Archeology 110 Flashcards
Hesiod
800 BC, Speculated that there was an age of gold, silver, bronze, and Iron. (But more aligned with mythology).
The Aztecs
Exaggerated their Toltec ancestry
Nabonidus
King of Babylon who collected antiquities for a personal museum.
Princes & nobility during the renaissance
Had “cabinets of curiosities”
William Stukeley
1687-1765 Made a systematic study of monuments like Stonehenge & demonstrated that they were man made.
Carlos de Sigüenza
Conducted a tunnel dig into Teotihuacán’s Pyramid of the Moon.
Thomas Jefferson
Dug up a burial mound.
He marked the end of the speculative phase when he adopted a scientific approach.
Guissepp Fioriellie
The beginning of well recorded excavations in Pompeii.
James Hutton
The stratification of rocks.
Charles Darwin
Evolution.
Colt Hoare
The three stage system (stone, bronze, iron) inspired by Charles Darwin and James Hutton.
Edward Tylor & Lewis Henry Morgan
Both published books saying savagery (hunter gatherers) lead to barbarism (farming) which lead to civilization. They inspired Karl Marx (ancient peoples were more egalitarian).
Napoleon
Discovers the Rosetta Stone.
Jean François Champollion
Deciphers the Rosetta Stone
Paul Emile Botta
vs
Austen Henry Layard
Competed to obtain the most Mesopotamian ruins with the least money. Later the cuneiform was translated by Henry Rawlinson.
John Lloyd Stephens
Argued that the mounds belonged to the ancestors of modern native Americans.
Heinrich Schleihmann
Found the lost city of Troy and discovered the Mycenaeans.
Alfred Maudslay
Laid the foundations for Maya archeology.
Max Uhle
Began to establish a sound chronology for the Peruvian civilization at Pachacamac.
Flinders Petrie
A young contemporary of Pitt-rivers who is known for employing similar methods in Egypt. Was followed up by Howard Carter’s discovery of Tutankhamen’s Tomb
Howard Carter
Discovered Tutankhamen’s Tomb
Arthur Evans
Discovers the Minoans (even older than the Mycenaeans)
Leonard Woolley
Excavated at Ur (land where Abraham was born) & put the Sumerians on the map.
Pitt Rivers
Develops a methodology for excavation at his estates in southern england. Collecting & cataloguing EVERYTHING not just treasures. His publications are to the highest standard.
Caleb Atwater
North American Archaeological pioneer. Took a survey of several mounds that are still valuable (many mounds are gone.)
Ephraim Squier
North American Archaeological pioneer. Excavated over 200 mounds with his physician friend Edwin Davis. Catalogued & classified the mounds.
Samuel Haven
North American Archaeological pioneer. Librarian of the American Antiquarian Society who built up an encyclopedic amount of knowledge and wrote a synthesis called “ The Archeology of the United States.” Via skull measurements, he argued that the native Americans shared common ancestors with modern Asian people. He also argued that the mounds were made by the ancestors of modern native Americans, though that was still controversial.
John Wesley Powell
Published a wide range of info on the rapidly dwindling Native American Population. Headed the Bureau of American Ethnology & Campaigned for Native American Rights. Hired Cyrus Thomas who proved the mounds came from ancient native Americans.
William Henry Holmes
Began as a geological illustrator. Used systematic methods (at Powell’s request) to determine that Frederic Putnam’s stone tools were not Paleolithic but modern.
Mortimer Wheeler
Meticulous like Pitt-Rivers. Used the grid-square method. Famous for his work on the Maiden Castle. (Though later many conclusions were discredited).
Dorothy Garrod
First woman professor at Cambridge. First woman prehistorian professor. Discovered the Natufian culture and posed many questions that remain unanswered.
Alfred Kidder
Put the south-west on the map by excavating the Pecos ruin. Important for his “blueprint” for a regional strategy.
Gordon Childe
A group of artifacts is a “culture” & if you find the same “culture” in two places it is therefore the same people.
Julian Steward
Adds anthropology into the mix. (Study the living to understand the dead’s way of life).
Grahame Clarke
Includes research of animal bones and plant remains to learn what people ate and how they lived.
Willward Libby
1949 Chemist who discovered radiocarbon dating.
