Area 2 Terms Eya Flashcards
It is a natural or synthetic hydrograph
for one unit of direct runoff from the
catchment in a specified unit of time,
Unit hydrograph
When water level in the pipe or culvert
drops below the upper edge and its
conduit controls, the flow becomes,
Open channel flow
Property of runoff which is very useful
in flood forecasting and is the time
where the flood is at its maximum,
Time to peak
Winter solstice in the southern
hemisphere occurs some time in,
June
The instrument used to measure the
water level in the evaporation pan.
Hook gauge
What Philippine climate type should be classified for an area that receives abundant rainfall almost the entire year but is very pronounced from November to April?
Type 2
These are long waves that occur in
bands of geostrophic wind flowing
above the friction layer.
Easterly waves
In frequency analysis, most hydrologic process, more or less, follow this process. This process is governed by chance and time dependent. What type of process is this?
Stochastic process
Refer to the short-period variations in
the atmosphere
Weather
Refers to the long period manifested by
weather.
Climate
The most stable and chief component
of most soil on a volumetric basis.
Mineral Particles
At what time where the sun is farthest
distance from the earth.
Aphelion
Characterized by a nearly uniform
decrease in temperature with height,
most weather changes are limited here.
Troposphere
Characterized by a vertically isothermal
structure in the lower portion followed
by increasing temperature in the upper
portion.
Stratosphere
Lower part of the thermosphere, ionized
layer which the long distance radio
communication is possible
Ionosphere
A type of flow where the discharge
passing a given cross section of a
stream is constant with time .
Steady flow
Characterize by irregular path of particle
movements which keep of crossing and recrossing.
Turbulent flow
It is the ratio of the dry weight of soil
particles to the weight of an equal
volume of water
Apparent specific gravity
The moisture content of the soil when
the
gravitational water has been
removed.
Field capacity
The moisture content of the soil when
the
gravitational water has been
removed.
Field capacity
It is the soil moisture allowable
depletion of most crops
50%
The
recommended
pressure
head
variation in the lateral between the first and the last sprinkler
20%
Subsurface drain system wherein laterals
join
the
submain
on
both
sides
alternately,
Herringbone
These are pipelines built on or near the
ground surface to convey water across a
wide depression.
Inverted siphon
It explains why soils treated in similar
ways have different water contents.
Hysteresis
The Atterberg Soil Classification Chart
describes sand as a soil particle with a
diameter of
0.02 to 2mm
The maximum permissible velocity of flow
to prevent scouring in open channels,
0.6 m/s
Farm water requirement minus the
application losses is the _______
Farm irrigation water requirement
In furrow irrigation, the rate of water
application should be ____ the intake
rate of the soil.
less than
A type of terrace that usually used for
9-24% slope characterized by breaking
the slope at certain intervals by a ridge
and flat portion to trap runoff.
Zingg Terrace
Runoff occurs when this property of soil
is exceeded
Infiltration rate
Similar to stone check dams, however, the stones in this case are placed on rectangular wire mesh, piled-up as blocks and tied together to form a reinforced wall or dam structure
Gabion
The capacity of eroding agent to cause
detachment
and
transport
of
soil
particles.
Erosivity
Removal of soil by water from small but
well-defined channels when there is
concentration of overland flow.
Gully erosion
Uniform removal of soil in thin layers from
sloping land resulting to runoff.
Sheet erosion
It is the time required for water to flow
from remotest point of the watershed to
the outlet.
Time of concentration
The process of covering the land surface
with plant residues, plastic or other
materials appropriate to arrest loss of
moisture through evaporation.
Mulching
A form of intercropping in which a
secondary crop is planted to cover the
area between the rows of the main crop.
Cover cropping
It involves leaving a piece of land without
crops for a couple of seasons for selfregeneration
of
soil
fertility
while
cropping is moved to another piece of
land-shifting cultivation.
Fallow systems
The growing of two or more crops
together or one after another on the
same land in the same cropping season.
Intercropping
The growing of a single crop in pure
stands on the same piece of land for
successive cropping seasons.
Monocropping
The factor represented in the USLE
considered to have the most significant
effect in the soil erosion value.
Conservation practice
Earth embankment constructed across
the slope at an acceptable grade to
prevent soil erosion and for water
conservation.
Terrace
The USLE is a method of computing soil
erosion. What type of soil erosion does it
estimate?
Sheet and rill erosion only
Type of sediment load along the stream
characterized as sediments that are
sometimes stationary or sometimes
carried by the water along the stream.
Saltation load
Velocity of falling object when the
frictional resistance of the air is equal to
the gravitational force.
Terminal velocity
Tilting of reservoir water surface due to
water movement towards the leeward
side caused by wind.
Wind setup
Soil less agriculture
Hydroponics
The amount of moisture content that is
left from the soil 2-3 days after heavy
application of rain or irrigation water.
Field capacity
The product of Available Moisture to the
Percent Moisture Depletion.
Moisture allowed deficit
It is the difference between field
capacity and wilting point.
Available Moisture
75% of the available moisture.
