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HHD - Unit 3 > Area Of Study 1 > Flashcards

Area Of Study 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Under Consumption of Dairy - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↓ Calcium and Phosphorus = ↓ Bone density = ↑ Bone fracture/break = ↓ Teeth strength.
  • ↑ Oesteoporosis
  • ↑ YLD
  • ↑ Dental carries
  • Morbidity
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2
Q

High Intake of Sugar - Nutrient Information

A
  • A type of carbohydrate = complex carbs (starches), simple carbs (sugars)
  • Sugars are broken down into glucose (during digestion).
  • Glucose = Most common sugar
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3
Q

Alcohol - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
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4
Q

High Intake of Sugar - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↓ sugar intake assists with, the control of blood glucose levels, control of blood lipid levels, and control of body weight.
  • ↑ sugar intake = Overweight and obesity, diabetes mellitus, dental caries and CVD
  • ↑ unused energy, becomes fats - stored as adipose tissue = ↑BMI
  • ↑ sugar intake = ↑ adipose tissue.
  • Bacteria within teeth plaque breakdown sugar in the month = byproduct is acid which gradually dissolves the teeth.
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5
Q

Low Intake of Fibre - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
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6
Q

Low Intake of Iron - Nutrition Information

A
  • Micronutrient.
  • Must be provided in the diet.
  • Essential component in haemoglobin.
  • Transports oxygen in the blood.
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7
Q

High Intake of Fat - Nutrients Information
(Sorry about the long info, email me if you have any ideas on how to break it down)

A

Monounsaturated Fats
- Most common fats in oil (plant-based)
- Considered a ‘healthier’ source of fats

Polyunsaturated Fats
- Considered a ‘healthier’ source of fats
- Omega 3&6 are poly fats
- Essential for growth, cell structure and immune system.

Saturated Fats
- Solidify in room temp
- ↑ LDL levels

Trans Fats
- Processed to solidify
- Similar to Saturated Fats
- Can be produced naturally (in small quantities)

Cholesterol
- Waxy, fatty substance
- Crucial to metabolic functions
- Required for hormone function and function of the brain and nervous system.

Lipoproteins
- Fats transported through the bloodstream
- 2 types - low and high (LDL and HDL)
- LDLs - Ineffective cholesterol carriers
- HDLs - Cholesterol carriers for removal

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8
Q

Incidence

A

The number or rate of new cases of a particular condition during a specific time.

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9
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

The number of deaths among children aged under one year in a given period, per 1000 live births in the same period.

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10
Q

Low Intake of Fibre - Nutrient Information

A
  • Carbohydrate.
  • Resistant to digestion and absorption.
  • Main function = keep the digestive system healthy
  • 2 types of fibres, Soluble and Insoluble
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11
Q

Under Consumption of Dairy - Nutrients Lacking

A
  • Calcium
  • Phosphorus
  • Protein
  • Iodine
  • Vitamin A, D, B12
  • Riboflavin
  • Zinc
  • Potassium
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12
Q

Education

A
  • Increases ability to earn income and improve SES
  • Afford resources
  • Improves health literacy
  • Understanding of a balanced diet
  • Regular exercise
  • Hygenic practices
  • Understand health promotion messages
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13
Q

↑ SES v ↓ SES - Health Status

A

Compared with ↑ SES groups, ↓ SES groups experience:
- ↓ life expectancy.
- ↑ death rates
- ↑ avoidable deaths from causes such as injuries.
- ↑ infant mortality rates.
- ↑ rates of diabetes.
- ↑ rates of Coronary Heart Disease.
- ↑ rates of psychological distress and mental health conditions such as depression.
- ↑ rates of morbidity from respiratory diseases.
- ↑ prevalence of and mortality rates from Lung Cancer.

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14
Q

Mortality

A

The number of deaths caused by a particular disease, illness or other environmental factors.

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15
Q

Under-5 Mortality Rate

A

The number of deaths of children under five years of age per 1000 live births.

