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ARE Building Systems > ARE Building Systems Vocab > Flashcards

ARE Building Systems Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

Cavity Resonator

A

A sound-absorbing device consisting of an enclosed body of air confined within rigid walls and connected by a narrow opening to the space around it. It is also known as a Helmholtz resonator

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2
Q

Helmholtz resonator

A

A sound-absorbing device consisting of an enclosed body of air confined within rigid walls and connected by a narrow opening to the space around it. It is also known as a cavity resonator

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3
Q

acoustic power level

A

The logarithmic expression for the acoustical power at the source of a sound. It is known as power level (PWL)

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4
Q

NC curves

A

A single-number system for specifying a maximum SPL level in a given location, using standardized reference contours. The curves weight the frequencies to which the human ear is sensitive.

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5
Q

free-field room

A

A room whose boundaries absorb all of the sound striking them. It is also known as an anechoic room.

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6
Q

decibel (dB)

A

A logarithmic measure of sound intensity expressing the ratio between a given sound being measured and a reference level. The reference level generally corresponds to the faintest audible sound.

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7
Q

room resonance

A

The phenomenon which occurs when sounds in a room that are within a narrow band of frequencies tend to sound louder than sounds of other frequencies.

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8
Q

impact isolation class (IIC)

A

A rating of the degree of isolation of a floor against the transmission of impact noises.

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9
Q

sound transmission coefficient

A

The fraction of incident sound transmitted through a partition.

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10
Q

sound absorption

A

The converting of sound energy into another form, usually heat, in passing through a medium or on striking a surface. Also the property possessed by materials and objects which absorb sound energy.

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11
Q

noise reduction coefficient (NRC)

A

A one-number rating system giving the average sound absorption coefficient of a material at frequencies of 250, 500, 1000, and 2000 Hz

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12
Q

collector

A

A device used to collect solar radiation

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13
Q

passive solar design

A

The practice of orienting and sizing a building, its windows, and its internal masses in such a way that it responds to the sun and climate, without the use of mechanical equipment.

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14
Q

flat plate collector

A

A device used to collect solar energy, usually consisting of a glazed cover, a transfer medium (water or air), absorber plate, and insulation, all contained in a unified housing.

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15
Q

greenhouse effect

A

The direct gain of solar heat through glass walls and roofs, which are generally south-facing.

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16
Q

Trombe wall

A

A thermal storage wall consisting of an external glass skin and an inner wall with a layer of air between, which warms the room behind it by convection.

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17
Q

equinox

A

March 21 (vernal equinox) or September 21 (autumnal equinox) first day of spring or fall, when the night and day are of equal length.

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18
Q

thermal mass storage wall

A

A wall whose mass is composed of concrete, masonry, or containers filled with water, the purpose of which is to absorb and store solar heat.

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19
Q

solstice

A

Either June 21 (summer solstice) or December 21 (winter solstice) the first day of summer or winter, the longest or shortest day of the year.

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20
Q

daylighting

A

The use of natural light from the outside to replace or augment artificial light, which produces energy savings.

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21
Q

light shelf

A

An overhang, either outside or inside or both, which is used with a clerestory to reflect light up onto the ceiling and reduce direct light adjacent to the window.

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22
Q

declination

A

The 23.5 degree tilt of the earth’s axis relative to a line perpendicular to the plane of the earth’s orbit. This tilt is responsible for the seasons

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23
Q

solar pond system

A

A passive solar system that utilized a pond of water on the roof to maintain even year-round temperatures.

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24
Q

active solar system

A

A heating of cooling system that collects and moves solar heat with the assistance of mechanical power.

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25
Q

solar air-condidioning

A

A cooling system that provides refrigerated air using solar radiation as the prime source of energy.

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26
Q

concentrating collector

A

A device to collect solar energy, usually parabolic in shape, used for concentrating isolation to achieve high temperatures.

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27
Q

auxiliary heat source

A

In solar design, a back-up heating system that is automatically activated when solar energy is insufficient to supply the required needs.

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28
Q

insolation

A

Energy received from solar radiation

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29
Q

absorber plate

A

The part of a solar collector that absorbs solar radiation.

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30
Q

shading coefficient (SC)T

A

The ratio of solar heat gained through a window with shading devices, such as blinds, to the solar heat gained by a single pane, double strength, clear glass window.

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31
Q

loudness

A

The perceived intensity of sound, which depends mainly on the sound pressure, but also on the frequency and waveform of the sound source.

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32
Q

sound pressure level

A

The sound pressure at a location expressed in newtons per square meter, or more commonly in dB reggered to 2x10^-5 newtons per square meter.

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33
Q

anechoic room

A

A room whose boundaries absorb all of the sound striking them. It is also known as a free-field room.

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34
Q

pitch

A

The tone of a sound, varying from low to high. Pitch depends primarily on the frequency of sound and to a lesser extent on the sound pressure and wave form.

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35
Q

sound transmission class (STC)

A

A single-number rating for the evaluation of a particular construction cross-section in terms of its transmission of airborne sound. The higher the STC rating, the more effective the construction is at stopping airborne sound.

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36
Q

leaching field

A

An absorption or drain field in which septic tank effluents seep through loose pipes and coarse aggregates into the surrounding soil

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37
Q

sill cock

A

An outside faucet for connecting to a garden hose

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38
Q

brackish

A

referring to water containing so much salt that it is nonpotable.

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39
Q

hygrometer

A

An instrument which measures the relative humidity of the air.

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40
Q

psychorometer

A

A device for measuring simultaneously the wet bulb and dry bulb temperatures of air and therefore the relative humidity

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41
Q

sensible heat ratio (SHR)

A

The ratio of sensible heat to enthalpy (total heat)

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42
Q

heat transmission

A

The time rate of heat flow which combines the effects of conduction, convection, and radiation.

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43
Q

U factor or U-value

A

The overall rate of heat flow of a particular wall sectoin, expressed in Btus per hour per degree Fahrenheit per square foot

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44
Q

evaporative cooling

A

A cooling process in which water vapor, at a constant wet bulb temperature, is added to the air, reducing the dry bulb temperature.

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45
Q

sunspace system

A

A passive solar system that utilizes a direct gain feature, such as a greenhouse or atrium, usually with a thermal storage wall.

