in the world.
One of its most outstanding wines is Torrontés Riojano, a very fruity wine which is considered to be the finest expression of this province.
Cafayate
Cafayate possesses a special climate, suitable for the plantation of grapevines. Its vineyards have sunlight exposure during almost every day of the year. Located over 1700 meters above sea level, this region has sandy-loam soils made from thick grains with gravel and fine sands on the surface. These characteristics are similar to the layers of subsoil but with fractions of finer sand located deeper and with presence of round stone.
It has mild, amenable weather with pronounced thermal amplitude. The latter causes plants to relax during the night and continue synthesizing color mater, aromas and flavors. This makes up for wines of excellent color, intense aromas and lively flavors with mature tannins. Both white and read varieties stand out for their fruitiness, as well as for their varietal authenticity.
Argentina- North: Tucuman
Vineyard Altitude: 5577 to 8202 feet above sea level
Average annual temperature: 75.2F
Average rainfall: 11 inches/year
Total vineyard area: 203 acres
Main Regions: Colalao del Valle.
Main Varieties: Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Tannat, Bonarda and Torrontés.
- Grapevines are grown at altitudes ranging between 1,800 and 3,000 masl (5,900 and 9,849 feet, respectively) in the Calchaquí Valley
- The areas of Amaicha del Valle, Colalao del Valle and Quilmes, where the vineyards are, belong to the Tafí del Valle department, which, with 14,933 inhabitants scattered over 2,741 km2 (1,060 sq mi), is the least densely populated area in the province: 5.4 people/km2 (14.04 people per sq mi).
- Grapevine varieties planted in Tucumán include: Tannat, Malbec, Syrah, Bonarda, Cabernet Sauvignon and Torrontés. The last two excel due to the outstanding balance achieved between the identity conferred by the Calchaquí terroir and the typical features of each variety.
- the soft winds that constantly blow from North to South and its sandy loam soils, permeable and deep, along with its thermal amplitude, make up for the wines in Tucumán: bright colors, simple and spicy aromas along with sweet, fruity flavors with balanced alcohol. They are strong, structured wines. The sum of its climatic conditions merged with the soil, altitude and the purity of the melting water, create wines of first-class quality. In addition, an organic working method is practiced.
Argentina- Cuyo: La Rioja
Highest vineyard: 5,640 feet above sea level
Average annual temp.: 66F
Average rainfall: 5.11 inches/year
Total vineyard area: 15.997,00 acres
Main Regions: Nonogasta, Chilecito, Famatina and Antinaco
Main Varieties: Torrontés, Bonarda, Malbec, Syrah & Cabernet Sauvignon
La Rioja has more than 17,300 acres of vineyards, located mainly in small irrigated valleys to the west of the province, between the Sierras de Velasco to the east and the Sierra de Famatina to the west.
This province is the home to two kinds of wine growing: industrialized and traditional, the latter consisting in the home-made production of regional wines.
The main varieties are white and rosé grapes, among which may be mentioned Torrontés Riojano, the typical variety of the region, which accounts for 35% of the province’s vineyard acreage. Red varieties are less extensively grown and include Bonarda and Syrah.
Argentina- Cuyo: Mendoza (Northern)
Altitude: from 800 to over 1100 masl at the foothill.
Latitude: between 32,9° and 3,2° degrees South
Climate:
Heliothermal index: 2.499.
Cool night index:12,6°C.
Drought index:-86 mm.
Highest temperature in summer:29 °C.
Thermal amplitude: 14 °C.
Summer rainfall: 145 mm.
Heat summation: 1.700 y 2.050 °C.
Annual rainfall: 200 mm.
Winkler:according to each microregion: III and IV.
Predominant soils:soils are mostly alluvial and possess pebbly subsoil, along with sediments of sand, lime, clay and poor organic matter.
At the foothill of the Andes, in Mendoza, there is a region integrated by Luján de Cuyo, Maipú, Godoy Cruz and Guaymallén. A large number of wineries as well we some of the oldest vineyards are gathered in this area. The most traditional Argentine wineries can be found there.
This soil in this region is alluvial with rocky subsoil. It possesses sediments of sand, silt and clay. Its little organic matter restraints the grapevine’s growth and this results in excellent quality grapes suitable for winemaking. Malbec wines from this area hold outstanding features; red and violet tones and great intensity.
Argentina- Cuyo: Mendoza (Northern), Continental Climate
The basin of the Mendoza River is located on the northwestern end of the Mendoza province and covers a little extension of San Juan’s southern area. The western limit is set by the Andes mountain range, amidst the Aconcagua (6959 m) and the Tupungato (6635 m) mountains. Both the weather and its water supply are decisive elements for this region. The weather is semi-arid, cold in the winter and warm during the summer. Its altitude and proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the presence of the Andes –that acts as a barrier to humid wines from the Pacific Ocean- determine the basin’s climate. In this region, there are late freeze and hailstone risks. Annual precipitations vary around 200 mm. This region’s climate allows for the formation of color and tannins in wines, making them suitable for a prolonged aging process.
During the last decade, this region has grown over 4400 ha, 19%. Undoubtedly, it is an ideal place for red varieties; they occupy over 70% of its surface. Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon stand out.
According to experts, wines from this region present fruity notes, especially ripe plum. In addition, spices such as black pepper are revealed and they hold a mild mineral expression. In the mouth, they are opulent wines, with soft and sweet tannins.
The most outstanding characteristic in white wines is their low color intensity with a greenish hint. They present fruity aromas and moderate acidity and alcohol content. Red wines, on the other hand, display intense strong violet colors. Given the grape’s maturation, they reveal intensity in the mouth pronounced tannins.
Argelo- Argentina
This microregion is located at the foothill of the Andes and it is one of the most distinguished of Luján de Cuyo. In this microclimate, bunches mature slowly until they reach full ripeness. Soils are alluvial with stretches that go from sandy-loam to clay soils.
There is broad thermal amplitude between day and night in regions close to mountain ranges. This phenomenon allows grapes to achieve great tannic concentration which provides structure to wines. The varieties that adapt the best are Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. Wine producers are currently experimenting with Petit Verdot.
Towards the West, there is a special zone, Alto Agrelo. Red varieties present exceptional concentration and this translates to elegant and friendly wines. White varieties achieve a good level of acidity and their aromatic authenticity is manifested in delicate and refined wines. Their concentration, structure and body are in perfect equilibrium with their smoothness, refinement and elegance.
The terroir is directly linked to the distinctive quality of the region; outstanding sunlight and thermal amplitude where the vineyards are cultivated, 1000 masl. The foothill has slopes that are optimal for drainage. In Alto Agrelo there are deep, sandy and rocky soils with a low percentage of clay.
Perdriel- Argentina
At the foothill of the Andes, in Luján, lies the home of some of the oldest vineyards in Mendoza. Wines from this region are exuberant and structured.
Vineyards surround Perdriel, in the Southern bank of Mendoza River, north from Agrelo. Altitude is one of the most relevant elements of wines from Perdriel, vineyards grow at 900 masl. This means they receive intense sunlight.
In Perdriel prevail loamy soils with gravel and clay over a foundation of stones at the riverbed. They drain easily, causing vines to develop deep roots in the search for water.
Given the poorness of the soil, vines are forced to put their effort into creating berries with low water content. This results in rich and complex wines that have firm and structured tannins.
Las Compuertas- Argentina
This region is located on the edge of the foothills of the Andes, in Mendoza. Due to its nearness to the Mendoza River, it is one of the coolest areas in the region. Exuberant wines from Malbec vineyards of up to 100 years old are made there. The flow of the Blanco and Mendoza rivers is of vital importance to this area’s viticulture.
Las Compuertas has a dry climate but its convenient position on the edge of the Mendoza River facilitates the access to water. Many of the region’s producers use a watering system that allows water to reach the vineyard through channels on the ground. This technique deposits silt and clay that complement rocky soils that possess poor drainage.
Argentina- Vistalba
Vistalba is located in the Western foothill of the Andes. Its name means “view of the sunrise” in Huarpe language. Malbec is Vistalba’s most representative variety, but Chardonnay and Cabernet also develop effectively there.
The region has an altitude slightly superior to those around it and, hence, has more sunlight exposure and better air flow. The scarcity of water, warm summers and cold winters are typical of Vistalba. Flood irrigation is widely used in Vistalba and it explains the high levels of minerality revealed in wines from the region.
Argentina- Barrancas
Barracas is located in Maipú and has slightly warmer weather. This accounts for softer and more mature wines. Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah and Malbec develop successfully in this region.
The arid weather is cooled down by the effects of the altitude and intense sunlight exposure during the day. Soils are deep and alluvial; they allow the vine to extend its roots, improving its strength and health.
Argentina- Ugarteche
It is located in the Southern border of Luján de Cuyo, at altitudes that are slightly lower than those of the valley; its average altitude is 900 masl and an latitude of 33°.This region produces soft and opulent Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. Chardonnay and Semillón are cultivated in new vineyards.
Argentina- Mendoza (Eastern):
Argentina’s largest wine producing region
Altitude: from 650 to 750 masl.
Latitude: 32,5° degrees South
Climate: San Martín has warm weather, mild nights and draughts. Junín, on the other hand, has warm weather, cool nights and heavy draught
Annual rainfall: 200 mm.
Heat summation: : 2.000°C .
Predominant soils:heterogeneous, sandy with little organic matter.
Prominent varietals:Bonarda, Malbec, Syrah, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.
This wine region is located on a plain, rivers Mendoza and Tunuyán run through it. The area holds the largest vineyard extension in the country and for the last few years has been experiencing a restructuring towards high-end winemaking.
It is composed of different departments: San Martín, Rivadavia, Junín, Santa Rosa and La Paz. It is an ideal setting for rural tourism due to the fact that it was home to the Huarpe ethnic group, the parish Coro-corto’s domain, the Postas Path and San Martin Routes. The biggest producer is San Martín, whose name honors the Father of the Nation, Don José de San Martín.
Towards the Northeastern part of San Martín, you can find Junín, a region that is almost entirely rural; 90% of its surface is cultivated. Its main economic activities are wine making, olive growing and poultry farming. The main activity in Rivadavia, on the other hand, is viticulture and its raw material is mainly used for grape-juice and wine. As an entrance to Mendoza along the East, one can find La Paz and San Rosa. Their main economic activities are winemaking, fruit growing and dryland farming. History, tradition, folklore, craftsmanship and an antique religious patrimony make this a very appealing area since its beginning.
The predominant varietals are Criolla Grande, Cereza, Bonarda, Moscatel Rosado, Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon. In recent years, this region has displayed a noteworthy progress in the management of plantations: watering systematization as well as new technology for vineyards, wineries and other establishments dedicated to make concentrated grape-juice.
Some of the region’s advantages are land available for cultivation, the vineyards’ youth and the favorable agroecological conditions for the development of high-end winemaking.
Its plain viticulture is situated between 650 and 750 masl. In addition, its mild weather combined with over 2220 hours of sunlight within a period of 210 days proves to be extremely beneficial for the vegetative development. The latter allows for the grape’s excellent maturation.
In this region there are almost 70000 ha of vineyards, it is the largest one in Argentina dedicated to the production of wine grapes. Even though the total surface has remained unaltered, in recent years there was an increase of red varietals. Red wines from this region present violet tones and intense aromas that reveal mature fruits.
Amongst white varietals, Pedro Giménez ranks first and Torrontés second. Torrontés occupies the same cultivated surface as Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. This region’s white wines are fresh, fruity, they resemble tropical fruits and are easy to drink.
