ARE 5.0 PPD Flashcards
Unit Lock
Unit locksets are not regularly used. A rectangular notch is cut into the door and the single-piece unit lock is installed into the opening then tightened.
Cylindrical Lock
“Cylinder locksets are most common in residential applications, but they are also used in institutional and office spaces. A hole is bored into the face of the door and A second hole is bored through the door edge and into the first hole. the main lock Cylinder shaft is installed into the larger hole. After, the smaller latch Cylinder is installed into the edge hole.”
Rim lock
Rim locksets are used when modification of the door is not possible. The rim lock is face mounted to the door and a strike is face mounted to the door frame.
Mortise lock
Mortise locksets are generally used in institutional and commercial applications. The lock unit is installed in a mortise cut into the edge of the door. The handle and lock are then installed.
Fillet Weld
Triangle
Square Weld
Two lines
Vee Weld
V
Bevel Weld
Crooked V
U Weld
Y
J Weld
Backwards Y
Flare Bevel
Weird Cleavage
Weld all around
Circle
Field Weld
Flag
Flush Contour
Dash
Convex Contour
Frown
Mortar Types
N (normal) – most common, medium strength. meant for reinforced interior and above-grade exterior load-bearing walls.
S (strong) – med high strength. Good for below grade
M (mad max) – High strength. Below grade where very high forces are present.
O (only non bearing) – low strength. used in non-load-bearing interior applications
K (killed off) – historic (not used anymore). Lowest strength
Brick Types / Grades
FBA – architectural
FBS - wider range of size and color variations
FBX – narrower range of size and color
SW for severe weather
MW for moderate weather
NW no weather, brick that will not be exposed to weather.
Plywood grades
Two letters: front then back veneer. A to D, A is best D is worst
Concrete Aggregate Size
1) one-fifth of the narrowest dimension between sides of forms,
2) one-third the depth of slabs,
3) 3/4-ths of the minimum clear spacing between individual reinforcing bars, bundles of bars, or pre-tensioning strands.
Galvanic Metal Order
Platinum Gold Silver Titanium Stainless Steel Brass Tungsten Chromium Nickel Copper Cast Iron Steel Lead Tin Aluminum Cadmium Galvanized Steel Zinc Magnesium
Water pressure calcs (ignoring friction loss):
1 ft of height = 0.433 of pressure loss
Tons to BTU/hr and tons to SF
1 ton to 12000 btu/hr
1 ton to 500 sf for renovation
1 ton to 1000 sf for new
Transformers:
120/240 V Single Phase
120/208 V, Three Phase, 4 wire
277/480 V, Three Phase, 4 wire
2400/4160 V, Three Phase, 4 wire
Fire extinguisher types:
Class A: ordinary combustibles such as wood, paper, cloth, trash, and plastics.
Class B: flammable liquids such as gasoline, petroleum oil, paint, propane
Class C: energized electrical equipment such as motors, transformers, and appliances.
Class D: combustible metals such as potassium, sodium, aluminum, and magnesium.
Class K: cooking oils and greases such as animals fats and vegetable fats.
Depths of open web steel joist types
LH-Series: depths 18 in through 48 in, for spans through 96 ft
DLH-Series: depths from 52 in through 120 in, for spans up through 240 feet
Retaining wall types
Gravity: up to10 ft
Cantilever: up to 20 to 25 ft
Counterfort: higher than 25 ft
A-1 - A-5
Assembly Occupancy
B
Business Occupancy
I-1 - I-4
Institutional Occupancy
M
Mercantile Occupancy
R-1 - R4
Residential Occupancy
S1
Storage Occupancy
S2
Storage Occupancy
U
Utility/Miscellaneous Occupancy
Construction Type I
Building elements are of noncombustible materials
IA = 3 hour fire rating IB = 2 hour fire rating
Construction Type II
Building Elements are of noncombustible materials
IIA = 1 hour min. Fire rating IIB = No fire rating
Construction Type III
Exterior walls are of noncombustible materials, interior elements are of any material allowed by code
IIIA = 1 hour min rating w/2 hr exterior bearing walls
Construction Type IV
Heavy Timber.