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46
Q

conduction

A

The transfer of heat by direct contact, from hotter molecules to cooler molecules

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47
Q

degree day

A

The amount by which the average outdoor temperature at a particular location is below 65 degrees Fahrenheit for one day. Degree days may also be summed and stated for a month or a year

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48
Q

wet bulb temperature (WBT)

A

The temperature attained by a glass thermometer whose bulb is covered with a wet sock and placed in an air strem moving at 1000 cubic feet/min
Stored enthalpy

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49
Q

enthalpy

A

The total of sensible plus latent heat stored in the air aka total heat

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50
Q

mean radiant temperature (MRT)

A

The weighted average of all of hte temperatures of all of the surfaces visible from a given position

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51
Q

heat of vaporization

A

The heat given off by a vapor condensing to liquid, or the heat absorbed by a liquid evaporating to a gas, without a change in temperature

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52
Q

dry bulb temperature (DBT)

A

The temperature of air as read on an ordinary glass thermometer, stored sensible heat

When equal to WB, RH is 100%
When greater than WB, RH is less than 100%

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53
Q

nonpotable water

A

Water which is not fit for drinking

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54
Q

downspout

A

A vertical pipe used to conduct water from a roof drain or gutter to the ground. It is also called a leader

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55
Q

gasket

A

A compressible material placed between two surfaces to prevent leakage

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56
Q

potable water

A

Water which is suitable for drinking

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57
Q

downfeed system

A

A water supply system in which water is pumped intermittently to a tank above the roof of a building. Water from the tank then supplies fixtures on the floors below it.

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58
Q

backflow preventer

A

A plumbing device used to prevent nonpotable water from flowing into the potable water system

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59
Q

trap

A

A water seal fitting located in the drain line after a fixture to prevent sewer gases and odors from entering the room

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60
Q

PVC

A

polyvinyl chloride-a plastic used for cold water and underground sprinkler system pipe and fittings

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61
Q

fittings

A

Parts other than valves or pipe used in a pipe line such as couplings, elbows, tees, unions, and reducers

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62
Q

pressure relief valve

A

A valve designed to open automatically to relieve pressure within a system

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63
Q

emissivity

A

The rate at which a surface material at a given temperature gives off or emits radiant energy. The emissivity varies from 0-1.0 where 1.0 is theoretical emissivity of a perfect black box at the same temperature

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64
Q

permeability

A

the property of permitting passage of water or water vapor through a material without causing rupture or displacement

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65
Q

insulation

A

A material of very low conductivity used to separate electrical conductors and prevent leakage of electical currents, or a material used to prevent or reduce heat flow

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66
Q

barometer

A

an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure

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67
Q

Doppler effect

A

The change in the observed pitch of sound which occurs when the observer of the sound moves

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68
Q

sound

A

The auditory sensation experience by the ear or the pressure oscillation which cause that sensation

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69
Q

transmission loss (TL)

A

The reduction of sound which occurs when a given wall transmits sound from one room to an adjacent room, expressed in decibels

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70
Q

ambient

A

Relating to a general or surrounding condition. In thermal processes, it referes to the air temperature as distinct from that of surfaces or objects. In lighting it refers to the background light level and in acoustics, it refers to the background noise level.

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71
Q

noise

A

Any undesired sound, also any unwanted disturbance within a useful frequency band

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72
Q

reverberation

A

The persistance of sound in an enclosed space after the source has stopped

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73
Q

masking

A

The drowing out of one sound by another

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74
Q

sound level meter

A

A meter which measures the sound pressure level and gives a reading in dB

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75
Q

feeder

A

A set of electrical conductors which extend from the source of energy to a distribution center.

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76
Q

capacitance

A

A measure of the ability of two of more closely spaced plates to store electricity. The unit of capacitance is the farad

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77
Q

three-phase

A

Describing a form of alternating current produced by a generator having three rotating coils positioned 120 degrees apart

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78
Q

inductance

A

The property of an electrical circuit by which a change in current induces an electromotive force. The unit of inductance is the henry

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79
Q

alternating current

A

An electric current which reverses its direction at regular intervals, generally 60 times per second. A plot of the voltage over time is the sine wave

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80
Q

alternation

A

One reversal of an alternating current wave, 2 of which make one complete cycle

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81
Q

rectifier

A

A device which converts alternating current to direct current and is used to recharge batteries or supply direct current for other purposes

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82
Q

NEC

A

The abbreviation for the National Electrical Code

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83
Q

alternator

A

A device used to generate alternating current by rotating a coil in a magnetic field

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84
Q

demand factor

A

The ratio of maximum demand or expected power usage to the total connected load

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85
Q

contactor

A

A switch, usually magnetically operated, which is used to open and close an electrical circuit

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86
Q

battery

A

2 or more cells which utilize the reaction of a chemical solution on 2 dissimilar metals to produce an electromotive force

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87
Q

kilowatt (kW)

A

A unit of electric power = 1000w

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88
Q

service

A

The portion of a buildings electrical system extending from the utility company’s wire to and including the main switch and meter

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89
Q

power factor (PF)

A

In an electrical circuit, the ratio of real power in watts to the product of voltage and current

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90
Q

hertz (Hz)

A

The frequency of a sound, or of an alternating current, equal to the number of cycles per second

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91
Q

impedance

A

The resistance to current flow in an AC circuit. Impedance may consist of resistance, reactance, or a combination of the two. The unit of impedance is the ohm

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92
Q

star connection

A

A method of connecting the windings on a three-phase transformer in which one end of all three windings is connected to a common neutral center point forming a Y shape. It is also known as a wye connection

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93
Q

wye connection

A

A method of connecting the windings on a three phase transformer in which one end of all three windings is connected to a common neutral centrral point, forming a Y shape. Is is also known as a star connection

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94
Q

ampere (amp)

A

The unit of electrical flow

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95
Q

circular mil

A

The area of a wire having a diameter of one mil or one thousandth (0.001) of an inch, used in specifying wire size

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96
Q

neutral

A

The wire or conductor in an electrical system which is equidistant in voltage from the phase conductors of the system. It is not the same as ground.

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97
Q

direct current (DC)

A

An electric current that flows in only one direction

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98
Q

KVA

A

A rating for transformers equal to the product of volts and amperes divided by 1000. The product of the KVA and the power factor gives the power in kilowatts

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99
Q

illumination

A

The intensity of light falling on a surface, usually expressed in footcandles.