Argentina- Uco Valley
Altitude: from 850 to almost 1700 masl at the foothill.
Latitude: between 33,3° and 33,8° degrees South.
Climate: mild, with harsh winters and warm summers with cool nights.
Heliothermal index: 2.287 in El Peral and 2506 in San Carlos.
Cool night index:11,2°C in El Peral and 10° in San Carlos.
Drought index:-75 mm in El Peral and -65 mm in San Carlos.
Highest temperature in summer:29 °C.
Thermal amplitude: 15 °C.
Summer rainfall: El Peral: 298mm, Gualtallary: 83mm, Vista Flores: 250/350 mm and Altamira 250mm.
Heat summation: between 1.700 and 2.050 °C.
Winkler:El Peral and Altamira: III. Gualtallary and Vista Flores: II.
Predominant soils:rocky with low fertility. Pebbles are mixed with thick sand and a bit of silt. Due to their physical composition, they are permeable soils, without any drainage or salinity issues. In some areas there are limestone soils .
Prominent varieties: Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.
Uco Valley is located approximately 100km. Southeast of Mendoza. In recent years, it has become a top destination for tourists and wine conoisseurs. It covers the departments of Tunuyán, Tupungato and San Carlos, at the foothill of the Andes. Its total extension is over 17.370 km2 and it’s watered by the rivers Tunuyán and Tupungato.
The region has mild weather, winters are harsh and summers are warm with cool nights. The annual average temperature is 14,2° C and it covers over 25000 ha of vineyards. The valley is a distinguished place for high-end winemaking. Thermal amplitude lingers around 15° C, creating intense color and tannic structure in grapes. It is an ideal spot to elaborate wines with aging potential.
Tunuyán River’s basin runs from West to East through the province of Mendoza, following the 34º parallel south. Climate and water are decisive factors for this region. Its altitude and distance from the Atlantic Ocean, along with the Andes mountain range acting as a barrier for the humid Pacific winds, shape the basin’s climate. As a consequence, there are great oscillations in the atmospheric conditions, creating a pronounced season variation.
In 2012, the planted surface covered around 25500 ha, almost double as in 2001. It is evident how much this region has expanded, becoming one of the most well-known areas in Argentine winemaking. Out of this total, three quarters belong to red varieties; they have adapted exceptionally to the altitude. Malbec has developed to be star of the region with a growth of 44% in cultivated surface. In addition, this growth triples the cultivated surface of a decade ago.
Red wines from Uco Valley possess intense violet colors. Its aromas reveal mature fruits, especially red berries. In the mouth, pronounced tannins are revealed, as well as moderate acidity and alcohol content.
On the other hand, white wines present low color intensity with greenish tones. Its distinctive aromas are citric, fruity and floral. Their level of acidity can range from moderate to high.
The region’s altitude acts as alleviator of extreme temperatures in an environment with low humidity and intense sunlight exposure and, therefore, allows for the production of grapes with great intensity and polyphenolic content. Soil also plays an important role in the creation of high-quality wines. In the case of Uco Valley, they are alluvial, sandy or rocky and therefore possess excellent permeability and drainage.
Argentina- Mendoza (Southern)
Altitude: from 500 up to 800 masl.
Latitude: between 34,6° and 35° degrees South.
Climate: semiarid, cold in the winter and hot during the summer.
Heliothermal index: 2.586.
Cool night index:12,6°C.
Highest temperature in summer:31°C.
Thermal amplitude: 16°C.
Summer rainfall: 180 mm.
Annual rainfall: 360 mm.
Predominant soils:soils are mostly rocky, loose and immature. Its saline presence is caused by the aridity of the region.
Prominent varieties:Bonarda, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc.
This region is integrated by San Rafael, Malargüe and General Alvear. Rivers Diamante, Atuel and Grande run through it. Many relevant hydraulic works have been built there: Agua del Toro, Los Reyunos, Nihuil and Valle Grande. Thanks to the railroad, this area was incorporated to the national market; artificial watering works were conducted and agriculture and farming expanded.
This area has over two centuries of history and there are wineries that have been making high-end wines for over ninety years. Throughout recent years, the varieties with the biggest expansion are Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Syrah, Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. The region has positioned itself as a producer of sparkling wine.
San Rafael is a unique place due to its mild continental and semiarid weather and its pronounced thermal amplitude. Its altitude varies between 600 and 800 m masl, scarce precipitations and low humidity.
Malargüe is famous for its extraordinary amount of impressive landscapes and turism activities, such as mountain climbing, rafting, kayak, safari, horseback riding and much more. In addition, it is home to Las Leñas, one of the most important ski and winter sports centers in the country.
General Alvear is one of the main cities in the South of Mendoza. It was founded in 1914 and its growth was based in the 30000 ha oasis watered by Atuel River. The latter plays a big role in the area’s agricultural and farming development.
Southern Mendoza has undergone a deep transformation during the last decades. Malbec has expanded its surface by 854 ha and it is possible that it will shortly surpass Bonarda’s cultivated surface.
White wines from this region are fruity and they possess an excellent equilibrium between acidity and alcohol content, as well as outstanding tannic intensity. Their color is tenuous with greenish tones. Chardonnay is amongst the white varietals with the largest expansion. This variety has fruity aromas with a touch of banana fragrance.
Cabernet Sauvignon has experimented amazing growth in San Rafael. In this region, it presents spicy aromas, with vanilla and cassis hints. It holds a deep texture and presents sweet tannins. Syrah from Southern Mendoza express aromas from blackberry and raspberry, with a spicy touch. These wines are robust and their after taste is firm and rich.
Argentina- Cuyo: San Juan
Altitude: from 600 to over 1350 masl in the Pedernal Valley.
Latitude: between 31° and 32° degrees South.
Climate: continental, dry and semiarid with over 300 days of sun exposure.
Heliothermal index: 3.154 .
Cool night index:15.6 °C.
Drought index:-204 mm .
Highest temperature in summer: 33.5 °C.
Thermal amplitude: 14 °C.
Summer rainfall: 106 mm.
Heat summation: 1.800/1.900 in Pedernal Valley.
Predominant soils: soils are mostly alluvial and possess a sandy-loam structure and in some regions limestone.
Prominent varietals:in the Catamarca Valleys red varieties such as Syrah, Bonarda and Malbec. In La Rioja, Torrontés Riojano, Cabernet Sauvignon, Bonarda and Syrah.
Main characteristics of the wines: white wines from this region tend to have greenish color and intense fruity aromas. They are medium body wines and have moderate acidity. Red wines, especially those from Famatina Valley have mild color intensity, violet tones and aromas that highlight the fruit’s maturity. It is ideal to drink them throughout the year as young varietals.
The region of San Juan is the second grape and wine producing region in the country, with over 47000 planted hectares. Even though the predominant high quality grape is Syrah, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Tannat, Bonarda, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Bland and Viognier also stand out. Bonarda is the second most planted wine grape in Argentina and develops excellently in this region. Tannat usually thrives better in warm weather with sandy soils, but finds however in San Juan a natural habitat to mature.
Vine-growing in San Juan is distributed in five valleys: Tulum, Ullum, Zonda, Pedernal and Calingasta. Tulum Valley, located at 635 masl, is the most important in the province. These valleys have an annual average temperature of 17° C, precipitations of 90 mm. per year and aluvional soils made of sand and clay. They reunite the necessary climatic conditions to obtain fruity wines with unique personality and style.
This region’s climatic conditions have a high impact on the wine’s differentiating quality; the weather is warm and very dry. According to winemakers with a vast experience in the region, this characteristic is explained by the unique sun exposure of an average of 330 days a year, the low level of precipitations and weather phenomena. Thus, the high quality of wines can be sustained in the long-term. In addition, this region is characterized by the low risk of late freezes and hailstone.
The soils in San Juan are varied although mainly aluvional. They hold certain singularities such as sandy extensions towards the East of Tulum Valley and a spreading of calcareous soils in Zonda with a lot of potential.
San Juan’s attributes allow for a wide variety of possibilities in winemaking: from young and fruity to intense and structured wines.
The 47000 ha of planted surface in San Juan reach 21% of the nation’s total. The values have remained the same but there has been a turn towards the cultivation of high quality varieties. New plantations of high quality grapes and the implementation of state of the art technology in wineries has allowed for the elaboration of new wines where Syrah has positioned itself as the region’s typical varietal. However, Malbec from San Juan holds interesting and notable differences with those of other regions.
At Ullum Valley, red wines hold a very good color intensity, great structure, friendly tannins and defined aromas. On the other hand, Pedernal is undoubtedly a micro region that produces wines and grapes of the highest quality; in Pozo de los Algarrobos, Caucete, one can find exceptional Verdot, outstanding Cabernet Franc and excellent Viognier.
Calingasta is arising as region with high-potential: extraordinary Malbec and Cabernet Sauvignon originate there. They reveal a highly mature, concentrated and colorful fruit.
According to winemakers of high expertise, this region is suitable to make high quality red wines such as Malbec from Zonda, and mainly from Pedernal, Tannat and Petit Verdot. There is also great potential for Bonarda and Torrontés. In white wines, Chardonnay, Viognier and Chenin are the ones that stand out the most. The distinctive features of San Juan wines are sweetness and remarkable fruit presence.
Argentina- Patagonia
Altitude: 1600 to 2800 masl.
Latitude: between 33,3 and 33,8° degrees South.
Climate: continental, mild, dry with strong winds.
Heliothermal index: 2.576 in Neuquén and 2566 in Río Negro.
Cool night index:11,3°C in Neuquén and 8,9°C in Río Negro.
Drought Index:-314 mm in Neuquén and -129 mm in Río Negro.
Highest temperature in summer: 31,5 °C in Neuquén and 31,1°C in Río Negro.
Thermal amplitude: 16,4°C in Neuquén y 18,2 °C in Río Negro.
Annual precipitations: 221 in Neuquén y 198 mm in Río Negro.
Heat summation: 2.050 in San Patricio del Chañar (Neuquén) and Mainque (Río Negro).
Winkler: IV.
Predominant soils:sandy loam.
Prominent varietals: Malbec, Pinot Noir, Merlot y Sauvignon Blanc in Neuquén and Río Negro. Merlot, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Syrah in La Pampa.
Its name triggers images of vast and desolate extensions of land in Southern Argentina, surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean–endless beaches and exotic animals- and by mountains and idyllic lakes on the west. It is not difficult to imagine why the first European adventurers arrived and decided to remain there. It is also easy to understand how much its population has expanded in the last decade thanks to immigrants in search of new beginnings. Winemaking has also found a new place to create wines that have gained international acclaim during the past decade.
Nestled in oasis located in Patagonia’s most northern area and benefiting from outstanding climatic conditions, high-end winemaking has developed in recent years. One hundred years ago, Río Negro pioneered in this activity and ten years ago, other valleys in Neuquén, La Pampa and Chubut joined in.
These winemaking valleys are located in one of the country’s richest water supply; rivers there are wider and mightier than those that irrigate the other oasis in different regions of the country. Rivers Limay, Neuquén and Negro are responsible for modern urban settlements, the energy that reaches the main populated centers in the country and wonderful places that attract worldwide tourism.
International varieties such as Cabernet Sauvignon or Chardonnay have adapted splendidly to these regions. Nevertheless, Malbec has been the most appealing for new investors and the most celebrated by consumers. Nowadays, Pinot Noir is making noise and international critics have acknowledged this varietal’s elegance.