Exterior walls are of noncombustible materials, interior elements are of solid or laminated wood without concealed spaces
Construction Type V
Structural elements, exterior, and inter walls are of any materials allowed by code
VA = 1 hr exterior bearing walls VB = No fire rating
Division 2
Existing Conditions
Division 3
Concrete
Division 4
Masonry (Concrete Block/Brick)
Division 5
Metal (Beams)
Division 6
Wood, Plastics, and Composites (Framing)
Division 7
Thermal and Moisture Protection (Insulation, Water/Vapor Barriers)
Division 8
Openings (Doors,Frames, Windows, Louvers)
Division 9
Finishes (Gyp Board, Flooring, Ceilings)
Division 10
Specialties (Signage, Toilet Accessories, Fireplaces, Storage, etc.)
Division 11
Equipment (HVAC, Security, Kitchen, Entrainment, Athletic, Healthcare, etc)
Division 12
Furnishings (Art, Blinds, Casework, Seating)
Division 13
Special Construction (Pools, Fountains, Aquariums, Amusement Parks, Ice Rinks, etc.)
Division 14
Conveying Equipment (Elevators, Escalators, etc)
Division 15 - 20
Reserved for Future Use
Division 21
Fire Suppression
Division 22
Plumbing
Division 23
Heating Ventilating, and Air Conditioning (HVAC)
Division 24
Reserved for Future Use
Division 25
Integrated Automation
Division 26
Electrical
Division 27
Communication (T1/DSL/Cable/Satellite Data and Voice Services and Equipment)
Division 28
Electronic Safety and Security (Fire Detection, Video Surveillance)
Division 29 - 30
Reserved for Future Use
Division 31
Earthwork
Division 32
Exterior Improvements
Division 33
Utilities
Division 34
Transportation
Division 35
Waterway and Marine
Types of Plastic Pipe
Polyethylene (PE): plastic pipe and tubing
Acrilylonitrite Butadiene Styrene (ABS): plastic pipe, black, used only for
drain lines
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC): plastic pipe, white, used for supply
Polyvinyl Dichloride (PVDC also CPVC): (okay for hot water)
Gate Valve
seats a metal wedge agains two metal parts of the valve, and used when control is either totally on or totally off, little friction loss
Globe Valve
used when flow is variably and frequently controlled like at a faucets or hose bib, friction loss is high
Angle Valve
screw a washer down against a seat to shut the flow off, or opened and regulated flow by screwing progressively away from the seat metering of flow restriction capability, used mostly for plumbing fixtures . Typical hose valve
Check Valve
works automatically by allowing water to flow in one direction, backflow causes the valve to close, typically used to prevent sanitary waste from flowing back into a potable water supply
Ball Valve
allows one way flow, is opened/closed by pressure on a ball that fits into a cup shaped opening, used for regulating flow
Butterfly Valve
allows one way flow, mechanism is like a rotating disk attached to a spindle used for isolating or regulating flow
Relief Valve
used to control or limit the pressure in a system by allowing fluid to divert an alternate rout allowing the pressure to drop, then the valve closes
1 board foot of lumber
1 ft of lumber 1 in x 12 in
Impermeable vs permeable vapor barrier
Permeable is 5 perms or greater
Acceptable Radon levels
4 pCi/L should be mitigated
Accessory Occupancy vs Incidental Use
Accessory Occupancy: Space or room that is ancillary to a main occupancy but that does not exceed 10% of floor are of the story in which it is located
Incidental Use: ancillary to a main occupancy and has same classification as nearest main occupancy, but poses greater level of risk. Cannot be more than 10% of area of story on which it is located
Fire Zones
fire hazard of area based on density, fire fighting access, bldg heights. Fire Zone 1 is more hazardous (dense central business district)
Types of Concrete
Type I General purpose General construction (most buildings, bridges, pavements, precast units, etc)
Type II Moderate sulfate resistance Structures exposed to soil or water containing sulfate ions
Type III High early strength Rapid construction, cold weather concreting
Type IV Low heat of hydration (slow reacting) Massive structures such as dams. Now rare.
Type V High sulfate resistance Structures exposed to high levels of sulfate ions
Flare Vee
Cleavage
E
Educational Occupancy
F
Factory and Industrial Occupancy
H1-H5
High Hazard
Class A Door
3 HR 100 square inches per leaf
Self Closing
Class B Door
90 MIN 100 square inches per leaf
Class C Door
45 MIN 1296 square inches per lite
Class D Door
90 min
Class E Door
45 min
Class S Door
Smoke Only
Glu Lam Grading
Framing, Industrial, Architectural and Premium
Water Cement Ratio Facts
Water-cement ratio is based on volume, not weight
Low water to cement ratio reduces shrinkage of concrete, increases durability, and strength, and more resistant to freezing and thawing
The strength of concrete remains the same for a given water-cement ratio, regardless of amount of aggregate.