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100
Q

candlepower (CP)

A

The unit of luminous intensity, which is the amount of light emitted by a source

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101
Q

luminous intensity (I)

A

The amount of light emitted by a source

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102
Q

efficacy

A

The ratio of the lumens emitted by a lamp to the electrical power consumed by the lamp

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103
Q

reflectance

A

The ratio of reflected to incident light falling on a surface

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104
Q

transformer

A

A device which chages the voltage of an AC circuite to a higher or lower level

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105
Q

ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)

A

A special circuit breaker equipped with an actuating device which will trip the circuit breaker in the event leakage current to ground exceeds about 0.0005 of an ampere

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106
Q

resistance

A

A measure of the tendency of an electric circuit to restrict the flow of current, or the ratio of voltage to current in a conductor or closed circuit. The unit of resistance is the ohm

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107
Q

ground

A

An electrical conductor connected to the earth or to a pipe extending into the ground, used to dissipate hazardous current into the earth

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108
Q

generator

A

A machine that converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by the motion of electrical conductors in a magnetic field.

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109
Q

watt (W)

A

The basic unit of electrical power, equal to the product of volts and amperes in direct current systems, equal to 3.41 Btuh

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110
Q

power level (PWL)

A

The logarithmic expression for the acoustical power at the source of a sound. It is also known as acoustic power level

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111
Q

Btuh

A

The abbreviation for Btus per house, an energy flow rate

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112
Q

volt (V)

A

The unit of electrical potential or electromotive force

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113
Q

hp

A

Horsepower, a unit of power equal to 746 watts

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114
Q

latent heat

A

The heat added to or removed from a substance when it changes its state w/o changing its temperature, as when water freezes or vaporizes

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115
Q

specific heat

A

The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of a given substance one degree Fahrenheit measured in Btus

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116
Q

nipple

A

A short piece of pipe with threads at each end used to connect fittings and valves in a pipe line

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117
Q

effective temperature

A

A fictitious temperature which would produce the same physiological effect as the combined effects of temperature, humidity, and air movement

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118
Q

globe thermometer

A

A thermometer which measures mean radiant temperature (MRT)

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119
Q

sensible heat

A

Heat which changes the temperature of a substance without a change of state

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120
Q

union

A

A pipe fitting used to couple the ends of two pipes neither of which can be rotated

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121
Q

total heat

A

The total of sensible plus latent heat stored in the air. It is also known as enthalpy

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122
Q

differential thermostat

A

A thermostat that responds to temperatures at two different locations. It is used to activate a solar heating system when teh collector is warmer than the storage medium

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123
Q

therm

A

A unit of heat equal to 100,000 Btus

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124
Q

absolute humidity

A

The weight of water vapor per unit volume of air

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125
Q

check valve

A

A valve that allows the flow of a fluid in only one direction. Check valves may use a flap or ball to prevent reverse flow

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126
Q

Siamese fitting

A

A Y-shaped hose attachment at hte base of a building, which allows the fire department to connect two supply hoses to provide or augment water flow to a standpipe

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127
Q

septic tank

A

A watertight receptacle designed to receive sewage. Solids are separated from teh liquid and digested through an anaerobic action, while the effluent is discharged into seepage pits or drain fields

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128
Q

soil pipe

A

Any pipe which conveys the discahrge from water closests, urinals, and similar fixtures

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129
Q

upfeed system

A

A water supply system that uses the available water main pressure to supply water to fixtures on several floors

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130
Q

PPM

A

The abbreviation for parts per million

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131
Q

heat pump

A

A refrigeration system which both heats and cools. In summer, heat is pumped from indoors to outdoors, and in winter, heat is pumped from outdoors to indoors

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132
Q

hybrid solar system

A

A system combining active and passive solar features

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133
Q

dual duct system

A

A system in which hot air and cold air are supplied by separated ducts and mixed at each controlled space to provide the desired supply air temperatures. This method consumes a great deal of energy

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134
Q

heat exchanger

A

Any device used for transferring heat from one fluid to another, where the fluids are physically separated

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135
Q

thermometer

A

An instrument for measuring temperature, consisting of a sealed tube containing a liquid, such as mercury, that expands and contracts with temperature changes

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136
Q

Btu

A

The abbreviation for British thermal unit, a unit of heat energy, which is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperatures of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit

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137
Q

reheat

A

The adding of sensible heat to a supply air stream which has been previously cooled

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138
Q

aspect ratio

A

The ratio of the longer to shorter dimension of an air-conditioning duct, which affects duct friction, or of a room, which relates to light reflection

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139
Q

forced air system

A

A heating or cooling system which uses a fan to circulate heated or cooled air through ducts to the occupied spaces

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140
Q

register

A

The device consisting of a grille and damper to control the amount of air passing through it

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141
Q

blowdown

A

The drain which removes dirt which builds up in the floor pool of an evaporative cooling tower, or the discharging of sediment from the bottom of a boiler or heat exchanger

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142
Q

compressor

A

A machine for compressing air or gases. As a basic component of an air-conditioning system, a compressor draws vaporized refrigerant from the evaporator, compresses it, and discharges it to a condenser

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143
Q

coefficient of performance (COP)

A

The ratio of the amount of heat energy delivered by a heat pump to the amount of energy supplied, or the ratio of the amount of heat energy removed by a refrigeration machine to the amount of energy expended in its removal. It is similar to efficiency, but often exceeds 100%, and is therefore expressed as a number eg 2.7(typ for a heat pump)

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144
Q

balancing damper

A

A damper provided in a duct system to regulate the flow of air when the system is being balanced or tuned to design requirements

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145
Q

refrigerant

A

The fluid used for heat transfer in a refrigeration system

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146
Q

steam trap

A

A valve which permits passage of air or water, but not steam, often used with steam radiators

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147
Q

convector

A

A heating device arranged to deliver heat to the air primarily by convection

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148
Q

evaporator

A

The part of a refrigeration system in which the refrigerant evaporates, absorbing heat from the medium to be cooled

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149
Q

circulator

A

A pump used in hot water systems for maintaining forced circulation of water or other liquid

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150
Q

condenser

A

A heat exchanger in which refrigerant vapor is condensed (liquefied), releasing heat to an external medium

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151
Q

chiller

A

A piece of equipment which cools water for use in an air conditioning system

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152
Q

cfm

A

abbreviation for cubic feet per minute, which is the flow rate of air in a mechanical system or duct

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153
Q

diffuser

A

A device through which the air from a duct enters a room, or a device through which the light from a fixture enters a room

154
Q

mixing box

A

An enclosure in which two air streams are mixed. commonly used for mixing outside air and return air, or hot and cold air in a dual duct system

155
Q

condensate

A

Vapor that has returned to a liquid state

156
Q

ventilation

A

The supplying or removing of air by mechanical or natural means to or from a given space

157
Q

refrigeration

A

The extraction of heat from a substance or an unoccupied space to reduce its temperature below that of its surroundings

158
Q

air-conditioning

A

The treating of air in an occupied space to control its temperature, humidity, and cleanliness

159
Q

AC

A

The abbreviation for either air-conditioning or alternating current, depending on the context

160
Q

fan

A

A device consisting of a series of blades in a circular arrangement, driven by a motor or other prime mover to produce a current of air

161
Q

HEPA filter

A

A high-efficiency particulate air filter, which removes dust and other tiny particles from a moving air stream.

162
Q

exhaust air

A

Any foul or unwanted air removed from a space by mechanical means.

163
Q

fan coil system

A

An air-conditioning system in which a fan blows conditioned air over hot and/or cold coils into an occupied space

164
Q

duct

A

A conduit made of sheet metal or other material for conveying air at low pressures

165
Q

boiler

A

A closed vessel in which water is heated in order to produce steam or hot water

166
Q

variable air volume (VAV)

A

An air conditioning system which accommodates thermal load changes by varying the flow of supply air into a conditioned space instead of varying the temperature of the supply air

167
Q

humidifier

A

A device used to add moisture to the air

168
Q

damper

A

A device inserted in an air stream to modulate, restrict, or divert hte flow of air

169
Q

zone

A

A position of a building controlled by a single thermostat, because its spaces have similar heating or cooling needs

170
Q

ASHRAE

A

The abbreviation for the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers, the source of most of the standardized information on the subject

171
Q

HVAC

A

Heating, Ventilating, Air Conditioning

172
Q

infiltration

A

The leakage of air through cracks around windows and other building elements

173
Q

activated carbon

A

A form of specially treated, porous carbon, used to absorb various odors and vapors

174
Q

air changes per hour

A

The ratio of the volume of air supplied to or exhausted from a space, per hour, to the volume of the space

175
Q

two-pipe system

A

A hot or chilled water system having only a supply and return line. It can supply only heated or chilled water to a zone, but not both simultaneously

176
Q

cooling tower

A

A structure used to evaporatively cool a liquid (usually water) by contact with air

177
Q

invert

A

The lowest point of the inside of a drain, pipe, channel, or other liquid-carrying conduit

178
Q

economizer cycle

A

An energy-saving strategy in which a part of the HVAC system is shut off while the rest is used, such as shutting off the refrigeration when the outside air temperature is loq, while the fan continues to operate

179
Q

three-pipe system

A

A hot and chilled water system having a common return pipe for both supply lines

180
Q

four-pipe system

A

A hot and chilled water system with separate return lines for each sypply line, with no mixing of the two streams

181
Q

ton

A

The amount of cooling required to convert a ton of water to ice in a 24 hour period, equal to a steady rate of 12,000 Btuh

182
Q

barometric damper

A

A balanced air valve positioned so as to admit air to the flue or stack of a furnace in order to maintain a constant amount of draft. It is also called a draft regulator

183
Q

draft regulator

A

A balanced air valve positioned so as to admit air to the flue or stack of a furnace in order to maintain a constant amount of draft. It is also called a barometric damper

184
Q

expansion tank

A

A chamber or tank provided in a hot water heating system to allow for expansion of the water in the system as its temperature rises

185
Q

absorption refrigeration

A

A cooling process resulting from the absorption of vapor by a brine solution, which is then heated to remove the moisture. The heat may be supplied by solar or other heating sources

186
Q

eutectic salts

A

Materials used to store and release heat by means of their latent heat capacity, that is, they alternately melt and solidify in the normal solar operating temperature range of 80-160 degrees fahrenheit

187
Q

recovery

A

The ability of a water heater to heat a specified number of gallons per hour of water to a specified temperature

188
Q

expansion valve

A

A valve in a refrigeration system which controls the flow and reduces the pressure of the refrigerant, allowing it to evaporate and absorb heat

189
Q

turning vanes

A

curved baffles inserted in a duct elbow to decrease pressure loss through the elbow

190
Q

underwriter’s loop

A

A plumbing arrangement on steam boilers to avoid rapid loss of water in the boiler due to a break in the condensate return line. It is also referred to as a Hartford loop

191
Q

Hartford loop

A

A plumbing arrangement on steam boilers to avoid rapid loss of water in the boiler due toa break in the condensate return line. It is also referred to an underwriter’s loop

192
Q

delta connection

A

A method of connecting windings on a three-phase transformer, end to end, which results in a triangular shape.

193
Q

chill factor

A

A fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind velocity which has the same physiological effect as still air at the chill factor temperature. It is also known as wind chill index

194
Q

wind chill index

A

A fictitious temperature assigned to a combination of actual temperature and wind wind velocity which has the same physiologival effect as still air at the wind chill intex temperature. It is also known as chill factor.

195
Q

radiation

A

The flow of heat by electromagnetic waves between two objects not in contact, through space or a medium

196
Q

standard air

A

Air at a standard temperature and pressure

197
Q

forced convection

A

The movement of a fluid by a fan or a pump, in order to force heat exchange

198
Q

air movement

A

the velocity of air in an enclosed space measured in feet per minute

199
Q

comfort zone

A

The combination of thermal and environmental conditions within which a human is comfortable, often shown on a psychrometric chart

200
Q

draft

A

A flow of air or gas through a flue or chimney

201
Q

dew point

A

The temperature of air at which the water contained in the air begins to condense and form dew. It is therefore the temperature at which the air is at 100% humidity

202
Q

psychrometric chart

A

A chart showing the interactions of wet bulb, dry bulb, and dewpoint temperatures, relative and absolute humidities, enthalpy and sensible heat ratio.