Argentina- Patagonia: Climate
In the province of Neuquén the average altitude ranges between 250 and 300 masl and its average annual precipitations is 220 mm. The climate is warm, with cold nights and intense droughts. The average temperature is 15°C and thermal amplitude can reach up to 15 or 16 °C in the grape’s maturation period. Predominant winds are very strong and flow in direction West-Southeast. They cause a bigger impact during spring and summer. Winds are beneficial for the vineyard’s sanity due to the fact that they mitigate cryptogamic diseases. Another outstanding climate feature is the average level of sunlight exposure.
Río Negro’s climate is mild and continental, with wide thermal amplitude. The average altitude is 240 masl in Río Negro and annual precipitations vary between 200 and 300 masl. Summers are long and allow for the vines to grow steadily. Crytogamic diseases have little effect on this area. In addition, there are low risks of freezes and hailstone.
Argentina- Patagonia: Vineyard and Wines
Patagonia’s cultivated surface in 2012, 3582 ha is 31% larger than that in 2001, which clearly conveys this region’s charm. Vineyards have grown in Neuquén while Río Negro they have decreased. This region’s climate is favorable for red varieties, especially for Pinot Noir. White varieties are the ones who have been eradicated from Río Negro, mostly Pedro Giménez. Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc have expanded.
The combination between latitude and altitude defines the existence of thermal amplitude in Argentina. Particularly in Patagonia wide thermal amplitude can be reached in low altitudes. The wines owe their intense color to strong winds from Patagonia; they cause grapes to develop a thicker skin. Since the coloring matter is found in the skin, having a thicker one means more anthocyanin in grapes. This gives them more concentration of color. Lastly, Patagonia’s small population (which translates into low pollution levels), along with scarce rainfall, strong winds and low freeze risk, are beneficial for the vineyard’s sanity.
Argentina- Patagonia: Main Varietials
Pinot Noir is a red variety that grows mainly in cool regions and can be found in the most noteworthy sparklings around the world. It develops wonderfully in Patagonia, creating elegant, light wines with a striking palate, tannic structure and notable acidity.
Merlot, a very distinguished variety around the world, is one of the grapes that has best adapted to the region’s climatic conditions throughout history. This is mainly due to its resistance to cold winters, its constant production and early maturation. It stands out because it creates smooth wines that are perfectly balanced and have aromatic intensity.
Cabernet Sauvignon holds a long tradition in Argentina; it has been cultivated since the XIX century. The modern trend is to elaborate them through prolonged macerations, keeping it in oak barrels and toning down its green pepper notes.
Sauvignon Blanc creates wines of superlative quality when the grape’s vigor is carefully controlled. This way, a proper balance between leaves and fruits is achieved and grapes are harvested when they have reached maturity.
Chardonnay is one of the most relevant grapes in winemaking; it possesses a vigorous character with aromatic strength and exquisite flavor. This variety produces balanced wines with distinctive fruity aromas in cold regions such as Patagonia.
Cabernet Franc is a grape variety that is mainly used for blends in order to enhance Malbec’s, Merlot’s or Cabernet Sauvignon’s flavor. Patagonia’s climatic conditions are shaping it to be the region’s next big red variety. In recent years, it has gained importance because it creates exotic wines in Argentina’s scenario; wines of shiny red fruits and tannins that are both rustic and refined, giving it a unique character.
Argentina- Patagonia: La Pampa
Highest vineyard:: 328 ft above sea level to 131 ft below sea level
Average annual temp: 54/67º F
Total vineyard area: 531 ac
Average rainfall: 200mm por año
Main Regions: 25 de Mayo
Main Varieties: Merlot, Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Cabernet Franc, Syrah
La Pampa is a gently undulating plain with elongated depressions running from west to east and forming fan-shaped valleys. On average, these depressions are 62 miles long by 3 to 6 miles wide, with altitudes ranging between 328 feet above sea level to 131 feet below sea level. It has approximately 531 acres of vineyards.
The main varieties produced in this province are Merlot, Malbect, Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay.
Argentina- Patagonia: Neuquen
Vineyard Altitude: 1,299 to 1,509 feet above sea level
Average Annual Temperature: 53.6 / 59 F
Average Annual Rainfall: 5.9055 inches per year
Total vineyard area: 4.145,00 acres
Main wine region: San Patricio del Chañar
Main grape varieties: Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Pinot Noir & Malbec
Neuquén contrasts sharply with the aridity of the mountainous northern region.
San Patricio del Chañar, 37 miles to the northwest of the province’s capital, has been chosen by the largest winegrowing establishments. In the last few years, more than 3,460 acres have been planted with vineyards and five wineries have been built.
The region receives 7 inches rainfall and has temperature ranges exceeding 68° F difference between day and night during the ripening period. The climate is ideal for the development of winegrowing. Vineyards stand at 1,300 feet above sea level.
All these features come together to ensure extremely healthy grapes with great concentration of colors and aromas, slowly developing tannins and perfect levels of acidity, which will then yield high quality wines.
The wines of the region display remarkable color concentration, intensely fruity aromas, and great body and structure in all their varieties. The cooler climate leads to more elegant red wines, such as the great Pinot Noir.
Argentina- Patagonia: Rio Negro
Vineyard Altitude: 1,300 to 1,500 feet above sea level
Average annual temperature: 55 °F
Average annual rainfall: 7,5 inches/year
Total Vineyard Area: 3.871,00 acres
Main Region: San Patricio del Chañar
Main Varieties: Sauvignon Blanc, Merlot, Pinot Noir and Malbec
The most outstanding representative of Patagonia is located in the province of Río Negro. The High Valley of Río Negro is a 75 mile-long, 5 mile-wide river oasis standing in the vast, arid, wild Patagonian plateau.
Two other oases have developed along the river’s course towards the Atlantic: the Middle and the Lower Valleys. Although traditional winegrowing is developed in both, only the wines of the High Valley have become well-known and earned well-deserved prestige both in Argentina and abroad.
Standing at an altitude of 1,200 feet, the High Valley of Río Negro has a markedly dry, continental climate, with an annual rainfall of less than 7.5 inches and very low relative humidity. Winters are cold and summers warm and dry, with abundant sunshine and great thermal amplitude. Winds blowing constantly from the southern Andes increase air dryness and allow for outstanding sanity in the vineyard.
The uniqueness of the landscape confers Patagonian wines a well-defined personality. All of them stand out for the perfect balance of alcohol and acidity resulting from the slow ripening of the fruit. The whites from this region are particularly interesting, especially those obtained from Semillon and Sauvignon Blanc, with very personal mineral aromas that are hard to find in other regions. Among the reds clearly stand out Merlot, Pinot Noir and Malbec varietals, with good color intensity and noteworthy typicity.
Wines of Argentina- Overview
Wines of Argentina is the organization that, since 1993, promotes the Argentine wine brand and image worldwide, spreading knowledge of the winemaking regions of Argentina. In addition, WofA contributes to direct the country’s export strategy by studying and analyzing changing trends in consumer markets.
Its aim is to contribute to the consolidation of Argentina as one of the main wine exporting countries in the world and to the global success of the Argentine wine industry by enhancing its positive image in the wine trade, among opinion leaders and consumers. It currently provides services to member wineries from every Argentine wine region and helps them to promote their products around the world. It organizes numerous events such as fairs, trade shows, tastings and other activities in the USA, Canada, Latin America, Asia, Europe and elsewhere.
Argentina: History
1541-1550: various unsuccessful attempts at importing vinifera vines by various missions
1557: first recorded vineyard planted at Santiago del Estero at the foothills of the Andes by Jesuit missionaries.
1561: Mendoza city founded
1569-89: development of vineyards in the province of San Juan (north of Mendoza)
17-19th: Use of dams & irrigation to create wines in growing quantity and more resistant to long transportation
1852: French Pouget brings Malbec from France to Argentina.
19th: waves of European immigrants incl. Italy, Spain, France w new vine varieties + development of transport network (Mendoza-Buenos Aires) -> foundations of modern Argentinean wine industry
1930s: global recession
1943-1955: General Perón -> relative prosperity
Mid50s-80s: political unrest. Low quality table wines produced to cater for hi consumption (90l/pers/yr).
1980-90s: political & economic stability (with successive military governments -> country more & more isolated -
> lack of wine investment
60-70s: predominance of vino de mesa Prsdt Menem) -> modernisation + massive vine pull scheme + focus on
export & vine pull scheme to focus more on quality wines.
Argentina: Key Regions and Key Characteristics
5 regions all along the Andes (from North to South):
Salta province (1,900ha)
– mainly around Cafayate in Calchaquies valley
- Climate & soil: similar to Mendoza i.e. alluvial soil with clay substructure Topo: Hi altitude (2,000-2,400m) w large diurnal changes
- G. Varieties: Torrontes Riojano; Tannat; Cabernet Sauvignon
- Styles: aromatic, full bodied dryish whites
La Rioja (Famatina in the EU) - Oldest wine region; home to Torrontes Riojano and Moscatel de Alexandria; lack of water for irrigation makes wine making marginal. - - Production dominated by 1 group of co-operative cellars.
San Juan
- 2nd largest after Mendoza (47,000ha – 20% of all wine production), north of Mendoza.
- Climate: hotter vs. Mendoza
- Traditional home to Cereza. Since late 1990s, more Bonarda & Syrah; now in decline.
- Best known for cheap wine from undefined grapes but wineries like Penaflor & Santiago Graffigna produce
good robust reds.
- Large producer of sherry style wines, Vermouth as well as light wines
Mendoza
- 70% of country’s wine production w 140,000ha
- Topography: 600-1,100m near Mt Aconcagua / Loose, sandy, alluvial soil w clay substructures + trees to protect from summer temp Water in plenty from Andes’ glaciers
- Climate: Continental w 4 seasons + no extreme temp variations Rainfall of 200-300mm/yr in summer
- La Piedra (early summer hail) + La Zonda (hot dry wind from N-E) = key risks
- Areas:
I. North Mendoza: - 600-700m; Lavalle+ Las Heras + Guaymallén + San Martín + part of Maípu
II. Upper Mendoza river region:
- 700-1,100m; Lujan de Cuyo + Perdriel + Agrelo + Ugarteche + most of Maípu.
- Luján de Cuyo: 1st Argentinean DOC (92) situated; 800-1,000m, low rainfall + 15C mean annual temp.
- Best old vine Malbec vineyards in here along with Perdriel Catena, Trapiche and Norton’s home.
III. Uco Valley region (Tupungato)
- 900-1,250m; cooler climate w hi diurnal change -> great for aromatic whites & Pinot Noirs.
IV. East Mendoza Big volume producing area; Junin+ Rivadavia+ SanMartín+ SantaRosa.
Best wines from La Agricolain SR
V. SanRafael(Valentín Bianchi’s home)
- Neuquen & Río Negro (‘black river’)
- 3,800ha but not at full potential.
- Dry heat, lack of rainfall. Cooler climate w long warm ripening season + chalky soil -> ideal for whites
- Soils: Alluvial sands & gravel. Irrigation system pioneered by the British in 20th.
- Gr. Varieties: Torrontés Riojano, Sémillon, Chardonnay & Pinot Noir, Malbec. Humberto Canale 1st to plant Bdx vines for commercial purposes. A lot have followed since (e.g. Fabre Montmayou)
Argentina: Climate and Weather
- Viticulture possible due to cooling effect of altitude.
