ARE Endurance- Site Flashcards
geographic area from which the participants in an activity are drawn. It grows and shrinks with the activity.
catchment area aka mark, trade, or tributary area
catchment area determined by the local transit systems
residential catchment area
geotechnical test to determine the maximum, practically achievable, density of soils and aggregates
proctor compaction test
test method to determine the rate at which soil absorbs effluent. Used to test suitably of soil for a leachfield.
percolation test
partially treated liquid sewage flowing from any part of a disposal system to a place of final disposition
effluent
verbal description for the boundaries, property lines, or limits of a parcel of land, as defined by distances and compass bearings
metes and bounds
wetland that features permanent inundation of large areas of land by shallow bodies of water, generally with a substantial number of hummock, or dry-land protrusions
swamp
an elongated depression in the land surface that is at least seasonally wet, is usually vegetated and is normally without flowing water
swale
low lying area that is designed to temporarily hold a set amount of water slowly draining to another location. This controls the surface runoff or flood control during flash flooding
detention pond
designed to hold a specific amount of water indefinitely. If the pond reaches above its capacity the water usually drains to another location while still containing water.
retention pond
a system of rights and duties that determine the reasonable use, duties, and allocations of water to owners of waterfront property. Owners can use water adjacent to their property but can’t infringe upon the rights of other to use the water.
riparian rights
the study of the occurrence, movement, and quality of water on a site
hydrology
elevated artificial channel that carries fast moving water and is used to transport logs, fish, etc.
flume
embankment, levee, or dam formed to hold a river or stream or divert water flow
weir
how much radiant energy that is reflected by a surface where 0 is a flat black surface which absorbs all heat and 1 is a mirror that reflects
albedo
the speed with which heat passes through a material
conductivity
climate based on latitude, elevation, and proximity to water
macroclimate
climate based on solar radiation, the angle between the ground and altitude
microclimate
the air temperature at ground level is lower than higher elevations causing the heavy, cold trapped air below to release pollutants
air pollution temperature inversion phenomenon
the science of the pattern of relationships between organisms and their environment
ecology
an environment of living organisms and non-living components
ecosystem
well drained and able to bear loads. Granular rock particles 1/4”-3 1/2”
gravel
well drained and can serve as foundation when graded. Loose granular rock .002”-1/4”
sand
stable when dry, swells when frozen, do not use when wet. Fine grained sedimentary material from running water .002” -.05”
silt
Must be removed, too stiff when dry and too plastic when wet. Firm cohesive material formed from the decomposition of hydration of certain rocks.
clay
soil, sand, or mud deposited by flowing water
alluvium
soft dark soil containing decomposed organic matter, poor bearing capacity
humus
rich soil containing equal parts of sand, silt, and clay
loam
Type of shallow foundation; it delivers load directly to the soil. Area of the footing = load/safe bearing capacity, $
spread footing
Type of shallow foundation; one large footing under an entire bldg. Used when soil conditions are poor, $$$
mat foundation
Type of deep foundation; holes are drilled to firm strata and concrete poured.