203
Q

relative humidity (RH)

A

The ratio of the moisture content of the air to hte maximum possible moisture content at the same temperature (depends on temperature)

204
Q

conductance (c)

A

The rate at which a specific thickness of a given material conducts heat

205
Q

grain

A

A unit of weight, where 7000 grains equal one pound; used primarily as a measure of the weight of moisture in air

206
Q

conductivity (k)

A

The rate at which a given material conducts heat per inch of thickness

207
Q

siphon

A

A U-shaped tube used to transfer liquid from an upper level to a lower one by suction

208
Q

pump

A

A mechanical device used to compress or move a fluid

209
Q

faucet

A

A valve at the end of a pipe providing a means of releasing and controlling water from the pipe

210
Q

spigot

A

The end of a pipe that fits into the bell, or enlarged end of another pipe. Also another term for faucet

211
Q

riser

A

A vertical water supply pipe that extends through at least one floor of a building and provides water to fixtures or branches

212
Q

manometer

A

A u-shaped tube partially filled with a liquid, used for measuring the pressure of a fluid

213
Q

inch of water

A

A unit of pressure equal to the pressure of a column of water one inch high. 1 inch of water=0.03609psi

214
Q

DWV

A

Abbreviation for drain, waste and vent

215
Q

bell

A

The end of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe so as to form a joint. It is also called a hub

216
Q

hub

A

The end of a pipe which is enlarged to receive the end of another pipe so as to forma joint. It is also called a bell.

217
Q

static pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest

218
Q

pH

A

A symbol indicating the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a solution; a pH 7 represents a neutral solution, lower values indicate acidity, higher values alkalinity

219
Q

gate valve

A

A valve consisting of a sliding plate or gate perpendicular to the flow, intended to be fully open or closed

220
Q

individual vent

A

A vent which is continuation of the trap and drain to which it connects. It is also called a common vent

221
Q

loop vent

A

A vent which connects from a drain to the stack vent of the soil stack to which the drain is connected

222
Q

globe valve

A

A valve consisting of a circular plug or disc which is raised or lowered against a circular opening or seat used for adjusting or throttling flow

223
Q

backwash

A

A reverse flow of water, often used in water softening to remove sediment

224
Q

air gap

A

An unobstructed vertical path, open to the atmosphere, separating the outlet of a faucet from the overflow rim of the fixture it serves. The purpose is to prevent a momentary vacuum in the supply pipe from siphoning water from the fixture back into the supply pipe

225
Q

circuit vent

A

In sanitary drainage, any vent which serves two or more traps

226
Q

branch vent

A

A vent connecting one or more individual vents to a stack vent

227
Q

continuous vent

A

A vent which is a continuation of the trap and drain to which it connects. It is also called an individual vent

228
Q

NPS

A

Nominal pipe size. Refers to nominal inside pipe diameter

229
Q

flushometer valve

A

A valve which releases a specific amount of water into a plumbing fixture each time it is actuated

230
Q

fixture unit

A

A unit of liquid flow used in sizing both supply and drainage pipes. It is equal to 1 cubic foot per minute or approximately 7.5 gallons per minute

231
Q

surge arrester

A

A device installed in a water line to minimize the effects of water hammer caused by quick closing valves

232
Q

perm

A

The unit of permeability for a given material, expressing the resistance of the material to the penetration of moisture. One perm is equal to the flow of one grain of water vapor through one square foot of surface area per hour with a pressure difference of one inch of mercury

233
Q

frequency

A

The number of cycles which occur per second, either in alternating current or acoustics. In acoustics, the frequency determines the pitch

234
Q

Inverse Square Law

A

A physical principle which states that the intensity of a phenomenon is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the source to the measure device. It holds true for point sources of light, and for sound in an open field.
-If 24 fc @ 10’, what is it at 20’? (10/20)^2=1/4 therefore 24 x 1/4=6 fc

235
Q

oakum

A

Caulking made from hemp fiber strand or rope soaked in oil or other substance to make it waterproof and rot-resistant

236
Q

UBC

A

The abbreviation for Univorm Building Code

237
Q

specific volume

A

The volume occupied by a unit weight of a given substance at any specified temperature and pressure. The reciprocal of density

238
Q

transducer

A

A device which converts power in one kind of system to power in another form, such as a loudspeaker which converts electric power to acoustic power

239
Q

cycles per second (CPS)

A

A measure of frequency in electric current or acoustics i.e. the bumer of sycles per second of a wave or oscillation. The term has been largely replaced by hertz, where 1 cps = 1 Hz

240
Q

cycle

A

One complete set of repeating events, typically used with alternating current or sound

241
Q

sweating

A

The method of soldering copper plumbing, or the condensation of water on cold pipes or building materials

242
Q

frost line

A

The maximum depth of frost penetration in the ground expected in a given area. Water piping must ordinarily be buried below the frost line to protect against freezing.

243
Q

occupancy

A

The purpose for which a building is intended to be used

244
Q

convection

A

The heat transfer process which occurs when a warm fluid rises, displacing cold fluid which then falls

245
Q

pneumatic

A

Referring to the use of air, especially under pressure, usually to operate machinery

246
Q

code

A

An organized body of rules and regulations adopted and enforced by a governmental agency, such as a building code.

247
Q

occupancy group

A

A designation for a group of several occupancies which have comparable fire safety considerations and which are therefore grouped together by the code

248
Q

plenum

A

The space between a suspended ceiling and the structure above, which is used as a very large, slow moving air duct

249
Q

live load

A

The vertical load caused by the use and occupancy of a building, not including wind, earthquake, or dead loads

250
Q

friction factor

A

A factor used in calculating loss or pressure due to friction of a fluid (gas or liquid) flowing through a duct or pipe

251
Q

OSHA

A

The abbreviation for the Occupational Safety and Health Administration which regulated working conditions

252
Q

wavelength

A

The length of one complete cycle or waveform, for light or sound waves. In light, the dominant wavelength determines the perceived color

253
Q

cross connection

A

Any connection by means of which nonpotable, used, or contaminated water or other liquid can enter any part of a potable water system.

254
Q

ABS

A

Abbreviation for acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, a plastic used for drainage, waste, and vent piping, as well as for sewer systems

255
Q

lateral

A

A common sewer the receives wastewater only from building sewers

256
Q

vacuum breaker

A

An automatic valve which admits air into a supply pipe to prevent siphoning polluted water back into the supply

257
Q

coefficient of utilization

A

The ratio of useful light arriving at hte work plane to the amount of light emitted by the source, which depends on the reflectivity of different surfaces and the aspect ratios of the ceiling, wall, and floor cavities

257
Q

coefficient of utilization

A

The ratio of useful light arriving at hte work plane to the amount of light emitted by the source, which depends on the reflectivity of different surfaces and the aspect ratios of the ceiling, wall, and floor cavities

258
Q

photometry

A

The measurement of light distribution, illumination, and the intensity of light, usually with the aid of a photometer

258
Q

photometry

A

The measurement of light distribution, illumination, and the intensity of light, usually with the aid of a photometer

259
Q

footcandle

A

The basic unit of illumination arriving at a work plane. One footcandle is equal to one lumen per square foot

259
Q

footcandle

A

The basic unit of illumination arriving at a work plane. One footcandle is equal to one lumen per square foot

260
Q

lumen

A

The unit of visible light emitted by a light source, defined as the amount of light passing through one square foot at a distance of one foot from a candlepower source

260
Q

lumen

A

The unit of visible light emitted by a light source, defined as the amount of light passing through one square foot at a distance of one foot from a candlepower source

261
Q

luminaire

A

A complete light fixture including lamps.