- Semi-desert w rainfall
Argentina: Soils and Typography
- High proportion of sand
- Maipú + Río Negro: more gravelly soils
Argentina: Grape Varieties- Historic Grapes
Historic pink grape varieties (still 30% of all vines planted)
- Cereza (‘cherry’ in Spanish):
- Large berries; juice paler vs. Criolla; brought in by Spanish settlers
- Mainly in eastern Mendoza + San Juan => Rosé of mediocre quality for local consumption or grape concentrate - Criolla Grande:
- Pink-skinned grapes; low quality vinifera variety; amongst 1st vines cultivated in the Americas - Most planted variety in Mendoza (>Malbec)
- Can make white or pink wine. Cheap and sold in litre bottles or cartons. - Criolla Chica (// País in Chile)
- Imported by Spanish conquistadores in 16th. Less common vs. Cereza & Grand. Paler & slightly better quality
Argentina: Grape Varieties- Modern Grapes- Red
Malbec
- Introduced to Mendoza in 19th century from Bordeaux, potentially via Chile
- Smaller, tighter bunches vs. Bdx Malbec
- Best grown at slightly higher altitude
- Argentina’s USP; can benefit from oak ageing
Bonarda
- More Bonarda in Argentina vs. Italy
- Actually linked to Savoie’s Charbono or ‘Corbeau
Cabernet Sauvignon
- Plantings nearly x3 since ‘90
- Often blended w Merlot or Syrah
Syrah
Merlot
Tempranillo
-For light fruity reds via carbonic maceration
Sangiovese
Barbera
Argentina: Grape Varieties- Modern Grapes- White
Pedro Giménez
- Light skinned
- Alcoholic full bodied wine for blending or grape concentrate (for export to Japan)
Torrontes
- Argentine’s only native grape
- Riojano (best) SanJuanino (bigger berries, less aromatic) or Mendocino (Rio Negro, lacks Muscat aromatics)
- First 2 believed to be a crossing between Muscat of Alexandria Criolla china
- Produces hi acidity, aromatic
- Adapts well to hi sandy soils of Cafayate
Chardonnay
- Specific Mendoza clone developed in the US
- Successful in Tupungato (1,200m)
Sauvignon Blanc
– tends to be flabby
Viognier (1%)
– increasing
Argentina: Viticulture and Winemaking
- High pergolas to raise grapes away from heat. Newer plantings on cordon training systems.
- Irrigation with mountain water drawn via complex man-made systems.
- Still 90% of vineyards flood irrigated (-> hi yields) but also furrow irrigations or drip irrigation since late 90s.
- Use of netting vs. hail.
- Dry sunny conditions => Remarkably low incidence of vine disease + high yields of healthy ripe grapes
- Harvesting mainly manual due to low cost.
- Wine-making techniques based on historic grapes for hi volumes but modernisation since 90s.
- Hygienic, temperature controlled fermentation in stainless steel most common.
- Ageing in large oak casks for reds although some use 225l barriques.
Argentina: Wine Styles
Malbecs: deep coloured, robust & fruity red; best & most balanced red wine from Argentina
Argentina: Production
5th biggest producer in the world with 15.5m hl/2.2bn btls/year (in ‘10). Just under 5% of world production.
Argentina: Wine Trade
- Consumption: 30l/pers/yr – a 1/3 of 1970s consumption level
- Predominance of relatively large specialist grape-growing concerns.
- Widespread use of foreign consultants & flying winemakers to help exports.
- Key producers (brands):
- Grupo Penaflor: largest wine exporter by far
- Norton: founded 1895 by English engineer; now Swarovski since ’89. 680ha for good value quality wines.
- DLJ (Trapiche): 27m btls/year. Standard to ultra premium range (Medalla)
- Nicolás Catena (Catena Alta, Alamos, Gascon): 425ha + buying as much; architect of modern wine industry;
joint venture w Ch. Lafite Rothschild. - Moet & Chandon (Terrazas): high altitude vineyards in best Mendoza locations. Joint venture w Cheval
Blanc (Cheval de los Andes). 3.6m btls/year - Familia Zuccardi: one of the largest family-owned w 600ha; modern and innovative approach w new grape var
- Other more recent investors:
- Hervé’s Joyaux from Bordeaux (Fabre Montmayou) since 93. Fine Malbec from old vineyards + Bdx blends - Sogrape from Portugal (Finca Flichman)
- Pernod Ricard (Etchart)
- Allied Domecq (Balbi)
Argentina: Wine Classification
Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura (INV) is the Government’s controlling body.
Argentina- 2016
A rain- and hail-affected vintage made for unusually challenging conditions. It was also one of the coolest vintages on record, according to Bodega Catena Zapata, which had the advantage of restricting the spread of rot and resulted in atypically modest alcohol levels. Overall, though, yields are lower and quality is by no means reliable. Gualtallary is thought to be one of the regions that escaped the worst impact of the excess precipitation.
Argentina- 2015
A tricky year for the main region, Mendoza, with warmth and humidity bringing rot, and hail affecting some areas too. The best producers had to be meticulous in their selection, and lesser wines are likely to suffer from the poor conditions.
Argentina- 2014
Frost, and January rain made for whites with lighter than usual concentration in 2014, but fine aromatic detail. Reds are similarly fresh and elegant, but are not expected to be hugely long-lasting.
Argentina- 2013
Healthy, dry and abundant with a cool spell late in the season prolonging the ripening period for red varieties. Very promising quality across all regions.
Argentina- 2012
Similar to 2011, but with lower yields leading to higher colour, fruit intensity and notable tannin that will require many years of bottle age to resolve.
Argentina- 2011
A generally cool, damp year in Argentina. Frost and hail caused some damage too, so careful selection was required to produce the best wines. On the plus side, the coolness made for particular aromatic intensity in white wines.
Argentina- 2010
Reds have slightly lower than average alcohol, thanks to a cool ripening season. Fruit was harvested in good health, but quality was not as good as the exceptional 2009s.
Argentina- 2009
For some, one of the best vintages of the decade in Mendoza. Winter was mild, spring was dry and summer was warm, with diurnal variation of over 15 ºC (27 ºF). Weather throughout harvest was very dry too, giving fruit in great condition.
Argentina- 2008
A very cold winter, a warm spring and a wetter than average autumn. Generally underpowered as a vintage, although reds were marginally better than whites.
Argentina- 2007
Good for white, but difficult for reds in Mendoza, with excessive heat leading to below optimal freshness in the wines. Salta did better, with Torrontés faring especially well.
Argentina- 2006
A very good vintage, making reds with freshness and plenty of body and fruit power. Excellent quality.
Argentina- 2005
Cool weather meaning a lighter, more aromatic style of wine. The long, dry autumn allowed for extended ripening, which allowed for good natural balance.
Argentina- 2004
Great concentration in reds, but late rains undermined the Cabernet Sauvignons.
Argentina- 2003
Dry and warm, producing healthy fruit that made for typically fruity, deeply coloured reds.
Argentina- 2002
Hotter than average, giving ripe, round tannin with full flavour ripeness.
Argentina- 2001
Unremarkable wines, with rain leading to dilution in many examples.
Argentina- 2000
A cool vintage, leaving the wines with high acid and fresh fruit.
Pais
Chilean name for the historic grape variety also known as criolla chica, mission, and Listán Prieto. It is most common in Maule and Bío-Bío in the south and is mainly grown in old, unirrigated plots by elderly farmers, often as field blends. Accurate statistics are elusive but there are probably about 10,000 ha/25,000 acres in total. The variety used to be scorned but torres have made a thoroughly respectable sparkling pink from it and it is slowly appearing in more export quality bottlings.
Criolla Chica
Is the Argentine name for the Listán Prieto of Spain, the pais of Chile, the mission of California, and the Negra Corriente of peru. It is thought to be descended from the seeds of grapes, presumably well raisined after their voyage under sail across the Atlantic, imported by the Spanish conquistadores, possibly as early as the 16th century (see south america). Criolla Chica was planted on just 423 ha/1,045 acres in 2011 and is therefore much less common in Argentina than the other pink-skinned grape varieties criolla grande and cereza. Its wine is generally paler but slightly better quality.
Criolla Grande
The fourth most planted vine variety in argentina after malbec, cereza, and bonarda. Although the area planted with this coarse, pink-skinned grape has declined substantially, there were still 17,000 ha/42,000 acres in 2011. Almost all Criolla Grande is in Mendoza province. Criolla Grande is a low-quality criolla, and is much deeper skinned than criolla chica. The two Criollas, along with Cereza and Moscatel Rosada, form the basis of Argentina’s declining trade in basic deep-coloured white or pale pink wine sold very cheaply in litre bottles or cardboard cartons.
Cereza
Quantitively very significant pink-skinned grape variety in argentina where it is second only to Malbec in the total area planted: 28,189 ha/69,626 acres in 2011. A cross between criolla chica and muscat of alexandria which takes its name from the Spanish for cherry, it produces mainly white and some rosé wine of extremely mediocre quality for early consumption within Argentina, typically sold in cardboard packs, as well as being used for grape concentrate.
Torrontes
Name of many distinct white grape varieties grown in Argentina and Spain, not always named with precision. Argentina grows at least three different varieties with Torrontés in their name. The most common, planted on 7,683 ha/18,977 acres in 2011, is Torrontés Riojano, a natural cross of muscat of alexandria and criolla chica (California’s mission grape), as shown by dna profiling in 2003. It is the most planted white wine grape after the undistinguished Pedro Giménez and is regarded as Argentina’s most distinctive white wine grape. See also torontel. Torrontés Sanjuanino, a distinct speciality of San Juan province and another natural cross of Muscat of Alexandria and Criolla Chica, was planted on just 2,048 ha (and, as Moscatel de Austria, 53 ha of Chile), while plantings of Torrontés Mendocino were under 700 ha. This third variety is also the result of a natural cross of Muscat of Alexandria, but the other parent is so far unknown. The fragrant Torrontés Riojana is often seen as the Argentine white wine variety with the greatest potential although some wines can be over-alcoholic and bitter. Carefully grown and vinified, Torrontés Riojana can produce wines that are high in acidity, and intriguingly aromatic in a way reminiscent of but not identical to muscat, although much is also used for blending. Grown all over the country, and to a limited extent in Uruguay, the variety seems particularly well adapted to the arid growing conditions of Argentina, particularly the high, sandy vineyards of Cafayate where at elevations of over 1,600 m/5,250 ft its high natural acidity and assertive flavour are particularly distinguished. Torrontés Sanjuanino is less aromatic, and has bigger berries and more compact clusters. Despite its name, Torrontés Mendocino is most common in Río Negro province in the south, and lacks Muscat aroma. dna profiling has shown that the name Torrontés is applied to at least four distinct varieties in Spain: in Montilla-Moriles, Navarra, Ribeiro in Galicia (which may be identical to either fernão pires or bical), and in Extramadura where it is a synonym of alarije. Torrontes is also a common synonym for several different varieties in Portugal. Altogether, Torrontes represents an identification minefield on the Iberian Peninsular. The situation is much clearer in Argentina, even if the varieties’ parents are not the most noble.
Bonarda
Italian red grape variety, or more accurately the name of three distinct Italian varieties:
(1) the Bonarda of the oltrepò pavese and colli piacentini (also planted in southern puglia), which is, in fact, not Bonarda at all but rather the croatina grape;
(2) the Bonarda Novarese, used to soften spanna in its range of doc reds in the Novara and Vercelli hills, which again is not Bonarda, but uva rara, a variety more widely employed in the Oltrepò Pavese; and
(3) the so-called Bonarda Piemontese, an aromatic variety which has been virtually abandoned because of its small bunches and low productivity, although it covered 30% of the region’s vineyard before the advent of phylloxera.