Principle factors affecting strength of concrete are water-cement ratio and extent of hydration
Length of time of moist curing affects strength and water tightness
Air-Entrained Concrete
contains billions of microscopic air cells per cubic foot. These air pockets relieve internal pressure on the concrete by providing tiny chambers for water to expand into when it freezes.
pH Scale
Ranges from 1 to 14. 1 to 6.9 acidic, 7.1 to 14 are alkaline
Domestic water system piping materials (4)
Copper
Cement-lined cast iron
Plastic
Galvanized Steel
Degree day
amount by which the average outdoor temperature at a given location is below 65 (heating degree day) or above (cooling degree day)
Electric
Description Radiant heat is run through panels or wires to rooms Pros Low initial cost Simple system Can turn on only in occupied room Cons Expensive life cycle cost Wasteful
Etc.
Baseboard heat uses convection to heat spaces
Single Duct
Description
A single supply duct runs to all rooms with a constant air flow
Rate of air flow is controlled by a damper at each diffuser
Controlled by one thermostat
Pros
Lower cost
Less ductwork
Returns can be ducted or open in the space between the ceiling and floor/ roof above, called a plenum
Easy to operate
Good for controlling IAQ
Cons
Can only heat or cool
Only works when loads are similar through a building
Bad for perimeter zones in cold climates
Thick distribution trees
Can be noisy
Etc.
Typical residential system
“Double Duct
aka “Dual Duct”
aka “High Velocity” “
Description
Combination of two single duct systems, one for hot air, and one for cold air
Two streams are joined at a mixing box controlled by a thermostat in the zone
Pros
Can heat and cool at the same time
Constant airflow volume
Good for perimeter zones
Easy to install
Good for linear buildings
Cons
Twice as much ductwork (one to heat, one to cool)
Both boiler and chiller have to run all the time
The most energy is consumed with this system large fans)
noisy distribution
Etc.
Hot and cold air produced
Each room has a thermostat which mixes air in box before entering room
Common in hospitals
Mostly replaced by VAV systems
Multizone
Description
Like a Double Duct system, but the mixing box is in the mechanical room
Premixed air is sent to each zone
Pros
Efficient with a few zones
Separate duct runs, nothing is shared
Easy to sub monitor
Cons
Lots of ductwork is required
Not efficient with many zones or non-square building
Etc.
Good for mall spaces where each tenant has control
Good for square building plans with few zones
Used in medium sized buildings
Variable Air Volume
Description
Air is heated or cooled at a central location and distributed through a single duct.
Thermostat controls a damper at each zone to control the volume of conditioned air into that space.
Pros
Can heat and cool different zones at the same time
Most common and efficient system
Saves energy because it doesn’t have to run peak all the time
Cons
Can’t heat and cool different rooms in the same zone at the same time
A maintenance nightmare!
Requires a lot of interstitial space
Etc.
Can be single or multiple single duct systems
A zone can be one or many rooms
System is set to handle hottest or coldest room and rest adjust
Used in large buildings where temp regulation is required
Unitary
Description
A self contained unit where air comes directly in from the outside, conditioned and sent into the space
Pros
Use when ducts are impracticable to run
Each unit can have it’s own utility bill
Cons
One unit is required for each zone
Etc.
Can run on just electric, but can also connect to hot/cold piping
They’re the units you see in big box stores
Reheat (Constant Volume)
Description
Return air and fresh outside air are combined and cooled and dehumidified
Distributed in constant volume at a low temperature
Pros
Humidity and temperature can be controlled
Ducts are smaller
Fan horsepower is lower
Cons
Uses more energy because primary air volume needs to be cooled most of the time and reheated
Etc.
Terminal: equip. located near conditioned space
Zone: coils are located in ducts to serve an entire zone
Economizer Cycle: outside air can be used when temps are low enough
Induction
Description
Air is supplied to a building under high pressure/ velocity to each induction unit
Outside air is mixed with recirculated conditioned air
Pros Ducts are smaller Cons Works best in perimeter rooms of multi story multi room buildings Need extra distribution for water
Etc.
Perimeter zoned areas: schools, offices, labs
Hydronic Single Pipe
Description
single supply and return pipe
hot water is circulated through each register and back to the pipe
Pros Low initial cost Simple Cons Can’t go very far because water temp drops Can only heat or cool at one time first register will be hot, the next a little cooler, etc
Etc.