261
Q

luminaire

A

A complete light fixture including lamps.

262
Q

ballast

A

An electrical device used with fluorescent and other lamps to provide starting voltage and regulate current flow through the lamp

262
Q

ballast

A

An electrical device used with fluorescent and other lamps to provide starting voltage and regulate current flow through the lamp

262
Q

fluorescent

A

Describing a substance the gives off light at a different wavelength from that of x-rays, ultraviolet rays, or other rays to which the substance is exposed, as in a fluorescent lamp.

263
Q

high-intensity discharge (HID)

A

A family of lamps consisting of a quartz envelope inside a glass envelope. In the quartz envelope, the current causes an intense arc between two electrodes, exciting a plasma of mercury, metal halide, or high-pressure sodium and producing visible light.

264
Q

ionization detector

A

A fire detector which detects the products of combustion (POC) even before they are visible to the naked eye.

264
Q

starter

A

A device which starts the arc in a neon or fluorescent lamp or a contactor and overload relay used in starting some electric motors

264
Q

ionization detector

A

A fire detector which detects the products of combustion (POC) even before they are visible to the naked eye.

264
Q

starter

A

A device which starts the arc in a neon or fluorescent lamp or a contactor and overload relay used in starting some electric motors

265
Q

ball drip

A

The automatic drain valve at hte base of a dry standpipe

265
Q

ball drip

A

The automatic drain valve at hte base of a dry standpipe

266
Q

fluorescent

A

Describing a substance the gives off light at a different wavelength from that of x-rays, ultraviolet rays, or other rays to which the substance is exposed, as in a fluorescent lamp.
-more efficient than an incandescent lamp, transformer necessary, life based more on times it’s turned off and on than how long it’s kept on

267
Q

POC

A

Products of combustion, usually relative to smoke detection

267
Q

POC

A

Products of combustion, usually relative to smoke detection

268
Q

photoelectric detector

A

A smoke detector that uses a light source and a photoelectric cell to detect the prescence of smoke

268
Q

photoelectric detector

A

A smoke detector that uses a light source and a photoelectric cell to detect the prescence of smoke

269
Q

wet pipe sprinkler

A

A sprinkler system which is continuously pressurized with water. If a fusible sprinkler opens, water is immediately forced through the sprinkler head.

269
Q

wet pipe sprinkler

A

A sprinkler system which is continuously pressurized with water. If a fusible sprinkler opens, water is immediately forced through the sprinkler head.

270
Q

smokeproof enclosure

A

A required exit which consists of a vestibule and continuous stairway enclosed from teh highest point to hte lowest point by walls of two-hour fire resistive construction and which exits into a public way or an exit passageway leading to a public way

270
Q

smokeproof enclosure

A

A required exit which consists of a vestibule and continuous stairway enclosed from teh highest point to hte lowest point by walls of two-hour fire resistive construction and which exits into a public way or an exit passageway leading to a public way

271
Q

high-intensity discharge (HID)

A

A family of lamps consisting of a quartz envelope inside a glass envelope. In the quartz envelope, the current causes an intense arc between two electrodes, exciting a plasma of mercury, metal halide, or high-pressure sodium and producing visible light.
-lamp within a lamp

272
Q

flame-spread rating

A

A numerical classification indicating the rate at which flame will spread over the surface of a given material. Class I materials have the least flame spread and Class III have the most

272
Q

flame-spread rating

A

A numerical classification indicating the rate at which flame will spread over the surface of a given material. Class I materials have the least flame spread and Class III have the most

273
Q

fire assembly

A

A complete fire-resistive assembly consisting of a fire door, fire damper, or fire window and its mounting frame and hardware. The entire assembly, not just its components, must be approved and labeled by a testing agency which inspects the materials workmanship during fabrication at factory. available ratings are 3/4, 1, 1 1/2, and 3 hours

273
Q

fire assembly

A

A complete fire-resistive assembly consisting of a fire door, fire damper, or fire window and its mounting frame and hardware. The entire assembly, not just its components, must be approved and labeled by a testing agency which inspects the materials workmanship during fabrication at factory. available ratings are 3/4, 1, 1 1/2, and 3 hours

274
Q

standpipe

A

A vertical supply pipe for firefighting. Dry standpipes are empty and must be connected to a fire hydrant via a Siamese connection and pumper truck. Wet standpipes are pressurized and filled with water, to serve attached hoses within the building, on each floor. Wet standpoints also have Siamese connections to allow the water flow to be augmented from fire hydrants.

275
Q

fusible sprinkler head

A

A sprinkler head normally closed by a plug of low melting point alloy. When subject to a predetermined temperature, the plug melts or fuses and allows water to flow out.

276
Q

ball-check valve

A

A spring-operated check valve in a piping system in which pressure against a movable ball allows fluid to flow in one direction. When the direction of flow is reversed, the ball is forced against a seat which stops the flow.

277
Q

sprinkler system

A

A system used to extinguish fires automatically by releasing water or other substances

278
Q

fire damper

A

A damper provided with a fusible link and operated by gravity or springs, which closes off an air duct in the event of fire, so as to prevent fire and smoke from spreading through the duct

279
Q

exit

A

A continuous and unobstructed means of egress to a public way. Its minimum width is generally 44 inches

280
Q

fusible link

A

A piece of wax or paraffin which melts at a predetermined temperature, setting off a sprinkler head, an alarm system, or otherwise actuating a fire protection device.

281
Q

wet standpipe

A

A vertical supply pipe for firefighting which is pressurized and filled with water to serve attached hoses on each floor within the building. A Siamese connection allows the water flow to be augmented from fire hydrants.

282
Q

dry pipe sprinkler

A

A sprinkler system whose pipes are normally pressurized with only air, thus being invulnerable to freezing temperatures. Upon actuation, the air is vented and supply pressure forces water through the system.

283
Q

dry standpipe

A

A vertical supply pipe for firefighting which is empty and must be connected to a fire hydrant by means of a Siamese connection and a pumper truck

284
Q

fire door

A

A fire-resistive door assembly, consisting of frame door, and hardware, which provides a specific fire resistive rating when closed

285
Q

smoke developed rating

A

A numerical rating of interior finish materials developed from a standardized fire test procedure. Larger numbers indicate a greater density of smoke

286
Q

halon

A

A gaseous, fire-extinguishing medium which smothers fires, often used in automatic systems in computer rooms.

287
Q

Mass law

A

The theoretical law which states that for each doubling of mass in a wall, there is a 6dB drop in the amount of sound transmitted. In actual practice, it is usually closer to 5dB.

288
Q

sabin

A

The unit of sound absorption equivalent to the absorption of one sf of open window

289
Q

sone

A

A subjective system of measuring loudness, based on the reference point of one sone equal to a sound pressure level of 40 dB.

290
Q

intensity level

A

The intensity of sound at a given location, measured in watts per m^1 or more comonly in dB where the reference level is 10-12 watts/m^2 or 10-16 w/cm^2

291
Q

phon

A

A subjective unit of loudness, numerically equal to the sound pressure, in dB, or a 1000-Hz tone judged by the listener to have the same loudness as the given sound

292
Q

dBA

A

A dB measured in the A scale, which is weighted to account for the special sensitivities of the human ear

293
Q

reverberation time

A

The time required for the sound pressure level to decrease 60dB after the original sound stops.

294
Q

regeneration

A

The process of removing calcium and magnesium ions from the zeolite resin in a water softener and replacing them with sodium ions by passing brine through the resin

295
Q

ion

A

An electrically charged atom or group of atoms

296
Q

zeolite

A

A substance used in water softening which exchanges sodium ions for magnesium or calcium ions in hard water. It is regenerated by passing brine through it, which reverses the exchange

297
Q

ion exchange

A

A process of water softening in which calcium and magnesium ions are replaced by sodium ions. This process is also known as the zeolite process

298
Q

total pressure

A

The pressure measured by a pilot tube, consisting of static pressure and velocity pressure. The total pressure of a nonmoving fluid is equal to its static pressure.

299
Q

pilot tube

A

An instrument used with a manometer or pressure gauge to measure the velocity of air or water in a duct or pipe

300
Q

reversible-acting valve

A

A valve that opens with pressure is applied and closes when pressure is released

301
Q

thermal resistance (r)

A

A measure of the resistance of a specific thickness of a given material to the passage of heat; the reciprocal of conductance

302
Q

leader

A

A vertical pipe used to conduct water from a roof drain or gutter to the ground. It is also called a downspout

303
Q

water hammer

A

The thumping or rattling sound that occurs when a faucet is shut off rapidly

304
Q

stack vent

A

The portion of a soil or waste stack which is above the highest branch drain connected to the stack. Its sole function is to vent to the outside air.

305
Q

bibb

A

A faucet having a nozzle that is bent downward

306
Q

chlorination

A

The addition of small amounts of chlorine to a water source to kill bacteria

307
Q

soil

A

A sanitary drainage term referring to the waste from urinals, water closets, and fixtures of similar function

308
Q

vent stack

A

A vertical pipe which vents several sanitary drainage lines, in order to break the siphoning suction which would occur when water passes down through the system

309
Q

building authorization

A

The contol by automatic equipment of many function in a large building, usually including the HVAC system, the fire detection and alarm system, and building security

310
Q

life-cycle cost

A

The total lifetime cost of an item or system, which include its initial cost, operating costs, maintenance costs, and repair costs, less any salvage value

311
Q

interceptor

A

A device for trapping grease, sand, hair, string, buttoms and so on, installed in the drains of certain types of fixtures

312
Q

stack effect

A

The tendency of a gas or air to rise in a vertical shaft bc its density is lower than that of surrounding gas or air. It is also called chimney effect

313
Q

thermosiphon

A

The method of using a heated surface and the resulting convection to move a fluid out of a space. In solar hot water heaters, the collector is below the storage tank, and the water is circulated automatically by convection when it is heated. Thermosiphoning may also be used to ventilate a building by sending the warmed air out the top, and siphoning in cooler air at the bottom

314
Q

chimney effect

A

The tendency of a gas or air to rise in a vertical shaft bc its density is lower than that of the surrounding gas or air. It is also called stack effect

315
Q

white noise

A

Innocuous background noise used to mask objectionable sounds.

316
Q

sound reflection

A

The phenomenon which occurs when sound bounces off hard, rigid, and flat surfaces such as concrete, brick, stone, or glass

317
Q

acoustic

A

Pertaining to hearing, sound, or the science of sound

318
Q

echo

A

A sound wave that has been reflected with sufficient magnitude and delay so that it is heard as a sound distinct from that transmitted directly

319
Q

heat of fusion

A

The heat given off by a liquid in changing to a solid, or the heat absorbed by a solid melting to a liquid w/o a change in temperature

337
Q

acidity & alkalinity

A

lower pH, higher the acidity. Higher the pH, Higher the alkaline. Rain water is slightly acidic and tends to corrodes metal pipes.

338
Q

hard v soft water

A

hard water has seeped into the ground and dissolves minerals present, not harmful to humans, but is to plumbing & heat exchanges b/c deposits out again & clogs pipes. Place anode into water tank to diver deposits

339
Q

iron based fittings

A

rust or oxidize

340
Q

zeolite

A

ion exchange, removes minerals & softens h2o

341
Q

degree day

A

average yearly difference between indoor temp and outdoor temp, amount by which the temp is below 65* (more days below it, more heat you need: under 3,000-good insulatoin is enough, up to 5,000-use heating system, under 7,000-serious heating, over 7,000 move)

342
Q

design day

A

used to design and size a heating system that determines the day cooler than 98% of all days in the year experience in a climate

343
Q

psychrometic chart

A

relationship between air temp and humidity

344
Q

insulate

A

insulate(protect from heat loss) before you insolate (exposing to the rays of the sun)

345
Q

soil lines

A

carry h2o from wc and urinals

346
Q

waste lines

A

wasted h2o from all sources except wc and urinals

347
Q

interceptor

A

keep grease & other waste materials from netering sewer

348
Q

trap

A

u shaped line that keeps methane from sewer system from entering the building

349
Q

cleanout

A

y shaped segment of pipe that provides access to difficult to reach areas. Places every 50’ if 4” D, or every 100’ if greater than 4” D as well as wherever pipe changes direction of over 45*

350
Q

Plumbing pipe materials

A

Lead-in past
Steel: galvanized, joined mechanically
Copper: often used for supply bc doesnt rust or corrode, thinner wall thickness, joined by sweating (form of soldering)
plastic: PVC (used for supply) & ABS (used for drain), doesn’t corrode, doesn’t allow electrolysis to deposit material ions, durable, deteriorates in sunlight, cement connection-irreversible.

351
Q

gate valve

A

all on/all off, min restriction when fully open, turbulant when partially open

352
Q

globe valve

A

meter/throttle flow of h2o, restrict flow even when open

353
Q

check valve

A

backflow preventer, prevent h2o from moving backwards through system & contaminate supple

354
Q

angle valve/screw & seat/washer & seat

A

typical plumbing fixture, include a valve w/a mertering/flow restriction capability

355
Q

pressure release valve

A

safety devices that keep system from exploding by opening when pressure exceeds some max, usually over drain, req for h2o heaters

356
Q

surge arrestors/shock arrestors

A

cushion device that compresses & bounces h2o back to original pressure to absorb the shock when h2o turned off to prevent water hammer

357
Q

vacuum breaker

A

prevents siphoning to supply line

358
Q

altitude

A

height of sun in the sky, straight up

359
Q

azimuth

A

compass orientation fo the sun, angle of the suns position E/W of the sun

360
Q

Design for cold climate

A
  • minimize exposed surfaces
  • southern glazing
  • deciduous trees N/NW to block prevailing winds
  • vestibules
  • chimney/internal thermal mass
361
Q

Design for temperate climate

A
  • long south facade ideal to harvest winter sun
  • porches to the south/awning on windows to block summer sun
  • Deciduous trees on S/W to shade in summer & lose leaves in the winter
  • Deciduous trees in N to block wind
362
Q

Design for Hot Humid climate

A
  • circulate air as much as possible
  • detatched/seasonal kitchens
  • balconies & breezeways
  • elevate on poles to allow air flow underneath
  • roof in 2 separate layers or open gable
  • no vegetation near windows
363
Q

Design for Hot Arid climate

A
  • evaporative cooling
  • high thermal mass to store heat during the day
  • courtyard form w/water feature in center
364
Q

Dessicant system

A

sun bakes moisture out of a dessicant. outside air brought past it, dried air is either brought into building or water sprayed through it causing temp to drop through evaporation

365
Q

Unitary system

A
  • air comes directly from outside into room
  • 1 unit per zone, self contained
  • used when building spread out
  • able to have separate utility bill
366
Q

Fancoil

A

air supplied through duct, hot & cool h2o pipe coils @ each zone. hot or cold water (or none if ventilation only req’d) runs through pipe & air blows over.
-high initial cost, but very efficient

367
Q

hydronic system

A
  • radiant: hot h2o/steam circulated through pipes to heat/cool
  • combined w/forced air, blow air over warm/cool water
  • single pipe: h2o moves through and returns to be heated again-cheap initial cost, but h2o cant travel warmly too far
  • double pipe: 2 supply pipes, keeps h2o warm to each register
  • three pipe-mixes hot & cold in common return, cheap piping, but expensive to heat & cool
  • four pipe: separate 2 pipe system for heating & cooling
368
Q

multizone

A

similar to dual duct, but mixing boxes are in mech. equip room & tempered air delivered throughout
-ideal for build. square in plan and few zoned systems

369
Q

plant sizing

A
  • 5-10% building footprint
  • every 15-20 floors in a high rise
  • forced air=most space
370
Q

Ohms Law

A

Current=voltage/resistance

371
Q

Types of motors

A
  1. DC: small scale & elevators-continuous & smooth
  2. Single phase AC motor: <3/4 horsepower
  3. Three phase induction motor: constant RPM, v. reliable
  4. universal motor: runs on either DC or AC current, varies in speed based on the load (mixer, hand drill..)
372
Q

Electrical Conduits

A
  1. Rigid: safest, galv. exterior, enamel coated interior
  2. Intermediate metallic conduit (IMC): steel, slightly pricier
  3. Electrical metallic tubing (EMT): thinnest, galv, connections made w/special clamping syst. rather than threading
  4. Flexible metal conduit: flex/greenfield, can’t be used underground
  5. Interlocked armored cable: prewired, no wires added in field, prewrapped wires encased in interlocking metal spiral armor, no use underground or in concrete
  6. Power grid floors/cellular metal floors: system w/knockout panels @ regular intervals for access, conc. poured right over
  7. sheather/romex: NM/NMC, 2 insul live wires & a ground wire encased in plastic; no other cover req’d, not underground
373
Q

incandescent

A

“warmer” than sunlight, rich in yellows & reds, weak in greens & blues

  • least efficient, least effective, short bulb light
  • bulb 1/8” diameter
374
Q

artificial light efficiencies

A

least-most: normal incandescent, tungsten halogen, mercury vapor, fluorescent/metal hallide, high pressure sodium, low pressure sodium (only security light)

375
Q

point grid method

A

find illumination of each fixture based on intensity at the source x cos of angle between perpendicular line of receiver and line from source of light to receiver divided by the line from the source of light to receiver squared

376
Q

zonal cavity method

A

measure lighting illumination by multiplying # of fixtures, # of lamps per fixture, # of lumens per lamp, lamp lumen depreciation factor, dirt depreciation factor, coefficient of utilization divided by the area of working plane

376
Q

Calculating illumination

A

Illumination = (# of fixtures x # of lamps per fixture x lumens per lamp x maint factor x CU) / area

377
Q

Calculating absorptivty of a room

A

Area times absorptivty of the surfaces

Ex room 20x30x10 w/absorptivty of each surface =.02
((2x(30x20))+(2x(30x10))+(2x(20x10))) x .02 = 44 sabins

378
Q

Ton

A

12,000 Btuh

379
Q

U value

A

1/sum of resistances

380
Q

Fire classes

A

A ordinary materials
B flammable gas and liquid
C electrical equip (h2o after off)
D combustible material (no h2o)

381
Q

Determining elevator speed

A

1.6 x building height + 350

ARE Building Systems (2 decks)

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