belled caisson
Type of deep foundation; like belled caissons, but the hole is drilled deep into the strata. bearing capacity comes from the end baring and fractional forces
socketed caissons
Type of deep foundation; 2-3x cost of spread footings. Drive until tip meets firm resistance from strata
end bearing piles
Type of deep foundation; driven into softer soil. Friction transmits the load between the pile and soil. Bearing capacity is limited by whichever is weaker; the strength of the pile or the soil
friction pile
a collective vision of how urban and suburban planning should follow certain fundamental principles regarding community size, intergration, transportation, open space, pedestrian paths, native vegetation, water and energy use. (1991)
ahwahnee principles
process of ensuring that system are designed, installed, and functionally tested for effective operation/ maintenance for an owner’s operational needs
building commissioning
systematic investigation process applied to existing building to impove an optimize operating/maintenance
retrocomissioning
provides a tool for determining long-term costs for the total building
life cycle costing
measure of heat transmission where a low U-value has a slow heat loss or gain (brick wall) and a high U-value has a rapid heat loss or gain (window)
U-Factor
measure of thermal resistance is in a component. (U-value = 1/R-Value) and typically the opposite of an U-Value. Used to define level of insulation
R-Value
Ability of a material to store heat ( concrete/masonry walls store heat in an arid climate and release it slowly at night)
thermal inertia
a tamper roller used during the soil compaction process which has large teeth to increase soil stability and bearing capacity
sheepsfoot
horizontal brace of steel or timber used to support sheathing or other members such as concrete form work
wale
creating shallow excavations used for pouring small footings and foundation walls or to provide drainage of surface water
trenching
temporary wood or steel bracing usually set at an angle and used to hold walls in place
shoring
providing additional support to an existing foundation by rebuilding or reinforcing
underpinning
a temporary diagonal brace used to support vertical sheeting against earth walls created by excavation
raker
horizontal boards 2-4” thick placed between soldier beams to hold soil in place during excavation
cribbing
Division ___ = existing conditions (natural conditions)
division 2
Division ___ = concrete (footing)
division 3
Division ___ = earthwork
division 31
Division ___ = exterior improvements
division 32
Division ___ = utilities
division 33
Division ___ = transportation
division 34
a reservoir in which debris and sediment from runoff may settle before it enters the storm drain
catch basin
the lowest point or lowest inside surface of a drain, sewer, or pipe established due to the dependency of gravity
invert
drain or channel that permits the passage of water below ground. Typically a large diameter concrete or metal pipe often used under a road
culvert
perforated pipe surrounded by granular fill used to release hydrostatic pressure from foundation of retaining walls
drain tile
plastic or foil sheet that resists the diffusion of moisture through wall, ceiling, and floor assemblies, located on the warm side of the insulation.
vapor barrier
a unit that measures how often outdoor daily dry-bulb temperatures fall below an assumed base, normally 65F
heating degree day
is the flow of water through holes, cracks, and other discontinuities into the basement walls
bulk moisture
occurs when water wisks into the cracks and pores of porous building materials (masonry blocks, concrete, or wood). These tiny cracks and pores can absorb water in any direction even upward
capillary action
the angle of the sun 90 degrees or less above the horizon
solar altitude
the angle of the sun from due north in a clockwise direction, given in degrees
solar azimuth
the SI unit of luminous flux, a measure of the total amount of visible light emitted by a source
lumen
a photometric measure of the luminous intensity per unit area of light traveling in a given direction
luminance
the illuminance cast on a surface by one-candela source one foot away
foot candle
brightening of the night sky that inhibits the observation of start and planets, caused by street lights and other man-made sources
light pollution
determining land value; compared to other similar parcels and is the most accurate if current data is available.
Comparison Method
determining land value; when comparisons aren’t available, use estimates to determine the selling price of a lot, cost to develop, time to develop, and net sale price.
Development Method
determining land value; used in highly developed area by estimating potential income from improvements that yield the highest return (highest and best use)
Residual/Income Approach method
determining lan value; used to determine value of improved properties by deducting the value of site improvements to get the value of the land
allocation method
Soil Test: locations depend on nature of the building and should be about 20’ past firm strata.
Boring
the drilling of a test hold to locate bedrock beneath very compact soil. A pipe is driven into the soil while water forces the material to the surface. It can penetrate all materials other than rock.
Wash Boring
Soil testing that uses auger drill big fastened to a rod to bring the soil to the surface. Most efficient in sand and clay because the bit is easily obstructed. It has limited depth.
Auger Boring
An intact cylindrical sample is extracted by drilling through all types of soil including bedrock. Very reliable and expensive
Core boring
an excavation of an open pit that allow for visual examination of the existing conditions as well as the ability to take intact samples for further testing. Can determine the depth of the water table.
test pit
