Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology Unit 2 > Area of study 1 > Flashcards

Area of study 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps for translation?

A

TRNA binds to a MRNA strand matching specific amino acids, (codon to anticodon) to code for a protein. Subscripts are broken off by a ribosome and the complete polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the steps for transcription

A

Enzyme helicase unzips double helix. RNA polymerase binds to promotor region reading the template strand from 5-3 and creating a complementary pre-MRNA strand (replacing thymine for uracil). Strands are cut into introns (cut out) exons, that are sliced and put together to make the final strand. Pre-MRNA leaves the nucleus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a gene

A

A length of DNA that contains the coded instructions for building a gene product

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is DNA?

A

A nucleic acid composed of nucleotide monomers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of the genetic material in one haploid set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what causes an allele?

A

An allele is a different version of a gene, that is caused when their is a shift in DNA sequence, altering the sequence on amino acids and changing the shape of the protein, so that it changes its function.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How is an allele inherited?

A

passed on from mother and father, however the version may differ from person to person.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a molecule of DNA coiled around histones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is a karyotype, and what can it determine?

A

a photograph of a persons chromosomes, can determine the individuals
- species
- sex
- some genetic abnormalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Autosomes are….?

A

all chromosomes except X and Y (non sex) chromosomes, do not differ between males and females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

A mega chromosome is …?

A

A chromosome with more than 40 megabits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

A micro chromosome is ..?

A

A chromosome less than 20 megabits in length

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What do a pair of homologues chromosomes share?

A

same gene loci, size, position of centromere, banding pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

DNA nucleotide is composed of?

A

phosphate, sugar, base

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DNA bases are held together by?

A

weak hydrogen bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the shape of a prokaryotes chromosome/plasmid?

A

circular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does ploidity refer to?

A

number of chromosomes a cell has

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

haploid number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

germ cells

A

specialized cells that give rise to gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does homogametic sex refer too?

A

individuals with two of the same sex chromosomes, (XX) female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterogametic sex refers to?

A

individuals with two different sex chromosomes (XY) males

25
what is genetic diversity?
children who are not identical to their mother and father (variation in alleles)
26
what are the advantages of sexual reproduction?
- variability in offspring (increasing chance in the most favorable traits in order to reproduce) -new variations have to adapt to new environments
27
how many chromosomes do somatic cells have?
diploid 2n
28
what chromosomes does a human karyotype have?
44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes
29
aneuploidy refers to?
a genetic disorder in which one posses an abnormal number of chromosomes in somatic cells as a result of non disjunction.
30
Non - disjunction in sex chromosomes
failure of X chromosomes to separate during meiosis
31
nullisomy
0 homology
32
monosomy
1 homologue
33
trisomy
3 homolgues
34
tetrasomy
4 homolgues
35
cell division
a process where a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.
36
crossing over
non-sister chromatids (bivalents) become entangled to exchange segments. Increases the genetic diversity
37
Independent assortment
Homologous chromosomes assemble randomly along the equator to increase variation and genetic diversity in the offspring
38
Steps of meiosis
Prophase 1: Homologues chromosomes cross over and exchange maternal and paternal parts, forming bivalents. Metaphase 1: bivalents assemble randomly along the equator "independent assortment." Anaphase 1: spindle fibers shorten, and bivalents more to opposite poles. Telophase: Cleavage furrow forms Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow pinches off forming 2 haploid cells Meiosis 2 - mitosis but haploid cells
39
Complete dominance
One trait is dominant an the other is recessive, dominant being expressed in the phenotype as a heterozygous genotype
40
Codominance
Two alleles available for a given gene locus, both being expressed in the phenotype. red hair + white hair = red + white hair
41
In-complete dominance
two alleles available for a given gene, neither being dominant or recessive, creating an intermediate phenotype red + white = pink
42
Hemizygous
Males only have one copy of X chromosome "hemi=half"
43
Epigenetics
Heritable phenotype changes that do not involve altering the DNA sequence.
44
Multiple alleles
A single gene has more than two alleles "blood type has A, AB, B AND O
45
Epigenetic tag's
can be added to histones to increase or decrease the rate at which DNA is read/transcribed. - Methylation "decreases the rate DNA is read." - turns off genes -Acetylation "Increases the rate DNA is read." - turns on genes
46
Gregor Mendel's Laws
Law of segregation - alleles are separated when gametes form, each gamete carrying one allele from the gene Law of independent assortment -the segregation of alleles for one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles for any other gene. Law of dominance - alleles that are recessive are masked by dominant alleles
47
genetic cross
deliberate crossing of two organisms to determine the inheritance of particular traits
48
polygenetic inheritance
two or more genes expressed in an individuals phenotypic character
49
monohybrid cross
crossing a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive individual produce a heterozygous offspring ( RR - rr)
50
Autosomal monohybrid
two heterozygous individuals have offspring (both males and females equally affected) (Ww - Ww)
51
X-linked monohybrid
Females can be carriers (Xh XH - XH Y)
52
Autosomal recessive
Both males and females affected if one or more offspring have a different phenotype to parents
53
Autosomal dominant
both males and females affected most generations/all are affected affected individuals have at least one affected parent
54
X - linked recessive
affects more males than females all daughters of affected males will be carriers
55
X - linked dominant
never passed from father to son affected females produce 1:1 affected to not affected children
56
Y - linked
only males affected observed in every generation males are born in
57
dihybrid cross
inheritance patterns across two genes, that are on separate chromosomes "FOIL" first, inside, outside, last
58
Dihybrid test cross
A heterozygote is crossed with a homozygous individual (Bb/Ll) - bb/ll or bl
59
Figuring out pedigrees quickly
IF an individual has different phenotype to both parents, the trait is recessive If there's at least one father or son different to female ITS autosomal

Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions