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PASS LICENSURE EXAM
ALBERT BANDURA SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY
CHILDREN BEST AND MOST COMMONLY LEARN THEIR BEHAVIORS, ACTIONS, AND REACTIONS THROUGH OBSERVATION OF THEIR ENVIRONMENTS.
FIRST KEY POINT - BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
CHILDREN ARE BORN WITH THE INNATE INSTINCT TO BOND WITH THEIR PRIMARY CAREGIVER
JOHN BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
STRESSES THE VITAL IMPORTANCE OF A MOTHER OR PRIMARY CAREGIVER AND THEIR CHILD - THE FIRST FIVE YEARS OF LIFE ARE THE MOST ESSENTIAL AND CRITICAL YEARS
SECOND KEY POINT - BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
CHILD’S ATTACHMENT TO THEIR PRIMARY CAREGIVER WAS IMPORTANT ENOUGH TO THE CHIKD’S OVERALL GROWTH, HEALTH, AND WELLNESS THAT IT SHOULD BE NURTURED AND MAINTAINED FOR, AT A BARE MINIMUM, THE FIRST 2 YEARS OF A CHILD’S LIFE.
Third KEY POINT - BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
If a child suffered what Bowlby called “maternal deprivation” during the first five years of life, there could be lifelong effects that are permanent and irreparable.
What are the effects of “maternal deprivation?”
- Affectionless psychopathy
- Depression
- Delinquency
- Overly aggressive
- Less intelligent
Fourth KEY POINT - BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
A child’s short-term or temporary separation from their mother or attachment person could cause a great deal of distress.
What are the 3 stages of Bowlby’s distress?
- Protest
- Despair
- Detachment
Fifth KEY POINT - BOWLBY’S ATTACHMENT THEORY
The attachment a child forms with their mother or primary caregiver is the foundation on which infants and children develop internal cognitive correlations to self, to others, and to the world around them, aka the internal working model.
What are the 3 key points to Bowlby’s Internal working model?
The infant/child attachment to their mother or primary caregiver resulted in the child making mental correlations between :
1. Their own self-value.
2. The trustworthiness of others
3. The interaction of themselves with others.
Erikson’s Stage 1
Trust vs. Mistrust, birth to 18 months.
*Most fundamental of all the stages
-If a caregiver provides for the child and ensure they feel protected and well cared for, the child will, in turn, apply those feelings of safety and security to the outside world. If not, they will develop feelings of mistrust.
Erikson’s Stage 2
Autonomy vs. Shame, 18 months to 3 years.
When a child in this age group is given the opportunity to make a choice, it helps the child to develop their sense of independence and autonomy.
Key developmental milestone: Potty training.
Success in this stage leaves children with a lasting sense of confidence, security, and achievement. If not, they will develop a lack of self-esteem, self-confidence, and lack of personal control.
Erikson’s Stage 3
Initiative vs. Guilt, age 3 to 5
The ability to learn and grow through play and peer interaction allows children to feel confident, develop more control, and feel more capable in what they can do and accomplish. Children who are not granted these experiences or are given too much control can experience a deep sense of guilt.
Erikson’s Stage 4
Industry vs. Inferiority, age 5 - 12
Children learn to socialize and interact with peers as well as how to deal with the pressures of added school assignments. If not, these children show signs of self-doubt and insecurity rather than growth.
Erikson’s Stage 5
Identity vs Role Confusion, age 12-18
These qualities are best developed through healthy encouragement and positive reinforcement. Helps grow feelings of independence, feelings of control, and sense of self.
A lack of support and encouragement during these years = insecurity, lack of self-identity, and confusion in one’s beliefs and ideas.
Erikson’s Stage 6
Intimacy vs Isolation, age 18-40
Time when people are able to make connections in healthy ways with others. If not, individuals will often suffer from long-term feelings of isolation, unhealthy close personal relationships, and lifelong struggles with loneliness.
Erikson’s Stage 7
Generativity vs Stagnation, age 40-65
Accomplishments of healthy development leads to sustained personal relationships, having children, or public contributions to one’s own home/community. If not, individuals find difficulty with feeling anything other than failure, a lack of productivity, or a lack of meaning in their life.
Erikson’s Stage 8
Ego Integrity vs Despair, 65 and older
One reflects on their life and feels happy and fulfilled by the life they led. If not, plagued by feelings of despair and regret.
Freud’s Psychosocial Development Theory
5 stages of development: Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital.
The idea that we seek out, focus on, and put energy into the behaviors that bring us the most pleasure.
Freud’s Stage 1
Oral, birth to age 1
Revolves around the infant’s mouth.
Freud’s Stage 2
Anal, age 1 - 3
Revolves around control of bodily waste.
Freud’s Stage 3
Phallic, age 3 - 6
Child develops an awareness of genitals and the difference between males and females.
Freud’s Stage 4
Latency, age 6 - Puberty
During this time, sexual drives and curiosities are dismissed. Attention is diverted to new things and play becomes an important focus.
Freud’s Stage 5
Genital, puberty to adulthood.
Sexual experimentation develops, from self-pleasure to mutual pleasure with a partner.
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Developmental Theory
Theory that a child’s intelligence changes as they grow - 4 stages:
1. sensorimotor
2. preoperational
3. concrete operational
4. formal operational.
Piaget’s Stage 1
Sensorimotor, birth to 2 years
Object permanence - child begins to understand that objects exist even when they cannot directly sense them.
Piaget’s Stage 2
Preoperational, age 2 - 7
Symbolic thought - children begin to understand symbolism.
Piaget’s Stage 3
Concrete operational, age 7 - 11
Logical thought - children begin to rely on more logical, concrete thinking, i.e. sequence and more organized thoughts/feelings.
Piaget’s Stage 4
Formal operational, age 11 - adulthood
Abstact thought - begin to think about abstract concepts and use logic and reason to problem solve.
What are the 6 basic human needs?
Food, shelter, water, sleep, human interaction, novelty
Physical health and wellness
Proper care for the body, i.e. physical activity and nutrition
Mental health and wellness
Healthy state of mind and ability to cope with life stressors
Emotional health and wellness
Personal control of behaviors, feelings, and thoughts
Social health and wellness
Interpersonal relationships an individual has with others.
Spiritual health and wellness
An individual’s emotions and feelings towards having a purpose in life.
Acute stress
*Most common, form of stress experienced for a short period of time. Fight or flight response.
Episodic stress
Most common in cases where an individual lives or works in a high demand or chaotic environment. Ex: juggling multiple things at once.
Chronic stress
Stress lasting a long period of time.
Acute trauma
An isolated stressor or dangerous encounter.
Chronic trauma
Caused by repeated incidences of similar or different traumas that happen over an extended period of time.
Complex trauma
Trauma that happens repeatedly over a long period of time, but usually within a specific relationship and in childhood.
Psychodynamic therapy
Focuses on specific life events that have occurred.
Humanistic/experiential/holistic therapy
Highlights nature vs behavior.
