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Biology Unit 2 > Area of study 1 > Flashcards

Area of study 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps for translation?

A

TRNA binds to a MRNA strand matching specific amino acids, (codon to anticodon) to code for a protein. Subscripts are broken off by a ribosome and the complete polypeptide chain is released once a stop codon is reached.

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2
Q

What are the steps for transcription

A

Enzyme helicase unzips double helix. RNA polymerase binds to promotor region reading the template strand from 5-3 and creating a complementary pre-MRNA strand (replacing thymine for uracil). Strands are cut into introns (cut out) exons, that are sliced and put together to make the final strand. Pre-MRNA leaves the nucleus.

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3
Q

What is a gene

A

A length of DNA that contains the coded instructions for building a gene product

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4
Q

What is DNA?

A

A nucleic acid composed of nucleotide monomers

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5
Q

What is a genome?

A

All of the genetic material in one haploid set of chromosomes

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6
Q

what causes an allele?

A

An allele is a different version of a gene, that is caused when their is a shift in DNA sequence, altering the sequence on amino acids and changing the shape of the protein, so that it changes its function.

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7
Q

How is an allele inherited?

A

passed on from mother and father, however the version may differ from person to person.

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8
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

a molecule of DNA coiled around histones

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9
Q

What is a karyotype, and what can it determine?

A

a photograph of a persons chromosomes, can determine the individuals
- species
- sex
- some genetic abnormalities

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10
Q

Autosomes are….?

A

all chromosomes except X and Y (non sex) chromosomes, do not differ between males and females

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11
Q

How many autosomes do humans have?

A

22

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12
Q

A mega chromosome is …?

A

A chromosome with more than 40 megabits

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13
Q

A micro chromosome is ..?

A

A chromosome less than 20 megabits in length

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14
Q

What do a pair of homologues chromosomes share?

A

same gene loci, size, position of centromere, banding pattern

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15
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical characteristics

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16
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic information

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17
Q

DNA nucleotide is composed of?

A

phosphate, sugar, base

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18
Q

DNA bases are held together by?

A

weak hydrogen bonds

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19
Q

what is the shape of a prokaryotes chromosome/plasmid?

A

circular

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20
Q

what does ploidity refer to?

A

number of chromosomes a cell has

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21
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have?

A

haploid number of chromosomes

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22
Q

germ cells

A

specialized cells that give rise to gametes

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23
Q

what does homogametic sex refer too?

A

individuals with two of the same sex chromosomes, (XX) female

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24
Q

heterogametic sex refers to?

A

individuals with two different sex chromosomes (XY) males

25
Q

what is genetic diversity?

A

children who are not identical to their mother and father (variation in alleles)

26
Q

what are the advantages of sexual reproduction?

A
  • variability in offspring (increasing chance in the most favorable traits in order to reproduce)
    -new variations have to adapt to new environments
27
Q

how many chromosomes do somatic cells have?

A

diploid 2n

28
Q

what chromosomes does a human karyotype have?

A

44 autosomes, 2 sex chromosomes

29
Q

aneuploidy refers to?

A

a genetic disorder in which one posses an abnormal number of chromosomes in somatic cells as a result of non disjunction.

30
Q

Non - disjunction in sex chromosomes

A

failure of X chromosomes to separate during meiosis

31
Q

nullisomy

A

0 homology

32
Q

monosomy

A

1 homologue

33
Q

trisomy

A

3 homolgues

34
Q

tetrasomy

A

4 homolgues

35
Q

cell division

A

a process where a parent cell divides into two daughter cells.

36
Q

crossing over

A

non-sister chromatids (bivalents) become entangled to exchange segments. Increases the genetic diversity

37
Q

Independent assortment

A

Homologous chromosomes assemble randomly along the equator to increase variation and genetic diversity in the offspring

38
Q

Steps of meiosis

A

Prophase 1: Homologues chromosomes cross over and exchange maternal and paternal parts, forming bivalents.

Metaphase 1: bivalents assemble randomly along the equator “independent assortment.”

Anaphase 1: spindle fibers shorten, and bivalents more to opposite poles.

Telophase: Cleavage furrow forms

Cytokinesis: cleavage furrow pinches off forming 2 haploid cells

Meiosis 2 - mitosis but haploid cells

39
Q

Complete dominance

A

One trait is dominant an the other is recessive, dominant being expressed in the phenotype as a heterozygous genotype

40
Q

Codominance

A

Two alleles available for a given gene locus, both being expressed in the phenotype.
red hair + white hair = red + white hair

41
Q

In-complete dominance

A

two alleles available for a given gene, neither being dominant or recessive, creating an intermediate phenotype
red + white = pink

42
Q

Hemizygous

A

Males only have one copy of X chromosome “hemi=half”

43
Q

Epigenetics

A

Heritable phenotype changes that do not involve altering the DNA sequence.

44
Q

Multiple alleles

A

A single gene has more than two alleles “blood type has A, AB, B AND O

45
Q

Epigenetic tag’s

A

can be added to histones to increase or decrease the rate at which DNA is read/transcribed.
- Methylation “decreases the rate DNA is read.” - turns off genes

-Acetylation “Increases the rate DNA is read.”
- turns on genes

46
Q

Gregor Mendel’s Laws

A

Law of segregation - alleles are separated when gametes form, each gamete carrying one allele from the gene

Law of independent assortment -the segregation of alleles for one gene is independent of the segregation of alleles for any other gene.

Law of dominance - alleles that are recessive are masked by dominant alleles

47
Q

genetic cross

A

deliberate crossing of two organisms to determine the inheritance of particular traits

48
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

two or more genes expressed in an individuals phenotypic character

49
Q

monohybrid cross

A

crossing a homozygous dominant and a homozygous recessive individual produce a heterozygous offspring
( RR - rr)

50
Q

Autosomal monohybrid

A

two heterozygous individuals have offspring (both males and females equally affected)
(Ww - Ww)

51
Q

X-linked monohybrid

A

Females can be carriers (Xh XH - XH Y)

52
Q

Autosomal recessive

A

Both males and females affected

if one or more offspring have a different phenotype to parents

53
Q

Autosomal dominant

A

both males and females affected

most generations/all are affected

affected individuals have at least one affected parent

54
Q

X - linked recessive

A

affects more males than females
all daughters of affected males will be carriers

55
Q

X - linked dominant

A

never passed from father to son
affected females produce 1:1 affected to not affected children

56
Q

Y - linked

A

only males affected
observed in every generation males are born in

57
Q

dihybrid cross

A

inheritance patterns across two genes, that are on separate chromosomes
“FOIL” first, inside, outside, last

58
Q

Dihybrid test cross

A

A heterozygote is crossed with a homozygous individual
(Bb/Ll) - bb/ll or bl

59
Q

Figuring out pedigrees quickly

A

IF an individual has different phenotype to both parents, the trait is recessive

If there’s at least one father or son different to female ITS autosomal

Biology Unit 2 (1 decks)

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