Scattered patches remain on the left bank of the Tanaro, particularly in the township of Govone, and the Italian vine census of 2010 found 749 ha/1,850 acres of ‘Bonarda Nera’, very much less than Croatina but more than Uva Rara. The only DOC wines in production which bear the name Bonarda are from the Oltrepò Pavese and are, confusingly, made from Croatina. Bonarda is also the name of the second most widely grown red wine grape variety, after Malbec, in argentina, where total plantings had grown to 18,127 ha/44,774 acres by 2011, which means that Argentina has far more ‘Bonarda’ planted than Italy, although dna profiling has shown that Argentine Bonarda is unrelated to any of the Italian Bonardas and is in fact identical to California’s charbono, which is the Douce Noire of Savoie. The variety makes particularly exuberant, fruity wines for relatively early consumption.
Irrigation
The application of water to growing plants such as vines, effectively a man-made simulation of rainfall, which can be useful, even essential, in drier regions. Few vineyard practices are more maligned, or misunderstood, than irrigation.
In its commonly visualized form, irrigation is carried out in hot, arid regions, and employs furrow or sprinkler distribution to maximize yield for table grapes, drying grapes, and bulk wines. That is the background for the widely held view, especially in France, that only dryland viticulture can produce outstanding wines, and that irrigation inevitably reduces quality.
Widespread adoption of drip (or trickle) irrigation since the 1960s has now greatly blurred the distinction. Although originally developed for and used in true arid climates, such as in israel, the technique has found its major viticultural use for supplementary watering in regions which are not so arid. That is, the vineyards rely mainly on natural rainfall, and irrigation is used to make up deficits. It is extensively used in mediterranean climates which are regularly dry during the critical growth and ripening periods; or else in climates with more uniform rainfall but which might periodically suffer from dry periods. In both of these situations, the capacity to avoid severe water stress potentially improves grape and wine quality, provided that irrigation does not excessively stimulate vine growth and yield. See also soil and wine quality; soil water.
Irrigation is one of the oldest agricultural and viticultural techniques and was clearly practised, for example, in Ancient egypt, and in Ancient armenia too. The need for irrigation depends entirely on climate. Where evaporation is high and rainfall low, vines suffer water stress. Many of the world’s vineyards are in Mediterranean climates where the rain falls mostly over the winter, and the summers are dry and hot. Water stress in the vineyard during the summer depends on how much of the winter rain can be stored in the soil. Soils such as sand and gravel can hold only limited amounts of water, silts and clays much more. Vines with only shallow roots because of restricting soil conditions also experience water stress. On the other hand, some soils are able to store so much water from winter rainfall that vines can grow through the summer without significant water stress. Typically these are deep loamy or silt soils, and are commonly found on valley floors. Some of the deeper soils of California’s Napa Valley are representative, and these may be found side by side with shallower soils where there is a need to irrigate.
While a modicum of water stress is desirable to encourage fruit ripening and enhance wine quality, excessive water stress has serious implications. In these circumstances, irrigation applied in a restricted fashion can actually improve quality (see partial rootzone drying and regulated deficit irrigation).
It is easy to understand irrigation’s notoriety, however. When vines have access to generous supplies of water, whether from irrigation or soil-stored water, they grow rapidly, producing long shoots, big leaves, big berries, and where yield is increased, then ripening is delayed, especially in shaded canopies. All of these are features of vineyards which produce poor-quality wine grapes. Yield is also greatly increased; depending on the severity of the water stress, irrigation may improve yield by 300% or more. In spain, for example, increased use of irrigation, often in association with the planting of higher-yielding clones, has led to a marked increase in production despite significant EU-subsidized grubbing up.
Irrigation is widely practised in the New World but less frequently in the Old (although irrigation is commonplace in some of the oldest vineyards in the world in the Near East and central Asia). At one time it was in principle banned in much of the eu other than for young vines, but it is now much more widely permitted, sometimes, as in Austria, with the proviso that it is used to improve quality rather than to increase yields, although how or whether this is actually controlled is another matter. Restrictions do still apply in much of France in the period just prior to harvest, with special derogations in times of drought. While some still believe that irrigation is intrinsically inimical to wine quality, and there are many examples of deliberate over-irrigation, some of those who deliberately install irrigation systems in southern Europe are motivated by the desire to make better wine. The modern view is that excessive water stress can be as damaging to quality as can excessive irrigation and that in drier regions carefully controlled irrigation can be a useful technique for maximizing yield and/or quality.
Irrigation- The Mechanics
Soils vary in their ability to store water. The ‘field capacity’ is the maximum amount of water a thoroughly wetted soil will retain after normal drainage. The driest moisture content at which vines can extract water from the soil is called the ‘permanent wilting point’. Between these two limits is the amount of available water in a soil. The ability to store water is highest for silt soils and lowest for coarse sands and gravels. The latter soils are preferred for fine wine production as there is less likelihood of excessive water supplies to the vine following rainfall.
The irrigation strategy employed by a vine-grower depends on his or her ambitions for quality and yield. For maximum yields the vines are not allowed to experience water stress at any stage of the growth cycle, and vines are irrigated to maintain moisture levels near field capacity. Such strategies are common for bulk wine production, which is often undertaken in hot, dry climates. Irrigation amount is measured as a depth of water applied: for unrestricted irrigation in a hot climate, up to 800 mm/31 in of water can be applied during the growing season. Smaller quantities of water are applied to vines producing better-quality wine. The regions in which they are grown are typically cooler and more humid, so the evaporation is less, and also the rainfall is often higher. Further, it is desirable to have the vines experience a little water stress, so application amounts can be as low as 100 mm/4 in, or in some years even zero, depending on the weather.
There are several ways of deciding when to irrigate. In desert regions where the climate is relatively constant, such as much of Argentina, California, and inland Australia, irrigation is generally done by the calendar. The interval between irrigations can be longer in the early spring and late autumn, but the vineyards are irrigated most frequently in midsummer, when evaporation is highest. Weather stations, either communal or located in the vineyards, are used to measure evapotranspiration. In areas with more rainfall, and especially where it is irregular, irrigation has to be much more carefully timed according to measurements of either the soil moisture or, less frequently, the plant water stress.
Soil moisture can be measured in several ways. The appearance and feel of the soil can be a useful guide, but while the surface is dry the subsoil can be still wet. Instruments used include tensiometers, gypsum blocks, neutron moisture meters, and, more recently, capacitance probes and time domain reflectometry (TDR). Data may be recorded in the field or transmitted by telemetry to the viticulturist’s computer.
Plant stress can be assessed by the experienced viticulturist observing stress symptoms such as drooping shoot tips, tendrils, and leaves. Leaf temperature can also be measured, as can plant water potential, by using a so-called pressure bomb , which is common in California.
The amount of water applied depends on many factors. Water supplies are limited in many vineyard areas, so water is used sparingly and only to avoid the worst effects of severe water stress. More difficult than unlimited irrigation for high yields is to apply a limited amount of water so that a desired level of vine water stress is maintained to promote ripening and improve quality.
Methods of irrigation vary considerably. The ancient method, still used in some desert areas for bulk wine production, is flood irrigation. Water fed from a supply canal is run down the rows and is soaked up by the dry ground. For this to work, the vineyard floor must be flat and the rows not too long. Furrow irrigation (see argentina) is similar but allows greater control. More recent developments have been sprinkler and drip irrigation (also known as trickle irrigation). Sprinklers are typically about 20 m/65 ft apart and span several rows. Dripper supply lines, usually long plastic tubes, are placed down each row, usually with one dripper at each vine.
Argentina
The most important wine-producing country in South America, and, since the 1990s, one of the most dynamic wine producers in the world. Producing almost 15 million hl/396 million gal in 2013, Argentina is one of the world’s six biggest wine producers. Almost a quarter of all Argentine wine is exported.
Of the country’s 224,064 ha/553,674 acres of vineyard in 2013 (an increase of more than 10% on the 2000 total area), 92% grew grapes for wine. The shift from quantity towards quality has been particularly marked this century, with the proportion of dark-skinned grapes growing from 40 to nearly 50%. Argentina’s famous pink-skinned varieties (mostly the criollas and cereza) fell from 31 to less than 25%. By 2012, 66% of vineyards were planted with high-quality wine grapes, the rest being those deemed low quality or table grape varieties. (In 1990, only 37.5% of vineyards were planted with high-quality wine grapes.) Considerable investment in new vineyard areas, improved winemaking technology, and continued research and innovation have all played a part in the transformation of Argentine wine from rustic ferment to world-class quality.
Argentina: History
Unlike North America, where explorers and early settlers found vitis labrusca growing in abundance, South America depended on the Spanish colonizers for imported European vinifera vines. The vine probably arrived in Argentina by four different routes. The first was directly from Spain in 1541 when vines are thought to have been cultivated, without great success, on the Atlantic coast around the river Plate. A year later, seeds of dried grapes were germinated as a result of an expedition from Peru to the current wine regions immediately east of the Andes. Another expedition from Peru in 1550 also imported vines to Argentina, while the fourth and most important vine importation came from Chile in 1556, just two years after the vine was introduced to Chile’s Central Valley. (See south america, history, for more details.)
One of the most important grape varieties systematically cultivated for wine in South America was almost certainly the forerunner of Argentina’s criolla chica, California’s mission, and Chile’s pais, which were to be the backbone of South American wine production for the next 300 years. Although Argentina was settled from both the east and the west, it was in the foothills of the Andes that the Jesuit missionaries found the best conditions for vine-growing. The first recorded vineyard was planted at Santiago del Estero in 1557. The city of Mendoza was founded in 1561 and vineyards in the province of San Juan to the north were established on a commercial scale between 1569 and 1589. Soon after that, in 1595, King Felipe II of Spain, who ruled over most of Central and South America, banned the production of wine, except by the Catholic Church. This was intended to protect Spanish wine producers and their exports to Mexico and was therefore not particularly enforced in South America, so secular producers remained, and the wine industry thrived. Contrary to popular belief, this heralded a period of almost 300 years (from the second half of the 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century) of sustained growth, innovation, and a search for wine quality, largely thanks to the powerful monks and monasteries.
Wine soon became the main economic activity, with the wealthiest families of Cuyo and the north west of Argentina—in what are today the provinces of Mendoza, San Juan, La Rioja, and Salta—engaged in wine production, either secularly, or through family members who were clergy, or both. Export routes to the cities of Buenos Aires, Córdoba, and Santa Fe to the east, to Bolivia to the north, and to Chile to the west were developed from the early 16th century, which created a dynamic proto-bourgeoisie, particularly in the Cuyo region. During this time, the most important grape variety cultivated was Uva Negra, later known as Criolla Chica, which was to be the backbone of South American wine production for the next 300 years. This and other old varieties, including various Muscats, were widely grown. Torrontés Riojano, the result of a natural crossing of Criolla Chica and Moscatel de Alejandría, dates from the 18th century.
