ARE Programming Planning and Practice - History Flashcards
d
Vertical distance between contours (ft or m)
G
Slope of land (%)
L
Horizontal distance between points of a slope (ft or m)
What were the first human settlements?
Around agriculture, included living quarters, granary, temple and palace (administration/primitive government)
Often walled to protect from Nomadic tribes.
Agora
Greek Marketplace
Medieval City
Started at the crossroads of two main streets
Irregular in layout
Organized around the church and market (the two most important aspects of life)
Main streets ran from church to the city wall
Star shaped city
After invention of gunpowder
Bastions at points around the wall
Streets radiating from center to allow for a single control point
Renaissance Planning
Aesthetics took on greater importance.
Combined symmetrical order with radial layout of streets focused on points of interest.
Primary radial boulevards overlaid on a grid of secondary streets or over existing roads.
Who created the plan for London after the great fire of 1666? And what was the plan?
Christopher Wren
Unrealized plan
Main avenues linking major religious and commercial facilities.
Superimposed on a gridiron plan for other streets.
Describe the Haussman plan.
Implemented in Paris from 1853-1869
Straight arterial boulevards connecting principle historic buildings and monuments.
Purpose- to minimize riots, facilitate defense, and clear out slums
The plan also - improved transportation and beautified the city
Who wrote City Planning According to Artistic Principles and what were the ideas?
Camillo Sitte in 1889
Cities should be laid out on the principles of medieval towns with curving and irregular streets
-to provide a variety of views and interest
T intersections to reduce traffic conflicts
Civic spaces around a pinwheel arrangement of streets known as a “turbine square.”
Impacts of the Industrial Revolution.
Factory system with workers living near factories.
Also near sources of power and transportation.
Overcrowded, filthy, devoid of open space and recreation.
What was the reform movement during the industrial revolution?
First concerns to alleviate unspeakable housing conditions, reduce crowding, and improve water supply/sewage.
Later concern for open space and recreation.
Who published the Garden City concept in 1898 and what were the ideas?
Ebenezer Howard- part of reform movement 6,000 ac - Privately owned by the residents Civic buildings and park in the center Middle ring of housing and shops Outer ring of industrial facilities Urban part 30,000 residents 1,000 ac Surrounded by 5,000 ac green belt and agriculture 2,000 residents
What two cities were built using the Garden City Concept?
Letchworth 1903, Welwyn Garden City 1920
Both in England, Satelite towns not independent cities.
Who designed the cite industrielle and what was the concept?
Tony Garnier 1917
Separate zones for residential, public, industrial, and agriculture.
Separated circulation for vehicles and pedestrians
Long narrow lots with open space between.
One of first plans to emphasize zoning.
Early US city planning?
Reaction to Renaissance and reflected agrarian lifestyle
Central Commons focus of community life
Free standing homes set back from front street, also included back yards.
Philadelphia planning ideas?
Begun 1682
Gridiron street system with regularly planned open spaces
Uniform spacing and setback of buildings.
Became model for new towns as west was settled
Savannah planning ideas?
1733
based on a ward of 40 house lots
bounded by major streets in a grid system
interior square - two sides reserved for public use
What was the Ordinance of 1785
Established the rectangular survey system of the US
grid of 24 mi squares
each subdivided into 16 townships - 6 mi a side
further subdivided into 36, 1 mi sections
Washington DC
Pierre Charles L’Enfant - Broke from grid system Renaissance and Baroque concepts
Diagonal and radial streets superimposed on a grid
Center on the Capitol, Mall, Executive mansion
Vistas terminating at a building or a monument.
First landscape architect to preserve natural features while adding naturalistic elements?
Fredrick Law Olmstead
Who designed central park
Fredrick Law Olmstead and Architect Calvert Vaux 1850s
Ideas and Legacy of the Columbian Exposition in Chicago?
Daniel Burnham and John Root - 1893
Landscape - Fredrick Law Olmstead
Started City Beautiful Movement
Grouped Classical buildings around formal courts, promenades and reflecting pools.
Legacy - civic centers around formal parks, classical public buildings, broad tree lined parkways and streets
Broadacre City
Frank Lloyd Wright
Every home should have at least 1 acre
Le Corbusier planning concepts?
Housing towers surrounded by large green spaces
New Town Concept
Entirely new cities away from the crowding and ugliness of existing cities.
Started in Great Britain 1940s - spread to US
Centers of housing shopping and business surrounded by greenbelt
Originally 30,000 increased to 70,000 - 250,000
Columbia, MD & Reston, VA - never significant employment centers thus had to rely on nearby cities.
What is the fault of Utopian city visions
Usually static in conception, lack the vitality and interest of a city that has evolved over time.
Who are the main people in New Urbanism?
Andres Duany
Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk
Peter Calthorpe
Peter Katz
What was the first New Urbanist city?
Seaside 1980s
Primary design features of New Urbanism?
Mixed use: housing within walking distance of shops offices and other services. Variety of residential types apartments, single family houses.
Connects to regional pedestrian, bicycle, and public transportation systems. Reduced dependence on automobile.
City Patterns: Expanding Grid
Philadelphia
City formed at the junction of two roads, expanding until a natural feature or limiting population stops it.
Strict grid usually for smaller cities
Larger cities usually have another pattern infilled with grids.
City Patterns: Star Pattern
Urban core with development following radiating spokes of highways or mass transit.
Higher density around spokes lower density between.
City Patterns: Field Pattern
Los Angeles
No central focus or apparent overall organization. Amorphous network of highways and natural features.
City Patterns: Satellite Pattern
Houston
Central core with other major cores surrounding it.
Cores connected to center with highways and often a beltway. Often start out as a star. Outer cores begin as shopping, business or transportation centers.
City Patterns: Megalopolis
Northeast US and Southern California
Two or more major urban centers grow into each other as the space between is developed.
Image of the City
Kevin Lynch, five basic principles
- paths
- edges
- districts
- nodes
- landmarks
Superblock Concept
Radburn, New Jersey by Henry Wright New Town Concept Vehicles around the block with parks and pedestrian circulation within. Often driveways are more used than the pedestrian paths. Chandigarh Le Corbusier Brasilia Oscar Niemeyer
Planned Unit Development
Variation of superblock
Each large parcel of land can have a mix of uses.
Typical requirements: FAR, Open space requirements, Parking required, max height, setbacks