Readily Available Moisture
Darcy’s law states that the flow of water
through a porous medium is
Proportional to the medium
hydraulic conductivity
Inversely proportional to the length
of flow path
These are pipelines built on or near the
ground surface to convey water across
wide depressions.
Inverted siphon
The moisture content of the soil when
the
gravitational water has been
removed.
Field capacity
It is the ratio of the dry weight of soil
particles to the weight of an equal
volume of water.
Apparent specific density
The sum of irrigation requirement and
farm ditch losses.
Farm water requirement
The quantity of water exclusive of
precipitation
required
to
maintain
desired soil moisture and salinity level
during the crop season.
Irrigation water requirement
Farm
turnout
requirements
plus
conveyance losses in the main canal
and lateral up to the farm turnout.
Diversion requirement
The sum of evapotranspiration and
percolation losses.
Crop water requirement
The fraction of the irrigation water that
must be leached through the root zone
to control soil salinity at specific level.
Leaching requirement
The velocity of flow into the soil caused
by a unit hydraulic gradient in which the
driving force is 1 kg/kg of water.
Permeability
The time rate at which water will
percolate into the soil is
Infiltration rate
The rate of infiltration from a furrow into
the soil is
Intake rate
The sheet of water which overflows a
weir.
Nappe
In frequency analysis, most hydrologic processes follow this process. This process governed by chance and time dependent. What type of process is this?
Stochastic Process
Type of flow wherein the discharge or
flow in a prismatic channel is constant
with respect to time.
Uniformal flow
A type of terrace usually used for 25-30% slope characterized by construction of series of platforms along the contours cut into the hill slope in a step like formation.
Bench terrace
A type of terrace usually used for 9-24%
slope characterized by breaking the
slope at certain intervals by a ridge
and a flat portion to trap runoff.
Zingg terrace
The USLE is a method of computing soil
erosion. What type of soil erosion does
it estimate?
Sheet and rill erosion only
Using the float method in determining
the velocity of water in a channel, the
float velocity in relation the average
water velocity is:
Greater than the average water velocity
A type of cropping system where in
different crops are planted in an area
one after the other each season.
Relay cropping
The rate of decrease of temperature
with the increase in elevation is called.
Lapse rate
A super critical flow is a flow condition
where:
Fr >1
In the Soil Conservation Service method
(curve number method), if the curve
number is 100, this indicates that
Rainfall is equal to runoff
In
discharged
measurement,
the
reading in the staff gage are useless
without this:
Rating curve
When is the best/recommended time to
sample sediment load in the stream.
Peak flow
It is the time required for water to flow
from the most remote point of the water
shed to the outlet.
Time of concentration
Uniform removal of soil in thin layers
from sloping land resulting from over
land flow.
Sheet erosion
Structured devise design to hold a pool
of water to cushion the impact and
retard the flow of falling water as from
an overflow weir, chute or drop.
Stilling basin
The capacity of rainfall to effect the
detachment and transport of soil
particles:
Erosivity
Graphical representation of instantaneous
runoff rate against time:
Hydrograph
It
is
the
natural
and
synthetic
hydrograph for one unit of direct runoff
from the catchments in a specific unit
of time:
Unit hydrograph
What do called the mountain side, with
reference to the wind direction in which
the air masses passing through it is
clod and dry:
Leeward
Type of rainfall cause by the upward
lifting of the air mass due a mountain:
Orographic
What is the effect of the presence of
extensive vegetation in a watershed:
Reduce peak runoff rate
Increases infiltration capacity
The soil property which described the
ability of the soil to transmit water.
Hydraulic conductivity
A hydraulic jump is classic example of
the type of flow:
Rapidly varied flow
The rate of vertical water movement
through the soil at saturated condition
is.
Infiltration rate
When the water level in the pipe drops
below the upper edge of the pipe and
the conduit controls, the flow becomes
Open channel flow
Light steady rain in fine drops about
0.5 mm and intensity less than
1 mm/h,
Drizzle
These are breaks which occur in
channel bank causing water to spilled
from the channel in an uncontrolled
manner.