By the skilful use of dams and irrigation channels, originally established by the native population, the early settlers were able to produce sufficient wine to meet the needs of a growing population and they also learned how to produce wine that could stand up to a journey of perhaps 45 days by cart from Mendoza to Buenos Aires. The 18th century saw major changes. To ensure quality and ageing potential, particularly for wines that had to endure long journeys, wines were fortified or, sometimes, heated, a precursor of pasteurization. Some wines were even made, like sherry, under film-forming yeasts. Wine presses changed from being made of leather and/or oak to being built with bricks, lime, and slate. The first record of fermentation vessels made from oak instead of the old clay amphorae, dates from 1740. The first ampelographic studies were carried out during the second half of the century. The first winery census by the government took place in 1780. This was a period of dynamic growth, driven by solid institutions, commerce, peace, and the conjunction of a blooming bourgeoisie and the clergy’s desire to make the most out of God’s creation. By the end of the century, Cuyo was by far the most important wine region in Argentina, with about 8,000 people in the cities of Mendoza and San Juan, almost 300 vine growers, and a total annual production of 13 million litres of wine.
Then the wine scene went into a decline that lasted for almost 100 years. In 1767 the Jesuits were expelled from Spain and its colonies by royal decree and their estates were either abandoned or seized by the Spanish crown. A civil war lasted for much of the early 19th century. It was no longer safe to transport wine and wine was no longer the most important economic activity of the region.
Some good things happened, however, such as the introduction of glass bottles, from 1820. The best example is the well-documented story of General San Martín, the son of a vine grower and probably Argentina’s first wine connoisseur. After returning from leading a long campaign in Chile and Perú against the Spanish royalists, he went back to Mendoza and organized a dinner with some of the most important people of his time. At this meal, in 1823, he poured one of his favourite wines from Mendoza, and one from a renowned producer of Málaga—transposing the labels before doing so. By the end of the evening, when all attendees had proclaimed the virtues of the bottles with the Málaga label, he had demonstrated two things: that the wines from Mendoza compared well with those of Spain, and that they could age for eight years or more—which was the time his bottles had spent in his underground cellar during his crusade against the Spanish empire.
The second half of the 19th century saw Argentina enjoy a period of relative stability and prosperity built on exports of agricultural and cattle products. Many of those who had fled to Chile returned to Cuyo. Among them was Domingo Faustino Sarmiento, who subsequently became governor of San Juan, and then president of Argentina. He campaigned for the creation of an agronomy school, including viticultural research and a vine nursery used to gradually improve vineyards, under the direction of a Frenchman exiled in 1851. Under his direction top-quality French varieties, including Malbec, were imported—before the arrival of phylloxera in Europe, incorporating much of the genetic material that was later lost in Europe. Thus Torrontés, Malbec, and many high-quality varieties were already established in Argentina before a significant wave of European immigrants of the late 1800s and early 1900s further enriched Argentina’s viticulture.
In 1885 the railway between Buenos Aires and Mendoza was completed, lending still greater importance to the vineyards in the foothills of the Andes. The immigrants, many from wine-producing areas of Italy, Spain, and France, brought with them many new vine varieties and their own regional vine-growing and winemaking skills. The foundations for Argentina’s mammoth domestic wine industry were laid. This had interesting implications. Unlike many New World wine regions where winemaking was restricted to an elite, the origin of Argentina’s modern era viticulture was popular. Even today there are over 25,000 vineyards, with an average size of less than 9 ha/23 acres. And the immigrants brought their wine-drinking culture with them, which turned Argentina into one of the largest domestic markets in the world, despite having a relatively low population. Today, Argentines drink about 75% of the national crop, a figure that has remained relatively stable.
By the early 20th century, Argentina was the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world, but the subsequent economic depression and political crisis led to a disastrous drop in the export price of its primary products, and then a steep decline in foreign investment. The peso was often devalued almost routinely. While the landowning classes continued to prosper for some time, or salted away their capital overseas, there was growing unrest among the largely disenfranchised, poorly paid urban masses. When General Juan Domingo Perón came to power in 1943 he appealed directly to the workers with promises of rapid industrialization, better working conditions, and organized, government-controlled unions. For a while Argentina’s fortunes revived, but in the mid 1950s Perón and his ambitious and charismatic wife Eva were deposed by the military. From then on a succession of opportunistic military governments led the country into spiralling decline. The urban masses created an unprecedented market for wine so that quantity not quality became the imperative.
Most producers were content to supply cheap, rustic vino de mesa to a domestic market that boasted the third-highest per capita consumption of wine in the world. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when the UK was drinking approximately 3 litres per capita per year and the Americans even less, the Argentines, despite all their troubles, were quaffing 90 litres of wine per head. By 1996 that figure had dropped dramatically to 41 litres per capita, and has finally stabilized at around 25 litres.
Throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s Argentina grew increasedly isolated, and suffered from social and political unrest, military governments, violence, stifling bureaucracy, corruption, war, and disastrous economic management. Accumulated inflation during the 1970s was over 1,400%, and over 8,000% during the 1980s. In 1983 Argentina returned to being a democratic country and has remained one ever since.
Faced with a dramatic drop in home consumption, added to the pressing need to earn foreign currency, the more enlightened producers decided to go upmarket and in the late 1980s, for the first time, gave serious consideration to the possibilities of exporting. A peak of hyper-inflation in 1989, however, prompted President Raúl Alfonsín out of office, who was replaced by Carlos Menem, inaugurating a period of political and economic stability not experienced for decades. Under his administration, business confidence in Argentina’s future was revitalized at home and abroad, and encouraged investment in a wine industry where time had stood still (see also chile). Vineyards had been modernized during the 1980s, and technology and expertise were incorporated during the 1990s. Argentina’s wine sector was ready to export but a law that artificially pegged the Argentine peso to the US dollar, resulted in, first, an overvalued peso at the end of the 1990s which made Argentine wines too expensive, followed by prolonged recession, and a 300% devaluation in 2001/02. While being traumatic for the people of Argentina, this presented a great opportunity for its wine industry since prices were then highly competitive, and both exports and foreign investment soared.
A 1980s vine-pull scheme had reduced the total vineyard area by a third, with Malbec a specific and dramatic casualty just before its potential was realized. Argentina’s total vineyard fell from 314,000 ha/775,580 acres in the early 1980s to 205,000 ha/506,350 acres in 1993 before a new wave of high-quality varieties were planted.
Argentina: Climate
Argentina’s wine regions are widely dispersed, but are almost entirely confined to the western strip of the country bordering the foothills of the Andes, where the climate is continental, with the four seasons clearly defined. The vineyard area extends from the 23rd to the 42nd parallel in the south. Apart from the southern, largely fruit-growing areas of the Río Negro and Neuquén, the climate is semi-desert with annual rainfall rarely more than 250 mm/10 in.
Summer temperatures vary from 10 °C/50 °F at night to as much as 40 °C/104 °F during the day. Summers are hot in the regions of San Juan (except for the high elevation valleys of Pedernal and Calingasta), La Rioja, Catamarca, and the east of Mendoza (Santa Rosa, Rivadavia, San Martín, and Lavalle). In the Calchaquies Valley (Cafayate), upper Mendoza (Luján de Cuyo), Uco Valley (Tupungato, Tunuyán, and San Carlos), and Río Negro, summers are temperate to warm, making them Regions II and III in the Winkler system of climate classification. In winter, temperatures can drop below 0 °C/32 °F with occasional light snowfalls. Heavy winter snow in the high Andes is important as this ensures plentiful supplies of particularly pure water for the irrigation systems on which the vines depend.
Total annual rainfall just east of the Andes is concentrated on the summer months, which encourages growth, but it seldom exceeds 300 mm/12 in a year with 200 mm/8 in being the average. Early summer hail, or piedra, is the main risk to the vines—as many as 6% of Argentine vineyards are netted against hail—together with frost. It is customary in Mendoza to own vineyards in different parts of the province to minimize the risk of hail damage. As a result, and even though single-vineyard and terroir-driven wines are increasingly important, 100% varietal blends of wines from different parts of the province are also common.
The air is dry and particularly unpolluted. Vine flowering may occasionally be adversely affected by a hot, dry, very strong wind called zonda, which blows down from the west mainly in late spring and early summer. Grapes almost invariably reach full maturity and the lack of humidity reduces the risk of fungal diseases, resulting in very healthy vineyards and obviating the need for frequent and costly spraying. Vineyards are typically sprayed much less often in Argentina than elsewhere, making organic viticulture relatively easy. Full ripeness is easily achieved and chaptalization is not allowed.
Argentina: Mendoza
In the far west of the country, only a (substantial) mountain range from Santiago in Chile, this is by far the biggest and most important wine-growing province in Argentina, accounting for more than 70% of all Argentina’s wine production, although the area planted has declined from a peak of 255,000 ha/629,850 acres in 1980 to 159,137 ha/394,500 acres in 2013. The Andes dominate the western skyline, with Mount Aconcagua, at 6,960 m/22,837 ft, the highest mountain in the Americas. Vineyard elevations range between 600 to 1,600 m (1,970 to 5,249 ft) above sea level.
Provinces, such as Mendoza, are divided into departments, which in turn are subdivided into districts, and, in turn, into single vineyards. The most important wine-producing areas in and around Mendoza are:
The North Oasis and the East Oasis: Low elevation, warm weather areas, specializing in big volumes and entry-level wines—although some high-quality wines are also made here, mostly with Tempranillo and Bonarda. The area comprises the departments of Lavalle, Las Heras, Santa Rosa, La Paz, San Martin, and Rivadavia.
Luján de Cuyo: In the upper Mendoza Valley at elevations between 800 and 1,100 m (2,640 and 3,630 ft). Average rainfall is about 190 mm/7.2 in a year and the mean annual temperature is 15 °C/37.5 °F. Together with the department of Maipú, they form what the locals call Primera Zona, or ‘first zone’, Mendoza’s most traditional high-quality region, just south of the city limits. It was here that Argentina’s first controlled appellation was created for Malbec in 1993, and this is where most of the traditional and renowned wineries of Mendoza are located—even if most of them also have vineyards in other parts of the province. The main districts in Luján de Cuyo are Las Compuertas, Vistalba (which are the two that reach the highest elevations),—Agrelo, Perdriel, Ugarteche, Chacras de Coria, and Mayor Drummond.
Maipú department: Just east of Luján and also south of the city, is slightly warmer because of its lower elevation. Cruz de Piedra, Barrancas, Russell, Coquimbito, Lunlunta, Fray Luis Beltrán, and Maipú districts (as in Luján, there is a department and a district within it with the same name).
San Rafael and General Alvear departments: The southernmost wine region of Mendoza, balances lower elevation with higher latitude, and focuses on classic varietals. This does not enjoy the reputation of some other areas, perhaps due to a higher incidence of hail and greater distance from the city, but it can still produce high-quality wines.
Valle de Uco (or Uco Valley): The rising star of Argentina, and arguably the most fashionable wine region in the country. It comprises the departments of Tupungato (with its districts El Peral, Anchoris, La Arboleda, Tupungato, and Gualtallary), Tunuyán (Vista Flores, Los Árboles, Los Sauces, Los Chacayes), and San Carlos (Altamira, La Consulta, Eugenio Bustos, El Cepillo), ranging between 1,000 and 1,600 m/3,280 and 5,250 ft. Its cooler weather, very poor soils, good drainage, and continuous breeze are responsible for particularly healthy vines which result in low yields, and full-bodied wines with high natural acidity. Malbec, Chardonnay, and Cabernet Franc are reaching new heights here.