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16
Q

Rural v City - Environmental Factors

A

Compared with those living in major cities, those outside major cities have:
- Harsh environmental conditions (eg. extreme sun exposure)
- ↓ access and ↓ quality in recreational facilities.
- ↓ access to fluoridated water.
- ↑ dangerous work environments.

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17
Q

What are the prerequisites for health?

A
  • Peace,
  • Shelter,
  • Education,
  • Food,
  • Income,
  • Stable Ecosystem,
  • Sustainable Resources,
  • Social Justice,
  • Equity.
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18
Q

ATSI v Other Australians - Environmental Factors

A

Compared with other Australians ATSI peoples are more likely to be exposed to:
- ↓ air quality (eg. due to exposure to environmental tobacco smoke)
- ↓ quality roads if living in remote areas.
- ↓ quality or limited recreational facilities.
- ↓ access to running water and sanitation systems if in a remote area.
- ↓ access to infrastructure and physical resources such as healthcare services due to living in rural or remote areas compared with other Australians.

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19
Q

Sustainable Resources

A

Refers to whether current resources required for good health and wellbeing are available for future generations also so that they can to experience a good quality of life.

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20
Q

Aspects of Optimal Physical H+W

A
  • Healthy body weight
  • Freedom from illness
  • Adequate energy levels
  • Ability to complete physical tasks adequately
  • Appropriate levels of fitness
  • A strong immune system
  • Well-functioning body, systems and organs
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21
Q

Under Consumption of Fruit - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↑ Overweight and obesity
  • ↑CVD
  • ↑ Fruit = ↑ Fibre = ↓BMI
  • ↓Bulk in faeces = Constipation = ↑ likelihood of colorectal cancer
  • Similar to vegetables
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22
Q

What level does optimal health and well-being (as a resource) impact?

A

Individually,
Nationally,
Glabally

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23
Q

High Intake of Sugar - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
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24
Q

Low Intake of Iron - Food Sources

A
  • Lean red meat (must be effective).
  • Wholegrain cereal products.
  • Green leafy vegetables.
  • Legumes.
  • Nuts
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25
Q

ATSI v Other Australians - Sociocultural Factors

A

Compared with other Australians ATSI peoples are more likely to experience:
- ↑ rates of unemployment.
- ↓ incomes.
- ↓ retention rates for education.
- ↑ rates of social exclusion.
- ↓ rates of home ownership.
- ↑ negative issues relating to housing, including overcrowding and homelessness.
- Poverty.
- Cultural barriers to accessing healthcare.

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26
Q

Under Consumption of Dairy - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
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27
Q

Health (WHO)

A

A state of complete physical, social and mental well-being and not merely an absence of disease or infirmity.

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28
Q

What are the indicators of health status?

A
  • Self-assessed health status,
  • Life expectancy,
  • Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE),
  • Mortality (Including, Maternal mortality, Infant mortality and Under-5 mortality),
  • Morbidity,
  • Burden of disease (Including, Disability-adjusted life year DALY, Years of Life Lost YLL and Years of Life Lost due to Disability YLD),
  • Incidence,
  • Prevalence,
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29
Q

Under Consumption of Dairy - Information

A
  • Refers to milk, yogurts and cheeses
  • Can be intolerant to lactose
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30
Q

Under-5 Mortality

A

The number of deaths of children under five years of age.

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31
Q

High Intake of Fat - Food Sources
(Sorry about the long info, email me if you have any ideas on how to break it down)

A

Monounsaturated Fats
- Oil (canola, olive and peanut)
- Margarines
- Avocados
- Nuts (cashews and almonds)

Polyunsaturated Fats
- Vegetable oil
- Cashews, pinenuts, walnuts, brazil nuts
- Fish
- Chia seeds
- Meat
- Eggs

Saturated Fats
- Animal food
- Fatty meat
- Bacon
- Full-fat milk
- Cream,
- Deep-fried
- Fatty snack foods.

Trans Fats
- Fatty meat
- Bacon
- Full-fat milk
- Cream,
- Deep-fried
- Fatty snack foods.