Can be combined with a forced air system, or stand alone
Hydronic Two Pipe
Description
Like a Single Pipe System, but separate supply and return pies are used
Pros
Doesn’t put used water (that’s cooler) into the supply line for the next register
Cons
Can only heat or cool at one time
Etc.
Can be combined with forced air system, or stand alone
Hydronic Three Pipe
Description
Like a 2 Pipe system, but both hot and cold water are mixed in a common return pipe
Pros
Can heat and cool at the same time
Cons
Mixes cold and warm water in return pipe
Less efficient than a two/four pipe system
Etc.
Can be combined with forced air system, or stand alone
Hydronic Four Pipe
Description Like (2) two pipe systems, but there’s one for hot and one for cold Pros Can heat and cool at the same time Cons More expensive due to piping Etc. Can be combined with forced air system, or stand alone
Fan Coil
Description
Combination Hydronic Four Pipe system and constant air volume that can heat and cool at the same time
A boiler and chiller each attached to a two-pipe system AND ductwork for the supply air
Pros
One of the most efficient systems
Versatile because it can provide heating and cooling simultaneously
Cons
High initial cost
Highest installation cost because there’s ductwork and plumbing involved
Etc.
Sends clean conditioned air through a single duct
A fan blows air over a hot or cool coil in each room
Can be just used for ventilation without heating/ cooling activated
Heat Pump
Description
Water is circulated through the building, each zone has a heat pump and fan and short ducts that recalculates air within that zone
Pros
Good efficiency
Reduces extensive ductwork
Returns over 200% its electrical input when outdoor temp is above freezing
Cons
High initial cost
May need chiller to cool water if all zones are cooling simultaneously
May need a boiler to reheat up water
Etc.
Each zone has its own heat pump and fan
Pump either removes heat from water and blows it into a room or removes heat from a room and into the water
2 way switch
ON or OFF
3 way switch
3-way switches are used to control lights with two switches. These switches do not have an on/off position like single pole switches (2 way)
Ohms Law
I = V/R
I is the current through the conductor in units of amperes, V is the voltage measured across the conductor in units of volts, and R is the resistance of the conductor in units of ohms.
Recommended Luminance Levels
Office: 50 fc
Rough Assembly work: 30 fc
Drafting rooms: 70
Engraving work: 150 fc
Construction Type A
Protected / Fire Resistance Rated Construction:
All structural members have additional fire rated coating/cover such as sheetrock, or spray on fireproofing. Extends the fire resistance rating of structure members by at least an hour.
Construction Type B
Unprotected / Non-Fire Resistance Rated Construction:
All structural members have no added coating/cover. Exposed members are only fire resistant according to their natural ability or characteristic.
Egress is comprised of three parts:
Exit Access: the portion of a means of egress system that leads from any
occupied portion of the the building to an exit.
Exit: the portion of a means of egress system that is separated from other
occupied spaces by fire-rated construction, and extends between the exist
access and the exist discharge. Horizontal exist are ok.
Exit Discharge: the portion of a means of egress system between the exit and
a public right of way
Exit Passageway
similar to an exit, but horizontal, and leads to the exit discharge
Division 0
Procurement & Contracting Requirements
Division 1
General Conditions
Photoelectric detector
Smoldering stage
Ionization detector
Flaming fires
Incandescent Light
tungsten filament in inert glass. Low efficacy.
Pros: inexpensive, easy to dim, compact, repeatedly started with no decrease in lamp life, warm
Cons: low efficacy, short lamp life, high heat
Fluorescent Light
- mixture of inert gas and mercury.
Pros High efficacy, low initial cost. Large color range.
Cons: large, difficult to control precisely.
HID Light Types (4)
Mercury-vapor lamps
Metal-halide (MH) lamps
Ceramic MH lamps
Sodium-vapor lamps (high & low pressure)
Ceramic Metal Halide
newer type of HID with ceramic arc tube that burns at a higher temp for better color
High-pressure sodium
very efficient 80 lm/w — 140 lm/w
10,000 to 24,000 hrs: very yellow light
Low-pressure sodium
highest efficacy: 150 lm/w
even more yellow: street lights
Metal-halide lamps
similiar to mercury with metal halides added. Shortens lamp life but improves efficacy and color rendition
Must be installed in a specific orientation (burning position)
Incandescent lamp types T G A PAR
T - tube
G - globe
A - arbitrary (normal shape)
PAR - parabolic reflector