Pink-skinned grapes, notably criolla grande and cereza, account for about a fifth of all Mendoza plantings and are used for inexpensive wine and grape concentrate. Red wine grapes account for more than half of all plantings. Malbec predominates with a total of 31,169 ha/77,020 acres, almost double the area planted in 2003. The variety called Bonarda in Argentina (identical to charbono) comes next with 15,803 ha/39,050 acres, and several producers have started to call it Bonarda Argentina to differentiate it from Italian wines and vines with the same name. Cabernet Sauvignon is also significant, and features with Malbec in many a top blend. Next most plamted red wine grapes are Syrah, Tempranillo, Merlot, Sangiovese, and Pinot Noir, demonstrating the mix of French, Italian, and Spanish cultural influences that characterize Argentina. pedro giménez is the most planted white wine grape, but attention is focused on Chardonnay, with 5,305 ha/13,108 acres planted particularly in the sophisticated, very high vineyards of the Uco Valley. Also important are the ubiquitous Torrontés Riojano, Chenin Blanc, and Sauvignon Blanc. Sémillon was traditionally Mendoza’s white wine grape and is now making a comeback thanks to producers such as Mendel and Ricardo Santos. Over 150 different grape varieties are planted in Mendoza.
Argentina: San Juan
Argentina’s second biggest wine-producing region had 47,741 ha/117,970 acres of vineyards in 2013. The capital of the province, San Juan, is 150 km/90 miles north of Mendoza. The climate at these lower elevations and latitudes is much hotter than that of Mendoza, with summer temperatures of 42 °C/107 °F not uncommon and with rainfall averaging only 150 mm/6 in per annum. temperature variation is also much lower.
For long the home of high-yielding pink varieties, especially Cereza, whose high sugar content made them ideal for wine blending, concentrating, or for selling as fresh table grapes or raisins, San Juan has been developed as a producer of better quality wine since the late 1990s. A rapid reduction in the volume of wine produced has already taken place and is likely to continue, especially for red-skinned grapes such as bonarda and syrah, which has become the province’s emblematic red, with 3,032 ha/7,492 acres planted (50% more than Malbec). Good-value basic reds are made with these two varieties. The region also produces smaller quantities of perfectly acceptable sherry-style wines, interesting Viognier, Chardonnay, and Pinot Gris in whites, and Petit Verdot and Tannat in reds. It also provides the base for most of Argentina’s brandy and vermouths. The vast majority of San Juan’s wine comes from Tulum Valley at an elevation of 650 m/2,132 ft just south of the capital city. Better quality wines can be found, as in Mendoza, further west at higher elevations, where the Ullum-Zonda Valley at 850 m/2,788 ft is producing good Reserva-level wines. Even higher, Pedernal (1,100 m/3608 ft) and Calingasta (1,500 m/4,921 ft) valleys in the south west of the province are starting to produce world-class wines and have the potential to take San Juan to the next level.
Argentina: La Rioja
Historically the oldest of Argentina’s wine-producing provinces, La Rioja had 7,287 ha/18,006 acres of vineyard in 2013, of which Torrontés Riojano was planted on a total of 2,145 ha/5,300 acres. La Rioja is little-known abroad, partly because almost the entire production of the province is crushed by the giant Co-operativa La Riojana in the town of Chilecito. They make Torrontés in several styles, including an aromatic dry one, a late harvest, and even a refreshing sparkling version. In recent years, a handful of new, small-scale producers have started to produce more interesting wines in higher elevation vineyards from lesser known areas such as Famatina and Chañar Muyo. This has increased interest in the region even if, as elsewhere, irrigation water can be scarce in parts.
Argentina: Salta, Jujuy, Tucumán, and Catamarca
The Calchaquí Valley crosses these far north-western provinces. Catamarca used to have the biggest area under vine, but the province of Salta recently overtook it, and now boasts 2,932 ha/7,245 acres of vineyards, thus becoming the fourth most important wine-producing province after Mendoza, San Juan, and La Rioja. Viticulture in Catamarca is still rustic and lacking identity. Jujuy and Tucumán are starting to make quite interesting wines but on an extremely small scale. Salta is the most significant and widely recognized province for wine in this part of the country. It also has some of the world’s highest vineyards (see elevation) near the town of Payogasta. Donald Hess’s Colomé Altura Máxima vineyard is planted at 3,111 m/10,206 ft.
Not just Salta but the entire Calchaquí Valley benefits from more than 300 days of sun per year, as well as considerable exposure to wind and ultraviolet radiation. Even the lower vineyards in Salta are at 1,650 m/5,413 ft, and because of this elevation, the vine is forced to protect itself from extreme weather, resulting in lower yields and thick skins, which produce concentrated, full-bodied wines that are also extremely fragrant. Promising varieties include Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, Bonarda, Syrah, and, particularly, Tannat, which expresses itself quite differently here compared with uruguay and madiran. For white wines, Torrontés Riojano is very much at home and around Cafayate in the Calchaquies Valley it produces particularly aromatic, full-bodied, dryish whites. The vineyards lie between 24 and 26 degrees latitude, with soils not dissimilar to those of Mendoza, but with a mesoclimate that ensures a combination of good sugar levels at harvest (from 21 to 25 °brix) and above-average total acidity, thereby ensuring a wine of depth and balance. The main wine region in Salta is the lively tourist resort of Cafayate. Other small areas such as Tolombón, Colomé, Molinos, Yacochuya, and Tacuil also have excellent potential. With its stylish hotels and infrastructure, unspoilt colonial architecture, Andean food, impressive landscapes, and hearty wines, this area provides world-class tourism experiences.
Argentina: Río Negro, Neuquén, and Chubut
This southern area of Patagonia is much cooler than the higher-yielding areas to the north and, although there were some 3,398 ha/8,396 acres under vine in 2013 split roughly equally between Río Negro and Neuquén, they may not yet have reached their full potential. Neuquén is the result of 21st-century central planning while Río Negro has historically been Argentina’s principal fruit-growing district, producing apples and pears in particular, as well as grapes. The cooler climate and heavier soils of the valley, combined with a long, warm ripening season under clear skies, make it ideal for the production of good-quality white wine (notably Torrontés Riojano, Sémillon and, in more recent times, a fairly decent Riesling), a fragrant, less concentrated version of Malbec, and great Pinot Noir, Merlot, and Cabernet Franc. Unlike most Argentine wine regions that are high and relatively close to the Andes, Río Negro province has a quite different topography. The valley is shaped by a river that runs from the west into the Atlantic, forming a green canyon surrounded by arid desert on both sides. Humidity and rainfall are markedly higher than further north. These growing conditions, together with some seriously old vineyards, attracted both Countess Noemi Marone Cinzano and Piero Incisa della Rochetta, from the family that owns sassicaia, who respectively established their Noemía and Bodega Chacra projects in the province some years ago. Both are now farmed biodynamically, with exciting results.
Unlike Río Negro, the province of Neuquén had no winemaking tradition whatsoever until very recently when the authorities realized that the province was going to run out of its non-renewable resources. They accordingly constructed an extensive channel that could irrigate about 3,000 ha/7,413 acres of land on which vegetables, orchards, and vineyards have been planted. Bodegas del Fin del Mundo led the project and now several producers make millions of bottles in state-of-the-art wineries, filling them mainly with Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Pinot Noir, and Malbec.
Last, but by no means least, the legendary Bernardo Weinert, from the eponymous Mendoza winery, has planted Pinot Noir, Chardonnay, Riesling, Gewürztraminer, and other early-ripening vines in the southernmost vineyard of the Americas, El Hoyo de Epuyén in Chubut, between the 42nd and 43rd parallels. This has inspired several others so that by 2014 vineyards totalled about 21 ha/51 acres and some were already producing rather Germanic high-acid, low-alcohol wines.
Argentina: Buenos Aires, La Pampa, and Córdoba
The Argentine wine map is being redrawn virtually every day. Córdoba, which had 279 ha/690 acres of vines in 2014, had a long tradition of making artisanal wines and has now shifted its focus to high quality. La Pampa, a province known more for its cattle, has suitable vineyard land in the south for its 212 ha/524 acres of vines on the northern border of Patagonia, where Bodega del Desierto, under the supervision of Paul Hobbs of California, is showing the way. And even Buenos Aires province, by the Atlantic Ocean, now has 114 ha/280 acres of vineyards planted in deeper soils, on slopes rather than mountains, and in a maritime climate rather than a continental one. A handful of wineries are already in production, with the giant Trapiche already achieving great results with Pinot Noir and Sauvignon Blanc in its new vineyard close to Mar del Plata, the country’s biggest beach resort a few hundred kilometres south of the city of Buenos Aires.
Argentina: Red Varieties
Malbec, the dominant red wine grape that accounts for 16% of all plantings, seems more at home in Argentina than in its cahors homeland. From a total of 36,125 ha/89,266 acres of vines come deep-coloured, robust, fruity wines with enough alcohol, weight, and structure to benefit from oak ageing, with different expressions in each wine region. Cabernet Sauvignon is popular with Argentine growers, having increased enormously, from under 2,500 ha/6,200 acres in 1990 to 15,982 ha/39,492 acres by 2013. It is making better and better varietal wines, and is typically blended with Malbec in the country’s most celebrated bottlings. The second most planted red wine variety in Argentina, with 18,882 ha/46,658 ac, is the increasingly fashionable variety called Bonarda in Argentina (see charbono). Total plantings of Syrah shot up from under 700 ha/1,730 acres in 1990 to 12,992 ha/32,103 acres by 2013, making it Argentina’s fourth most planted European variety after Malbec, Bonarda, and Cabernet Sauvignon. It performs best in the hot San Juan province north of Mendoza. A wide range of Italian and Spanish varieties, including Tempranillo, Corvina, and Ancellota, were presumably brought to the country by the many European immigrants, but it is the French Cabernet Franc, Petit Verdot, and Tannat that are currently making waves. Other red wine varieties apart from Merlot, often blended with Cabernet, include Pinot Noir, which seems to have found its home in Patagonia and the high-elevation vineyards of the Uco Valley.
Argentina: White Varieties
Although steadily losing ground, pedro giménez (distinct from Spain’s pedro ximénez) is still Argentina’s most-planted light-skinned grape variety, with 11,773 ha/29,091 acres grown in 2013, particularly in Mendoza and the province of San Juan, where it is used mostly in basic blends. It is also used for making grape concentrate, which Argentina exports in vast quantities, particularly to japan. The second most-planted light-skinned variety in 2013 was torrontés Riojano with almost 7,885 ha/19,500 acres, followed by Chardonnay with 6,394 ha/15,799 acres. Other white wine grapes, in order of importance, are Moscatel de Alejandría, Chenin Blanc, Sauvignon Blanc, Torrontés Sanjuanino, Ugni Blanc, Viognier, Sémillon, Sauvignonasse, Pinot Gris, Riesling, and others. The country’s most distinctive white wine grape is Torrontés Riojano in its various forms, which can produce a (relatively) light wine with a strong, floral, muscat aroma. Use of the right strains of yeast—a particularly effective local strain has been identified in La Rioja and is now being widely commercialized for this variety—and careful temperature control during fermentation can result in a Torrontés of universal appeal. Originally it was planted almost exclusively in the northern province of Salta, particularly in the Calchaquies Valley and around Cafayate, but it can now be found in the province of Mendoza, where it is often used for blending, and increasingly in the Uco Valley, where it is producing steely, more structured, linear wines. Chardonnay is the wine that everyone wants to produce and the Argentines are no exception, particularly with an eye to the US and UK markets. Chardonnay has proved to be particularly well suited to parts of Argentina. Its own so-called Mendoza clone (see millerandage) was developed at davis in California and is widely planted in Australia and elsewhere.