Cholesterol
- Fatty foods (good and bad fats)

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32
Q

Under Consumption of Vegetables - Contributing to BOD

A
  • Vegetables protect against - Cancer, heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
  • Under consumption of veg = 1.2% of total BOD
  • ↑ Fibre= ↓Colorectal cancer
  • ↑ Antioxidants = ↓ CVD (because antioxidants reduce cholesterol buildup)
  • ↑ Fibre = ↑ Satiety = ↓ Obesity
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33
Q

Years of Life Lost (YLL)

A

The fatal burden of disease of a population, defined as the years of life lost due to death.

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34
Q

Social Justice

A
  • Refers to equal rights and opportunities for all
  • Regardless of sex, clas, income, ethnicity, religion, age, sexual orientation, ect.
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35
Q

Alcohol - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↑ Road accidents = ↑YLL
  • ↑falls, injuries and drowning = ↓life experience
  • ↑ Hypertension, CVD, Stroke, Type 2 diabetes.
  • ↑ Cancer (liver, breast, colorectal, larynx, oesophagus) = ↑mortality
  • ↑ Mental health conditions (Depression, anxiety) = ↑Morbidity
  • ↑ Liver Disease = ↑ BOD (YLD)
  • Can cause FASD = ↑ Morbidity
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36
Q

High Fat Intake - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
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37
Q

Low Intake of Iron - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↓ Iron = Anemia
  • Anemia = ↓ Oxygen in blood
  • Anemia symptoms = Fatigue, tiredness, dizziness, decreased immunity.
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38
Q

Alcohol - Information

A
  • Affects function of the brain.
  • Slows thought processes, reaction time, and judgement.
  • Impaired decision-making.
  • ↑Kj = ↑Adipose fat = ↑Overweight/obesity
  • ↑ Blood pressure
  • Damages to genetic material and cells
  • Reduces strength of the Central Nervous System (CNS) after brain activity.
  • Damage scarring the liver tissue
  • Alcohol affects baby.
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39
Q

Under Consumption of Fruit

A
  • Carbohydrates (fibre included)
  • Vitamins and minerals (C, B2, B6, Folate, A, Potassium)
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40
Q

Under Consumption of Vegetables - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
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41
Q

Health Status

A

An individual’s or population’s overall health, taking into account various aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors.

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42
Q

Global Benefits

A
  • Decreased emergence or re-emergence of infectious disease or other health threats somewhere in the world, which can cross borders.
  • Increased global economic development
  • Increased global sustainability
  • Increased global security/freedom
  • Increased access to human rights
  • Increased global social development
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43
Q

Aspects of Optimal Emotional H+W

A
  • Recognising and understanding the range of emotions
  • Effectively responding to and managing emotions
  • Having a high level of resilience
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44
Q

Maternal Mortality

A

Refers to the number of deaths of women due to pregnancy, childbirth or during the six weeks after the end of pregnancy.

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45
Q

High Intake of Salt - Nutrient Information

A
  • Regulates blood pressure and volume
  • Maintain body water distribution.
46
Q

Wellbeing

A

A complex combination of all dimensions of health, characterised by an equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

47
Q

Rural v City - Biological Factors

A

Compared with those living in major cities, those outside major cities have:
- ↑ rates of overweight and obesity.
- ↑ rates of insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation.
- ↑ rates of ↑ blood pressure.
- ↑ rates of low birthweight babies.
- ↑ rates of ↑ blood cholesterol levels.

48
Q

Interrelationship

A

You must link your answer back to a previous dimension you have already mentioned.

49
Q

Smoking - Contribution to BOD

A

Tobacco
- ↑CVD
- ↑ Type 2 diabetes mellitus
- ↑ Cancer (mainly Lung and Oesophageal)
- ↑ Respiratory conditions
- ↑ COPD
- ↑ Osteoporosis
- ↑ Cataracts
- ↑Gum disease
- ↑ Chronic bowel disease
- ↑ Circulatory problems

Illicit Drugs
- 2.7% of BOD is caused by smoking illicit drugs.
- Infections
- Liver cancer
- Chronic liver disease
- Mental & substance use disorders.
- Cannabis makes 0.2% of total BOD

50
Q

Males v Females - Sociocultural Factors

A

Males are more likely to:
- Have a SES (especially in single-parent households)
- Experience stress related to unemployment.