Breaches
A restriction placed in an open channel
for the purpose of flow measurement
Weir
A highly efficient variable head flow
meter whose restriction contracts and
expand very slowly,
Venturi
A panel generally rectangular, located
near the lowest level of a tank or
reservoir that, when lifted permits flows
Sluice gate
A simple vertical tube used to measure
pressure on the basis of the height of
the column of liquid,
Piezometer
A
device
used
in
measuring
temperature based on some physical
properties of materials,
Thermometer
A device for measuring temperature
based on the electrical difference of two
materials,
Thermocouple
A device for connecting three flows
paths,
Tee
A device for measuring temperature
that is made from oxide, indicate
absolute temperature and can be
formed of the variety of shape,
Thermistor
A simplification of Darcy equation for
energy loss, applicable solely to the
laminar flow is,
Hagen – Poiseuille equation
The basic form of energy loss in flow
equation stating that the energy loss is
directly proportional to the some friction
factor, the length of the system and the
kinetic
energy
level
and
inversely
proportional
to
the
diameter
of
the
conductor,
Darcy Equation
The Baume, API, and Twaddell are all
use for,
Specific gravity
Hydrometer is used to measure,
Specific gravity of liquid
The pressure at which a liquid boils is,
Vapor pressure
Absolute or dynamic viscosity is a
relationship between,
Shear stress and velocity gradient
The volume per unit mass ,
Specific volume
A gas _________,
Can be compressed
The formation and collapse of vapor
bubbles at low pressure,
Cavitation
The process of heat moving from atom
by an exchange of kinetic energy,
Conduction
A process of a phase change between
vapor to liquid involving removal of heat,
Condensation
A property associated with a surface
tension of a liquid and manifested in
the rise and fall of a liquid in small
diameter tube,
Capillary
A device to move a gas, generally at a
higher rate and lower pressure than a
fan does,
Blower
A container for storing a pressurized
fluid,
Accumulator
A device for measuring atmospheric
pressure,
Barometer
Attraction of unlike molecules is,
Adhesion
The attraction between like molecules is
called,
Cohesion
The direct result of the molecular
attraction between molecules is,
Surface tension
A measured of the variability of viscosity
has been established with a numerical
designation is called,
Viscosity index
The shear stress of the fluid times the
slope of the velocity vectors is a
constant called,
Dynamic viscosity
The ratio of the density of material to
the density of water at 4 degree Celsius,
Specific gravity
Or
Related density
Flow energy is sometimes expressed as,
Velocity head
The energy is commonly associated with
fluid flow are potential, kinetic and,
Flow
The term head is often used to mean a,
Discharge
Conservation of energy is often applied
in practice as,
Bernoulli’s Equation
A small channel between the crop rows
large enough to carry water,
Furrow
They are recognized by there long
narrow shape varying in size from 100-
300m long and 3-30m wide and none
level following the general slope of land
Border
A level area surrounded by earth bunds
in which water can be ponded until
each infiltrate into the soil,
Basin
This is the most widely used for
irrigating row crops where water is
confined to small channel between the
crop row,
Furrow
When the land is divided into strips by
small bunds to irrigate similar crops and
soils, sloping uniformly away from the
farm channel, the irrigation method is,
Border
The simplest and most widely used of
all surface irrigation method, adapted to
suit many crops and farming practices
are,
Basin
Washing salt from the soil by using excess
water to dissolve and carry each beyond the
root zone,
Leaching
A uniform distribution of water is obtained in
border irrigation by stopping the flow at the
right time and using a,
Small stream size
If too much water is applied in to the soil it is
loss as flood this term is,
Runoff
The soil reservoir is filled with flooding water
on to the soil surface so that it can be
absorbed by the soil. Absorbing water in this
way is called,
Infiltration
The discharge for each meter width of the
border irrigated,
Unit stream
The discharge required to irrigate basin,
borders and furrow is,
Stream size
The velocity of water passed in a cross
sectional area,
Discharge
The speed at which water flows in a channels
is,
Velocity
The drainage system or open channel are
called,
Canals
The most common method of conveying
water for irrigation is,
Open channel
The system of canal used to distribute water
from some sources to an irrigated land,
Irrigation system
The areas of land on which crop are irrigated,
the size of which can vary from a few
hectares to 70 ha or more,
Irrigation units
The time required for water to flow from the
most remote point of the watershed to the
outlet is
Time of concentration
The ratio of peak rate of runoff to the rainfall
intensity is,
Runoff coefficient
The rate of rainfall in depth per unit time,
Rainfall intensity
The period of time that the rainfall at a
particular rate or intensity,
Duration period
The no. of years before a storm of given
intensity and duration can be expected to
recur is
Recurrence interval
The features of topographic map which the
line
connecting
the
highest
elevation
between two adjacent valleys,
Saddle
The features of topographic map which is the
line
connecting
the
lowest
elevations
between two adjacent ridges,
River
The features of topographic map which
shows the low area between two adjacent
hills,
Valley
When contour line from a closed figure with
the lowest elevation in the center, the
topographic map indicates,
Depression
When contour line from a closed figure with
the highest elevation in the center, the
topographic map indicates,
Mound
The process by which elevation of space grid
points in the field are determined,
Topographic leveling
The process of determining the elevation of
points at measured distance along selected
line,
Profile leveling
A watershed management strategy which
makes
used
of
reforestation
and
infrastructures for the conservation,
Rehabilitation
A watershed management strategy where
the area is left alone in each natural state
and there is minimum or no interference
from man is ,
Protection
In selecting the optimum capacity of the
reservoir of a SWIM Project for irrigation
purposes, the reliability of the reservoir
should be above,
80-85%
One among the following is not a major
consideration for the SWIM Project selection,
High population densities and heavy
settlements
A land area drained by bodies of water is
called,
Watershed
For a dam to called SWIM Project the volume
of storage should not exceed,
50 million cu. m
SWIM Project in general are those small
scale water impounding dam which have
structural height of not more than,
30 m