Argentina: Pink
These are the grapes which account for more than a quarter of all vines planted in Argentina whose skins at full ripeness are distinctly pink. criolla grande, Criolla Chica, and cereza are some of Argentina’s oldest varieties. Both Criollas and Cereza are extremely productive varieties of which one bunch on a well-irrigated vineyard can weigh as much as 4 kg/9 lb. They are typically planted in the hotter, flatter, most heavily irrigated vineyards. Moscatel Rosada is another important pink-skinned variety, of which there was a total of 7,084 ha/17,504 acres in 2013. The wine produced from these varieties is usually very deeply coloured white, occasionally pink, often quite sweet, and sold at the bottom end of the market, either in bulk or in litre bottles or cardboard cartons, as everyday wine within Argentina, or blended with basic Malbec to produce a light red.
Argentina: Viticulture
Warm, dry summers; clear skies; poor, alluvial soils; and pure water for irrigation is a promising combination for viticulture. The drop in domestic sales in the 1970s and 1980s led to a search for new areas more suitable for the production of better-quality wine and since the 1990s Argentine viticulture has been transformed, with better irrigation techniques, canopy management, methods and timing of harvest, incorporation of technology, clonal and mass selections, and studies of the impact of microbial terroir and ultraviolet radiation, for example.
Most vines in Argentina are ungrafted because the biotype of phylloxera present is a relatively mild one, perhaps because there is a relatively high proportion of sand in vineyard soils. Some varieties that are vulnerable to nematodes, however, tend to be grafted. Rainfall is so low in most of the country that irrigation is a necessity. Traditionally, water was distributed by an intricate network of canals and ditches and then by flooding or furrows; Argentina’s water distribution system is still one of the best in the world, despite having its origins in the 16th century. In more recent times, the channels of water that flow from the permanently snow-capped peaks of the high Andes have been augmented by deep boreholes. These take water from between 60 and 300 m (196 to 984 ft) below the surface and can produce as much as 250,000 l/66,000 gal per hour. They are used with the more efficient drip irrigation systems that now operate on about 20% of Argentine vineyards. In this unique landscape the cultivated areas resemble green oases in the scorched desert surroundings (as in the irrigated vineyards of australia but with the majestic Andes as a backdrop). The vast majority of the soils are of alluvial origin, quite poor, and mostly made of sand and stones. Their structure varies from region to region but a loose greyish sandy texture predominates with substrates of gravel, limestone, and clay. Areas with substrates of granite, quartz, and limestone are currently being researched. Different forms of calcareous soils are found in some of the finest terroirs of the Uco Valley, such as Altamira, Gualtallary, and Vista Flores, those that result in increasingly complex and individual wines.
Although the immigrants who arrived in the early 20th century brought with them the vertical espaldera training system of low training of vines along three wires, the need for greater volume led most vineyard owners to adopt the productive parral cuyano trellis system in the 1950s and 1960s (see tendone). As in Chile, however, the classic method is increasingly favoured once more in order to facilitate both canopy management and drip irrigation, although Cereza and Criolla Grande vines are still likely to be parral trained. By 2013 roughly half of all vines were parral trained, and most of the rest were trained with either high or low vsp espaldera systems. Only a very small proportion were either head trained or managed with other systems. Over 40% of vineyards were 25 years old or more, and in Salta there is even a vineyard planted in 1862. Only 20% of vines are under eight years old.
From budbreak to harvest takes an average of five months and the long ripening season normally ensures full maturity. The national institute sets the date of the harvest, which usually begins in mid February and, depending on the variety and the region, extends until late April. Special permits have to be obtained to pick any later than the prescribed end date, mostly for late-harvest wines. Itinerant, low-paid grape pickers are no longer plentiful, thanks to the recent dramatic rise in the cost of living, so mechanical harvesters are slowly becoming more common.
Argentina: Winemaking
The export-led drive towards improved quality has forced even the biggest producers of cheap wine into a reappraisal of their winemaking techniques in order to supply international demand for sound varietal wines. This is even more noticeable in better-quality wines, which have benefited from new generations of technicians who have been trained abroad, and the input of foreign consultants. Locals and foreigners co-operate at all levels. Furthermore, there has been an important cultural change. While old schoolers were secretive and competitive, winery owners and winemakers nowadays get together to taste each other’s wines, share experiences and information, and are enthusiastic about wider issues in a sector that is now particularly dynamic.
In terms of labelling, a varietal wine must contain at least 85% of the variety cited, while any variety mentioned on the label must constitute at least 20% of the blend. Reserva wines have to be aged from six months (whites and rosés), to 12 months (reds), and Gran Reserva wines have to be kept twice as long. In European markets, however, as a result of negotiations that have been taking place since 2010, wines are classified either IP (Indicación de Procedencia) for table and regional wines, IG (Indicación Geográfica—see geographical indication) for V. vinifera wines made from a specific region with certain minimum quality standards, and DOC (Denominación de Origen Controlado), for high-quality wines in which restrictions related to alcohol, winemaking techniques, yields, ageing, and other criteria apply. Argentina has, so far, two DOCs—Luján de Cuyo and San Rafael—and roughly 90 IGs. So far, the DOCs are used by only a handful of producers. Plans are well advanced for the creation of IGs for areas producing truly distinctive wines, with two Uco Valley locations—Pajare Altamira in San Carlos in the south of the valley and Gualtallary in Tupungato in the west—the most advanced.
Argentina: Wine Trade Organisation
The majority of Argentina’s vineyards are in the hands of specialist grape-growers. Wine producers exert increasing control on the grapes they buy, however, and almost all of them own at least some vineyards.
The big factors in the improvement of Argentina’s wines have been the widespread use of foreign consultants, and flying winemakers. Several Argentine winemakers work in the northern hemisphere during harvest, therefore experiencing at least two vintages every year.
Collaboration between private and public sectors has been more successful in Argentina than anywhere else, and has resulted in a promotional plan for Argentine wine up to 2020, and the creation of the Argentine Viticultural Corporation (COVIAR) in which all interested parties are involved.
The great majority of Argentina’s wineries, like the country’s vineyards, are in Mendoza province, often on the outskirts of the city of Mendoza itself. Some of the most important wineries are still owned by Argentine families: Catena Zapata, López, Bianchi, Lagarde, Lávaque, Goyenechea, Roca, Domingo Hermanos, Toso, Zuccardi, La Rural, Weinert, Luigi Bosca, and even large groups such as Peñaflor or Nieto Senetiner. Others have been bought by large international groups: Navarro Correas (diageo), Finca Flichman (sogrape), Etchart, Graffigna, and Mumm (pernod ricard), and Norton (the Austrian Swarovski family, who also have wine interests in china). Some foreign investment has also gone into developing wineries from scratch. Examples include Chandon and Terrazas de los Andes owned by lvmh, Alta Vista, Monteviejo, Cuvelier Los Andes, Flecha de los Andes, Fabre Montmayou, lurton, Atamisque, all French-owned; Alto Las Hormigas, AVE, Masi Tupungato, Chacra, Noémia, and Speri, all backed by Italian investors; the Chilean-owned Cruzat, Trivento, La Celia, Kaiken, Renacer, and Doña Paula; Spanish-owned Séptima de Codorniu, Freixenet, and O Fournier; Greek-owned Krontiras, Dutch-owned Salentein and Callia, American-owned Enrique Foster and Viña Cobos, and others. Foreigners have also had a big impact with joint ventures such as CaRo (Catena + Rothschild) and Cheval des Andes (Ch cheval blanc and Terrazas de los Andes). And last, but not least, a largest number of wineries have been started from zero by Argentines—some completely new, some who sold their previous winery only to set up again. Examples include Benegas, La Amalia, Altocedro, Dominio del Plata, Patritti, Familia Schroeder, Huarpe, SinFin, Sophenia, Mendel, Tapiz, De Ángeles, Zorzal, Passionate Wines, and several others. All these producers, and many others, have played a vital part in promoting Argentina to the first world of wine.
Maipu- Argentina
The province’s most historic wine region is just south of Mendoza city. Here, you’ll find historic Bodega Lopez as well as the well-known Pascual Toso and Trapiche wineries. For the most part, Malbec wines from Maipú offer red fruit (red currant, pomegranate, boysenberry, red plum, and cherry) flavors with a touch of earthy cedar or tobacco.
An area called Barrancas, which is slightly warmer than the surrounding Maipú, is noted for producing wines with darker fruit flavors and softer acidity, which is true of its Malbec, Cabernet Sauvignon, and meaty Syrah.
Lujan de Cuyo- Argentina
Luján de Cuyo contains many ultra-modern wineries and some of the region’s most glamorous boutique hotels. It is home to the game-changing producer Catena Zapata as well as dozens of other exceptional wineries, including Achaval-Ferrer, Bodegas Norton, Viña Cobos, Bodega Vistalba, Durigutti, etc. You may pay a premium for high-end wines from Luján de Cuyo, but these wineries also excel at offering value-driven second label wines. Malbec from Cuyo will offer more black fruits (blackberry, boysenberry, plum sauce, black cherry) with Asian spice notes and a dusty or graphite-like finish.
Within the Luján de Cuyo region, wines are often labeled by the nearest town. As you taste these wines, you’ll start to notice how certain areas within Cuyo taste subtly different given the different terroirs at play. Of the sub-regions, Agrelo (elegance + power), Vistalba (minerality), Las Compuertas (elegance), and Perdriel (tannin) offer some of the most distinguishable differences.
Uco Valley- Argentina
With some of the highest elevation vineyards of all of Mendoza, the Uco Valley (or Valle de Uco) is known for producing wines with elegance and excellent aging potential. This region has attracted producers from all over the world, including Clos de la Siete (a Michel Rolland brand), O. Fournier, Domaine Bousquet, Bodega Lurton, Altos Los Hormigas (by Tuscan, Alberto Antonini). There’s even a prospect called The Vines of Mendoza where you can own your own private vineyard. Wines from this region offer dense, layered black fruit (black plum, raspberry, blackberry, and olive) with savory notes of red pepper flakes and a dusty, cocoa powder-like finish. Expect to spend over $18 a bottle in order to sample the true typicity of Valle de Uco.
Sometimes wines from Uco Valley will be labeled after the nearest town, including Tupungato, Vista Flores, Tunuyán, Campos de los Andes, Los Sauces, San Carlos, La Consulta, and Villa Seca.
San Rafael- Argentina
Drive 150 miles south from the city of Mendoza and you’ll find San Rafael, a region with a limited number of wineries, some of which were started by Italian immigrants in the early 1900s. Valentín Bianchi is once such winery that offers a range of value-driven, high-quality Cabernet Sauvignon and Malbec wines that offer red roasted berry flavors and a savory herbal finish. San Rafael remains a great value wine region, although few of its producers import to the US.
East Mendoza (San Martin)- Argentina
East Mendoza has many older vineyards, planted with some of Mendoza’s more esoteric varieties including Criolla Grande, Pedro Giménez, Moscatel Rosada, Bonarda, and Tempranillo (along with plenty of Malbec). While this area has long been considered the doldrums for quality Malbec, it’s ripe with potential for the right garagiste winemaker (garage winemaker) to come along and do things differently.
Cheval des Andes is…
A joint venture between Cheval Blanc in Bordeaux and Terrazas de Los Andes in Argentina. All owned by LVMH.