Females are more likely to:
- Access health information and support services.

51
Q

Under Consumption of Vegetables - Information

A

Types of Vegetables
- Gourd (eg. pumpkins, melons)
- Root and tuber (eg. potatoes, carrots)
- Allium (eg. onions, garlic)
- Leafy green (eg. kale, spinach)
- Crucifer family (eg. broccoli, brussel sprouts)
- Edible plant stems (eg. rhubarb, asparagus)

  • ↓ Fat
  • Recommended 5 serves per day
52
Q

Infant Mortality

A

The number of deaths among children aged under one year in a given period.

53
Q

High Intake of Salt - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↑ Risk CVD = ↑ Hypertension
  • ↑ Excretion of calcium = ↓ Calcium in body = ↑Osteoporosis
54
Q

Illness

A

The state of feeling unwell or being in poor health, often due to disease or injury.

55
Q

Low Intake of Fibre - Contribution to BOD

A

Positives of Fibre
- ↑ Satiety
- ↓LDL - Fibre absorbs it
- Slow down digestion
- Delay glucose absorption
- Adds bulk to faeces
- Promotes easier movement of waste products.

Disorders from low fibre intake:
- Constipation - Small, hard, dry fecal- matter that is difficult to pass.
- Haemorrhoids - Varicose veins of the anus.
- Diverticulitis - Small hernias of the digestive tract caused by long-term constipation.
- IBS - Pain, flatulence and bloating of the abdomen.
- Overweight and obesity
- Coronary Heart Disease - A narrowing of the arteries due to fatty deposits.
- Diabetes mellitus
- Colon cancer - Cancer of the large intestines.

56
Q

High Intake of Salt - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
57
Q

Global Benefits

A
  • Decreased emergence or re-emergence of infectious disease or other health threats somewhere in the world, which can cross borders.
  • Increased global economic development
  • Increased global sustainability
  • Increased global security/freedom
  • Increased access to human rights
  • Increased global social development
58
Q

Heath-Adjusted Life Expectancy (HALE)

A

A measure of burden of disease, based on life expectancy at birth, but including an adjustment for time spent in poor health. it is the number of years in full health that a person can expect to live based on current rates of ill health and mortality.

59
Q

Rural v City - Sociocultural Factors

A

Compared with those living in major cities, those outside major cities experience:
- Difficulty accessing a range of healthcare facilities and services.
- Difficulty obtaining social support from the wider community.
- ↑ rates of unemployment.
- ↓ incomes.
- ↓ levels of educational attainment.

60
Q

↑ SES v ↓ SES - Environemntal Factors

A

Compared with ↑ SES groups, ↓ SES groups are more likely to experience:
- ↑ rates of exposure to tobacco smoke in the home.
- Exposure to ↑ risks in the work environment.
- ↓ access to infrastructure and physical resources.

61
Q

High BMI - Contribution to BOD

A
  • ↑ Type 2 Diabetes = ↑ BOD and DALYs
  • ↑ CVD, stroke, Type 2 diabetes, heart attack = ↑ Premature death and ↓ life expectancy
  • ↑ Disability (YLD) musculoskeletal conditions especially.
  • ↑Depression, Mental Health conditions - ↑ Morbidity
62
Q

Peace

A
  • Not just the absence of war/conflict
  • Access to education
  • Access to health
  • Access to essential services
  • Developing sustainability
  • Protecting the planet’s biodiversity
63
Q

Prerequisites for health

A

The fundamental conditions and resources that provide a secure foundation for health and wellbeing, as defined by the WHO.

64
Q

Low intake of Fibre - Food Sources

A
  • Wholegrain Cereals
  • Fruit
  • Vegetables
  • Oat Bran
  • Barley
  • Dried Beans
  • Soy products
  • Wheat Bran
  • Rice Bran
  • Fruit
  • Nuts
  • Seeds
65
Q

Self-assessed health status

A

An overall measure of a population’s health based on a person’s own perceptions of their health.

66
Q

Optimal Health and Wellbeing

A

Ensuring the best possible state of an individual’s health and wellbeing for their age.

67
Q

High BMI - Information

A
  • BMI = Weight (Kg) / Height (cm2)
  • ↑ Body fat = ↓ Affect on the secretion of insulin.
  • ↑ Adipose fat and cholesterol = ↑ Plaque = ↓ Blood supply
  • Causes ↑Oestrogen, inflammation and ↑ insulin levels.
  • ↑ Body tissue = ↑ Pressure on joints and muscles.
  • ↓ Body image
  • BMI, 20-25 = Normal, 25-30 = Overweight, >30 = Obese.
  • ↑ Sleep apnea - caused by so much weight (especially on the neck), breathing (especially while sleeping) becomes difficult.
68
Q

Dynamic

A

Constantly moving and changing in relation to our own experiences and interactions with our environment and with our sensations of the world around us.

69
Q

Under Consumption of Vegetables - Nutrients Lacking

A
  • Dietary Fibre
  • Water
  • Vitamins and minerals
  • Antioxidants
70
Q

National Benefits

A
  • Healthy populations help to build a productive workforce, increasing national income through taxation.
  • Reduced burden on the healthcare system resulting in taxation money being able to be spent elsewhere, such as education, infrastructure,
  • Reduced levels of stress in the community
  • Increased social development
  • Fewer people relying on social protection
  • Higher average incomes
  • Reduced absenteeism from the workplace
  • Improved life expectancy
  • Increased economic development
71
Q

High Intake of Fat - Contribution of BOD
(Sorry about the long info, email me if you have any ideas on how to break it down)

A

Monounsaturated Fat
- ↓ LDLs = ↓CVD

Polyunsaturated Fat
- Assist brain and spinal function
- Maintain the balance of cholesterol = ↓ LDL & ↑ HDL
- ↓ CVD = ↓ Heart disease
- Maintain a healthy immune system

Saturated Fats
- ↑ Chronic disease = ↑ CVD
- ↑ Fat intake = Overweight and obesity, type 2 diabetes, CVD, colorectal cancer and musculoskeletal conditions.

Trans Fats
- ↑ LDL levels = ↑ CVD risk

Cholesterol
- ↑ Fat intake = ↑ LDL deposits in blood vessels = Narrowing arteries = ↑ CVD risk = ↑ Heart attack and stroke.

72
Q

Mental Health and Wellbeing

A

Mental health is the current state of well-being relating to the mind or brain and it relates to the ability to think and process information. A mentally healthy brain enables an individual to positively form opinions, make decisions and use logic. Mental health is about the wellness of the mind rather than illness. Mental health is associated with low levels of stress and anxiety, positive self-esteem, as well as a sense of confidence and optimism

73
Q

Aspects of Optimal Social H+W

A
  • A support network of friends
  • A supportive and well-functioning family
  • Effective communication with others
  • Productive relationships with other people
74
Q

Shelter

A
  • Provides protection
  • Safe place for people to spend their time
  • Shields people from extreme weather events
  • Protects people from infectious disease
75
Q

Smoking - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural (x1.8) > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI (x2.7) > Other Australians
76
Q

Prevalence

A

The number or proportion of causes of a particular disease or condition present in a population at a given time.

77
Q

Aspects of Optimal Mental H+W

A
  • Low levels of stress and anxiety
  • Positive self-esteem
  • High levels of confidence
  • Positive thought patterns
78
Q

Emotional Health and Wellbeing

A

Emotional health relates to the ability to express feelings in a positive way. Emotional health is about the positive management and expression of emotional actions and reactions as well as the ability to display resilience. Emotional health is the degree to which you feel emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life.

79
Q

Physical Health and Wellbeing

A

Physical health relates to the functioning of the body and its systems, it includes the physical capacity to perform daily activities or tasks. Supported by regular physical activity, balanced diet, appropriate rest/sleep, ideal body weight, absence of illness, disease or injury.

80
Q

Social Health and Wellbeing

A

Social health relates to the ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others and the ability to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations. Includes the level of support to function as a contributing member of society. Social health is supported by strong communication skills, empathy for others and a sense of personal accountability.

81
Q

ATSI v Other Australians - Biological Factors

A

Compared with other Australians ATSI peoples have a higher prevalence of:
- Overweight and obesity.
- Insulin resistance and impaired glucose regulation.
- Hypertension.
- Low-birthweight babies.
- ↑ blood cholesterol levels.

82
Q

Under Consumption of Fruits - Information

A
  • Sweet fleshy portion of a plant
83
Q

Stable Ecosystem

A

All living things are having their needs met without causing detrimental effects to the natural environment.

84
Q

Life expectancy

A

An indication of how long a person can expect to live; it is the number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age if death rates do not change.

85
Q

Food

A
  • Access to reliable food
  • Prevents malnutrition
  • Allows enough energy to lead productive lives
  • Strengthens the immune system
86
Q

High Intake of Sugar - Food Sources

A
  • Vegetables and grains (complex carbs)
  • Fruit (including juices)
  • Honey
  • Milk (and other dairy)
  • Maple syrup
  • Confectionary
  • Sports drinks
  • Vitamin water
  • Soft drink
87
Q

High BMI - Variations in Population Groups

A

Overweight/Obese
- Males > Females
- Rural > City
- ↓SES > ↑SES
- ATSI > Other Australians

88
Q

Males v Females - Biological Factors

A

Males experience:
- ↑ rates of overweight and slightly higher rates of obesity.
- ↑ rates of trunk/abdominal fat.
- Genetic predisposition to conditions such as CVD and Prostate Cancer.
- ↑ rates of hypertension
- ↑ levels of testosterone, increasing risks of some conditions.

Females experience:
- Genetic predisposition to Breast Cancer.
- ↑ levels of oestrogen which plays a protective role against CVD, until menopause.

89
Q

Environmental Factors

A

An individual’s physical surroundings that impact health.
- Housing
- Work
- Environment
- Urban design and infrastructure
- Air quality
- Climate
- Climate change

90
Q

ATSI v Other Australians - Health Status

A

Compared with other Australians, ASTI peoples have:
- ↓ life expectancy of around 10 years.
- ↓ self-assessed health status.
- ↑ rates of physical disability.
- ↑ rates of death from cancer.
- ↑ morbidity rates from CVD.
- ↑ rates of Chronic Kidney Disease.
- ↑mortality rates and BOD from diabetes.
- ↑ rates of infectious diseases such as STIs, ear and eye infections.
- ↑ rates of infant mortality.
- ↑ rates of psychological distress.
- ↑ injury, death and hospitalisation rates.
- ↑ rates of dental decay and gum disease.

91
Q

Under Consumption of Fruit - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Males > Females
  • Rural > City
  • ↓SES > ↑SES
  • ATSI > Other Australians
92
Q

Rural v City - Health Status Differences

A

Compared with those living in major cities, those outside major cities have:
- ↓ life expectancy.
- ↑ road injury and fatality rates.
- ↑ rates of other injuries.
- ↑ reported rates of ↑ blood pressure, diabetes and obesity.
- ↑ death rates from chronic diseases such as Coronary Heart Disease.
- ↑ prevalence of mental health problems
- ↓ dental health
- ↑ incidence of ↓ antenatal and postnatal health.
- ↑ incidence of babies born with low birth weight, to mothers in very remote areas.
- ↑ infant mortality rates in very remote areas.

93
Q

Low Intake of Iron - Variations in Population Groups

A
  • Females > Males - Anemia in 1of 5 menstruating women and 1/2 pregnant women
  • Rural > City - Because limited access
  • ↓SES > ↑SES - Because meat = $$$
  • ATSI > Other Australians
94
Q

↑ SES v ↓ SES - Sociocultural Factors

A

Compared with ↑ SES groups, ↓ SES groups are more likely to have:
- ↓ levels of educational attainment, affecting employment options.
- ↑ levels of unemployment.
- ↓ likelihood of accessing preventative health services.

95
Q

Males v Females - Difference in Health Status

A

Males have:
- Life expectancy is around 4 years less than females.
- ↑ death rates (all age groups)
- ↑ rates of mortality from Lung Cancer and COPD.
- ↑ rates of injury than females.
- ↑ rates of death due to suicide, road trauma and violence.
- ↑ rates of morbidity from CVD and many types of cancer.
- ↑ rates of diabetes.
- ↓ rates of osteoporosis
- ↓ rates of mental disorders
- ↓ rates of dementia, including Alzheimer’s disease.

96
Q

Income

A
  • Purchase resources (food, healthcare, education, shelter, etc.)
  • Reducing financial stress and anxiety
  • Higher tax revenue for the government to improve
  • Education
  • Healthcare
  • Infrastructure
  • = Higher quality of life
97
Q

Spiritual Health and Wellbeing

A

Spiritual health is not material in nature but relates to ideas, beliefs, values and ethics that arise in the minds and consciences of human beings. Spiritual health includes the concepts of hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning or value, and reflection on your place in the world. Highly individualised, for relating to morals, values, a sense of purpose in life, connection or belonging.

98
Q

Biological Factors

A

Factors relating to the body and the functioning of the body systems.
- Body weight
- Blood pressure
- Blood cholesterol
- Glucose regulation
- Genetics
- Birth weight

99
Q

Morbidity

A

The occurence of disease, illness, disability and injury in a population.

100
Q

Years Lost due to Disability (YLD)

A

The non-fatal component of the disease burden; a measurement of the healthy years of life lost due to diseases or injuries.

101
Q

Subjective

A

A person’s own interpretation of their current situation means different things to different people based on their experiences and circumstances, for example.
- Age
- Gender
- Past experiences
- Income level

102
Q

Burden of Disease

A

A measure of the impact of diseases and injuries. Specifically, it measures the gap between current health status and an ideal situation where everyone lives to an old age free of disease and disability.

103
Q

Smoking - Information

A

Tobacco
- Leading cause of preventable illness, disability and premature death.
- Contains more than 4000 chemicals.
- Reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen and increases heart rate and basal metabolic rate (BMR)
- Smoking harms nearly every organ in the body.
- Causes build-up of plaque.

Illicit Drugs
- Contributes to over 13 diseases and injuries
- Burden from opioids, amphetamines, cocaine & cannabis
- Can cause confusion, anxiety and excitement.

104
Q

Disabilty-Adjusted Life Year (DALY)

A

A measure of burden of disease; one DALY equals one year of healthy life lost due to premature death and time lived with illness, disease or injury

105
Q

Aspects of Spiritual Mental H+W

A
  • A sense of belonging
  • Positive meaning and purpose in life
  • Peace and harmony
  • Acting according to values and beliefs
106
Q

High Intake of Salt - Food Sources

A
  • Salt
  • Cured meats
  • Cheese
  • Pickled and preserved vegetables
  • Savory sauce
  • Most processed foods.
107
Q

Males v Females - Environmental Factors

A

Males are more likely to:
- Be exposed to unsafe work environments.
- Be exposed to hazardous substances in the workplace.
- Work outdoors, increasing sun exposure.

108
Q

Individual Benefits

A
  • Increased ability to run a household
  • Increased ability to maintain independent
  • Increased self-esteem, feeling good about oneself
  • Meaningful engagement with community
  • Increased energy
  • More time to attend school/work
  • Increased life expectancy
  • Reduced health care costs
  • Greater choices
  • Increased productivity/income
  • Sense of purpose, fulfilment and success
  • Spend time with family/friends
109
Q

↑ SES v ↓ SES - Biological Factors

A

Compared with ↑ SES groups, ↓ SES groups experience:
- ↑ rates of obesity.
- ↑ rates of ↑ blood pressure.
- ↑ rates of glucose intolerance.
- ↑ rates of low birthweight babies.

110
Q

Sociocultural Factors

A

Aspects of society and the social situation in which people live that impact health.
- SES
- Employment
- Social exclusion
- Stress
- Food security
- Early life experiences
- Access to healthcare

111
Q

Equity

A

Relates to fairness and is about providing every person with the resources they need to lead a healthy life.

HHD - Unit 3 (2 decks)

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