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Terminal > Arctic & Globalization > Flashcards

Arctic & Globalization Flashcards

1
Q

How much has Arctic shipping volume increased from 2013 to 2021?

A
  • 58% increase in shipping volume.
  • Cargo through Arctic waters reached 33 million tons in 2022.
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2
Q

How much of the world’s fish supply comes from Arctic fisheries?

A
  • Arctic fisheries provide 10% of the world’s fish supply.
  • $1 billion annual value of Arctic fishing industry.
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3
Q

How much could the Northern Sea Route reduce shipping times between Europe and Asia?

A
  • Reduces shipping time by 40%.
  • Cuts travel distance by 30-40% compared to the Suez Canal.
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4
Q

By how much is Arctic sea ice declining per decade?

A
  • 12.6% decline per decade (NASA).
  • Loss of 13,500 square miles of ice annually.
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5
Q

What percentage of the world’s undiscovered oil is located in the Arctic?

A
  • 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves.
  • Estimated 90 billion barrels of oil (USGS).
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6
Q

How many icebreakers does Russia operate compared to the US?

A
  • Russia operates 14 icebreakers.
  • The US only has 2 icebreakers (as of 2023).
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7
Q

How much have polar bear populations declined in some regions over the past decade?

A
  • Polar bear populations have declined by 40%.
  • 1,000 fewer polar bears in the Beaufort Sea region.
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8
Q

How much does melting Arctic ice contribute to global sea level rise annually?

A
  • Arctic ice melt contributes 1 millimeter annually to sea level rise.
  • Could add 1 meter to sea levels by 2100.
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9
Q

What is the United States’ role in the Arctic?

A
  • Controls Alaska, with interests in oil, gas, and military strategy.
  • Lags behind Russia in icebreakers but sees the Arctic as a strategic frontier.
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10
Q

What is Denmark’s role in the Arctic?

A
  • Controls Greenland, making territorial claims in the Arctic.
  • Focuses on scientific research and sustainable development.
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11
Q

What is the role of China in the Arctic?

A
  • Non-Arctic state but heavily involved via scientific research and shipping interests.
  • Invests in Arctic infrastructure and considers the Arctic crucial for future trade routes (Polar Silk Road).
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12
Q

What role does the Arctic Council play?

A
  • A high-level intergovernmental forum of Arctic nations and indigenous groups.
  • Promotes cooperation, sustainability, and environmental protection in the Arctic.
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13
Q

What is NATO’s role in the Arctic?

A
  • Increasing military focus due to growing tensions and Russia’s military build-up.
  • Protects member states’ interests, including Canada and Norway.
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14
Q

What role does the United Nations play in Arctic governance?

A
  • Facilitates international law regarding territorial claims through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
  • Encourages peaceful dispute resolution over Arctic sovereignty.
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15
Q

How does Finland engage in the Arctic?

A
  • Focuses on sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and security.
  • Actively promotes cooperation within the Arctic Council.
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16
Q

How does the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) engage in the Arctic?

A
  • Focuses on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development (WWF Arctic Program).
  • Works to protect Arctic species and combat climate change (WWF Report).
17
Q

Who are the eight Arctic nations?

A

Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.

18
Q

What are the main intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) involved in the Arctic?

A
  • Arctic Council: Promotes cooperation among Arctic nations and indigenous groups.
  • United Nations (UNCLOS): Governs territorial claims and marine resource rights in the Arctic Ocean.
19
Q

What are some key non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in the Arctic?

A
  • Greenpeace: Focuses on environmental protection and opposes Arctic oil drilling.
  • World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Advocates for biodiversity conservation and climate action in the Arctic.
20
Q

What are some of the major corporations involved in Arctic resource development?

A
  • ExxonMobil: Active in oil and gas exploration, particularly in Alaskan and Russian Arctic regions.
  • Equinor (Norway): Focuses on oil and gas extraction in the Barents Sea, with an emphasis on sustainable practices.
  • Gazprom (Russia): One of Russia’s largest companies, engaged in extensive natural gas extraction and infrastructure in the Arctic.
  • Rosneft (Russia): Major player in Arctic oil drilling, with investments in offshore and onshore projects.
  • Royal Dutch Shell: Historically invested in Arctic oil exploration, especially in Alaska, but scaled back due to environmental concerns.
21
Q
A

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