Architecture

Question 1

What does a facade do?

Answer 1

They provide a “static” interface to classes that are available in the application’s service container.

Question 2

What are helper functions?

Answer 2

Global functions, that make interacting with some Laravel features easier.

Question 3

Describe “scope creep” in the context of facades!

Answer 3

Classes can easily grow too large, due to the ease of implementing more facades. The scope of responsibility should be split across multiple classes and not just fall onto one.

Question 4

Which testing capabilities do facades offer, that normal static functions don’t?

Answer 4

You can inject a mock or stub and assert that various methods were called on the stub.

Question 5

List the practical differences between facades and helper functions!

Answer 5

There are none.

Question 6

Where is the facade base class located, which all facades extend?

Answer 6

Illuminate\Support\Facades\Facade

Question 7

Describe real-time facades and what they let you do!

Answer 7

Using real-time facades, you may treat any class in your application as if it was a facade, which is very useful for testing / debugging purposes.

Question 8

Given the class App\Contracts\Publisher, import a real-time facade of it!

Answer 8

use Facades\App\Contracts\Publisher;

Question 9

Create a route for /hello, which displays “Hello World”!

Answer 9

Route::get('/hello', function () {
    return 'Hello World';
});

Question 10

Where are routes defined by default? (In which file)

Answer 10

routes/web.php

Question 11

What is Laravel Sanctum used for?

Answer 11

To turn your project into a stateless API.

Question 12

Install Laravel Sanctum using artisan!

Answer 12

php artisan install:api

Question 13

What is routing in Laravel?

Answer 13

It’s the process of defining URL patterns and associating them with certain actions or controllers in the application.

Question 14

What are route parameters in Laravel?

Answer 14

Route parameters are dynamic values that are part of the URL pattern. They allow you to capture segments of the URI. For example, in Route::get('/user/{id}', function ($id) { return 'User '.$id; });, {id} is a route parameter.

Question 15

How do you define a route with a named parameter and set a default value in Laravel?

Answer 15

You can define a route with a named parameter and set a default value using the ? symbol and assigning a default value in the route definition. For example, Route::get('/user/{name?}', function ($name = 'Guest') { return 'User '.$name; }); sets a default value of ‘Guest’ if the name parameter is not provided.

Question 16

What is a route middleware in Laravel?

Answer 16

Route middleware in Laravel is a way to filter and examine HTTP requests entering your application. Middleware can be assigned to individual routes or groups of routes, and can perform tasks like authentication, logging, or modifying the request or response.

Question 17

How can you group routes in Laravel?

Answer 17

Routes can be grouped in Laravel using the Route::group method. This method allows you to apply shared attributes, such as middleware, namespaces, or prefixes, to multiple routes. For example:

Route::group(['prefix' => 'admin', 'middleware' => 'auth'], function () {
    Route::get('/dashboard', function () { ... });
    Route::get('/profile', function () { ... });
});

Question 18

Given the User $user, create a Route that returns the users email-address (variable name is “email”) when the user tries to access the URI “/users/{user}”!

Answer 18

Route::get('/users/{user}', function (User $user) {
    return $user->email;
});

Question 19

What happens to a model, if it gets soft deleted in Eloquent?

Answer 19

Instead of actually deleting it, a “deleted_at” attribute is set on the model indicating the date and time at which the model was “deleted”.

Question 20

Which method is used to retrieve data from soft deleted models?

Answer 20

withTrashed();

Question 21

If you don’t want your page to return the default 404 page, but instead want to display a custom page in the case of an invalid URL being used, how can you define a route for that?

Answer 21

At the very end (!) of routes/web.php:

Route::fallback(function () {
    // ...
});

Question 22

Given an API “api” and the fact, that the Request $request includes users with an ID and the IP address of the api user, rate limit the users access to the API to 60 requests per minute!

Answer 22

RateLimiter::for('api', function (Request $request) {
        return Limit::perMinute(60)->by($request->user()?->id ?: $request->ip());
    });

Question 23

Where are rate limiters defined?

Answer 23

In the boot() function of App\Providers\AppServiceProvider

Question 24

Rate limit the requests (“uploads”) for authenticated users to 100 per minute, while guests only get 10 requests per IP!

Answer 24

RateLimiter::for('uploads', function (Request $request) {
    return $request->user()
                ? Limit::perMinute(100)->by($request->user()->id)
                : Limit::perMinute(10)->by($request->ip());
});

Question 25

A user() can either be a vipCustomer(), or not. Create a rate limit for “uploads”, where VIP customers get no rate limit, while non-VIP customers can only have 100 requests per minute!

Answer 25

RateLimiter::for('uploads', function (Request $request) {
    return $request->user()->vipCustomer()
                ? Limit::none()
                : Limit::perMinute(100);
});

Question 26

How can you rate limit the amount of login requests to 500 per minute, while rate limiting the amount of input emails to 3 per minute in the same rate limiter?

Answer 26

By returning an array of rate limits within a RateLimiter:

RateLimiter::for('login', function (Request $request) {
    return [
        Limit::perMinute(500),
        Limit::perMinute(3)->by($request->input('email')),
    ];
});

Question 27

Which middleware should be used to attach a rate limiter to a route / route group?

Answer 27

The throttle middleware gets used for it. Here is an example of it being used on a small group of routes:

Route::middleware(['throttle:uploads'])->group(function () {
    Route::post('/audio', function () {
        // ...
    });
 
    Route::post('/video', function () {
        // ...
    });
});

Question 28

HTML does not support actions like PUT. Given the form <form action="/example" method="POST">, turn the method into PUT! You may use Blade.

Answer 28

Using Blade:

<form action="/example" method="POST">
    @method('PUT')
</form>

Without Blade:

<form action="/example" method="POST">
    <input type="hidden" name="_method" value="PUT">
</form>

Question 29

Define $route as the current route!

Answer 29

$route = Route::current(); // Illuminate\Routing\Route

Question 30

Define $name as the current route’s name!

Answer 30

$name = Route::currentRouteName(); // string

Question 31

Define $action as the current route’s action!

Answer 31

$action = Route::currentRouteAction(); // string

Question 32

Cache all routes of your application using Artisan!

Answer 32

php artisan route:cache

Question 33

Clear the route cache of your application using Artisan!

Answer 33

php artisan route:clear

Question 34

Where are all requests by the web server (Apache / Nginx) directed to?

Answer 34

public/index.php

Question 35

What is a service provider responsible for?

Answer 35

Bootstrapping all of the framework’s various components, such as the database, queue, validation and routing components.

Question 36

What is dependency injection?

Answer 36

Class dependencies are “injected” into the class via the constructor or, in some cases, “setter” methods.

Question 37

What are service containers used for?

Answer 37

Managing class dependencies and performing dependency injection.

Question 38

Where are user-defined service providers registered?

Answer 38

bootstrap/providers.php

Question 39

What does bootstrapping mean?

Answer 39

Registering things like service container bindings, event listeners, middleware and routes.

Question 40

Create a new service provider called “RiakServiceProvider” using Artisan!

Answer 40

php artisan make:provider RiakServiceProvider

Question 41

Which method is used to listen to the event, that service containers fire when resolving an object?

Answer 41

resolving();