Arctic & Globalization Flashcards
How much has Arctic shipping volume increased from 2013 to 2021?
- 58% increase in shipping volume.
- Cargo through Arctic waters reached 33 million tons in 2022.
How much of the world’s fish supply comes from Arctic fisheries?
- Arctic fisheries provide 10% of the world’s fish supply.
- $1 billion annual value of Arctic fishing industry.
How much could the Northern Sea Route reduce shipping times between Europe and Asia?
- Reduces shipping time by 40%.
- Cuts travel distance by 30-40% compared to the Suez Canal.
By how much is Arctic sea ice declining per decade?
- 12.6% decline per decade (NASA).
- Loss of 13,500 square miles of ice annually.
What percentage of the world’s undiscovered oil is located in the Arctic?
- 13% of the world’s undiscovered oil reserves.
- Estimated 90 billion barrels of oil (USGS).
How many icebreakers does Russia operate compared to the US?
- Russia operates 14 icebreakers.
- The US only has 2 icebreakers (as of 2023).
How much have polar bear populations declined in some regions over the past decade?
- Polar bear populations have declined by 40%.
- 1,000 fewer polar bears in the Beaufort Sea region.
How much does melting Arctic ice contribute to global sea level rise annually?
- Arctic ice melt contributes 1 millimeter annually to sea level rise.
- Could add 1 meter to sea levels by 2100.
What is the United States’ role in the Arctic?
- Controls Alaska, with interests in oil, gas, and military strategy.
- Lags behind Russia in icebreakers but sees the Arctic as a strategic frontier.
What is Denmark’s role in the Arctic?
- Controls Greenland, making territorial claims in the Arctic.
- Focuses on scientific research and sustainable development.
What is the role of China in the Arctic?
- Non-Arctic state but heavily involved via scientific research and shipping interests.
- Invests in Arctic infrastructure and considers the Arctic crucial for future trade routes (Polar Silk Road).
What role does the Arctic Council play?
- A high-level intergovernmental forum of Arctic nations and indigenous groups.
- Promotes cooperation, sustainability, and environmental protection in the Arctic.
What is NATO’s role in the Arctic?
- Increasing military focus due to growing tensions and Russia’s military build-up.
- Protects member states’ interests, including Canada and Norway.
What role does the United Nations play in Arctic governance?
- Facilitates international law regarding territorial claims through the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
- Encourages peaceful dispute resolution over Arctic sovereignty.
How does Finland engage in the Arctic?
- Focuses on sustainable development, climate change mitigation, and security.
- Actively promotes cooperation within the Arctic Council.
How does the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) engage in the Arctic?
- Focuses on biodiversity conservation and sustainable development (WWF Arctic Program).
- Works to protect Arctic species and combat climate change (WWF Report).
Who are the eight Arctic nations?
Canada, Denmark (via Greenland), Finland, Iceland, Norway, Russia, Sweden, and the United States.
What are the main intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) involved in the Arctic?
- Arctic Council: Promotes cooperation among Arctic nations and indigenous groups.
- United Nations (UNCLOS): Governs territorial claims and marine resource rights in the Arctic Ocean.
What are some key non-governmental organizations (NGOs) active in the Arctic?
- Greenpeace: Focuses on environmental protection and opposes Arctic oil drilling.
- World Wildlife Fund (WWF): Advocates for biodiversity conservation and climate action in the Arctic.
What are some of the major corporations involved in Arctic resource development?
- ExxonMobil: Active in oil and gas exploration, particularly in Alaskan and Russian Arctic regions.
- Equinor (Norway): Focuses on oil and gas extraction in the Barents Sea, with an emphasis on sustainable practices.
- Gazprom (Russia): One of Russia’s largest companies, engaged in extensive natural gas extraction and infrastructure in the Arctic.
- Rosneft (Russia): Major player in Arctic oil drilling, with investments in offshore and onshore projects.
- Royal Dutch Shell: Historically invested in Arctic oil exploration, especially in Alaska, but scaled back due to environmental concerns.
