Archeology 110

Question 1

Hesiod

Answer 1

800 BC, Speculated that there was an age of gold, silver, bronze, and Iron. (But more aligned with mythology).

Question 2

The Aztecs

Answer 2

Exaggerated their Toltec ancestry

Question 3

Nabonidus

Answer 3

King of Babylon who collected antiquities for a personal museum.

Question 4

Princes & nobility during the renaissance

Answer 4

Had “cabinets of curiosities”

Question 5

William Stukeley

Answer 5

1687-1765 Made a systematic study of monuments like Stonehenge & demonstrated that they were man made.

Question 6

Carlos de Sigüenza

Answer 6

Conducted a tunnel dig into Teotihuacán’s Pyramid of the Moon.

Question 7

Thomas Jefferson

Answer 7

Dug up a burial mound.
He marked the end of the speculative phase when he adopted a scientific approach.

Question 8

Guissepp Fioriellie

Answer 8

The beginning of well recorded excavations in Pompeii.

Question 9

James Hutton

Answer 9

The stratification of rocks.

Question 10

Charles Darwin

Answer 10

Evolution.

Question 11

Colt Hoare

Answer 11

The three stage system (stone, bronze, iron) inspired by Charles Darwin and James Hutton.

Question 12

Edward Tylor & Lewis Henry Morgan

Answer 12

Both published books saying savagery (hunter gatherers) lead to barbarism (farming) which lead to civilization. They inspired Karl Marx (ancient peoples were more egalitarian).

Question 13

Napoleon

Answer 13

Discovers the Rosetta Stone.

Question 14

Jean François Champollion

Answer 14

Deciphers the Rosetta Stone

Question 15

Paul Emile Botta
vs
Austen Henry Layard

Answer 15

Competed to obtain the most Mesopotamian ruins with the least money. Later the cuneiform was translated by Henry Rawlinson.

Question 16

John Lloyd Stephens

Answer 16

Argued that the mounds belonged to the ancestors of modern native Americans.

Question 17

Heinrich Schleihmann

Answer 17

Found the lost city of Troy and discovered the Mycenaeans.

Question 18

Alfred Maudslay

Answer 18

Laid the foundations for Maya archeology.

Question 19

Max Uhle

Answer 19

Began to establish a sound chronology for the Peruvian civilization at Pachacamac.

Question 20

Flinders Petrie

Answer 20

A young contemporary of Pitt-rivers who is known for employing similar methods in Egypt. Was followed up by Howard Carter’s discovery of Tutankhamen’s Tomb

Question 21

Howard Carter

Answer 21

Discovered Tutankhamen’s Tomb

Question 22

Arthur Evans

Answer 22

Discovers the Minoans (even older than the Mycenaeans)

Question 23

Leonard Woolley

Answer 23

Excavated at Ur (land where Abraham was born) & put the Sumerians on the map.

Question 24

Pitt Rivers

Answer 24

Develops a methodology for excavation at his estates in southern england. Collecting & cataloguing EVERYTHING not just treasures. His publications are to the highest standard.

Question 25

Caleb Atwater

Answer 25

North American Archaeological pioneer. Took a survey of several mounds that are still valuable (many mounds are gone.)

Question 26

Ephraim Squier

Answer 26

North American Archaeological pioneer. Excavated over 200 mounds with his physician friend Edwin Davis. Catalogued & classified the mounds.

Question 27

Samuel Haven

Answer 27

North American Archaeological pioneer. Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society who built up an encyclopedic amount of knowledge and wrote a synthesis called “ The Archeology of the United States.” Via skull measurements, he argued that the native Americans shared common ancestors with modern Asian people. He also argued that the mounds were made by the ancestors of modern native Americans, though that was still controversial.

Question 28

John Wesley Powell

Answer 28

Published a wide range of info on the rapidly dwindling Native American Population. Headed the Bureau of American Ethnology & Campaigned for Native American Rights. Hired Cyrus Thomas who proved the mounds came from ancient native Americans.

Question 29

William Henry Holmes

Answer 29

Began as a geological illustrator. Used systematic methods (at Powell’s request) to determine that Frederic Putnam’s stone tools were not Paleolithic but modern.

Question 30

Mortimer Wheeler

Answer 30

Meticulous like Pitt-Rivers. Used the grid-square method. Famous for his work on the Maiden Castle. (Though later many conclusions were discredited).

Question 31

Dorothy Garrod

Answer 31

First woman professor at Cambridge. First woman prehistorian professor. Discovered the Natufian culture and posed many questions that remain unanswered.

Question 32

Alfred Kidder

Answer 32

Put the south-west on the map by excavating the Pecos ruin. Important for his “blueprint” for a regional strategy.

Question 33

Gordon Childe

Answer 33

A group of artifacts is a “culture” & if you find the same “culture” in two places it is therefore the same people.

Question 34

Julian Steward

Answer 34

Adds anthropology into the mix. (Study the living to understand the dead’s way of life).

Question 35

Grahame Clarke

Answer 35

Includes research of animal bones and plant remains to learn what people ate and how they lived.

Question 36

Willward Libby

Answer 36

1949 Chemist who discovered radiocarbon dating.