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Archaeology > archaeology byu midterm > Flashcards

archaeology byu midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Archaeology

A

The study of human history and prehistory through the excavation of artifacts and other physical remains.

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2
Q

Archaeological record

A

The archaeological record is the body of physical (not written) evidence about the past

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3
Q

Artifacts

A

Objects made or modified by humans, such as tools or pottery.

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4
Q

Ecofacts

A

Natural materials that give environmental information about a site.

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5
Q

Features

A

Non-portable evidence of human activity, such as hearths or architectural elements.

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6
Q

Formation processes

A

those processes affecting the way in which archaeological materials came to be buried, and their subsequent history afterwards

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7
Q

Cultural Formation Processes

A

deliberate or accidental activities of humans

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8
Q

Natural Formation Processes

A

Natural events that govern the burial and survival of the archaeological record. (landslides, etc.)

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9
Q

Historical archaeology

A

the archaeological study of places for which written records exist

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10
Q

Prehistoric archaeology

A

The study of cultures without a written record.

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11
Q

Culture

A

The beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.

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12
Q

forms of survey

A

intrusive: artifacts are collected
non-intrusive: nothing is touched, just recorded (GPR)

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13
Q

Forms of survey

A

Different methods used to locate archaeological sites.

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14
Q

Excavation

A

The process of digging and removing artifacts from a site.

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15
Q

Vertical excavations

A

smaller sized, deeper pits, aimed at recovering diachronic information

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16
Q

Horizontal excavations

A

Excavations that extend across a site.

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17
Q

Post-excavation

A

The analysis and interpretation of the excavated material.

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18
Q

the importance of publication

A

nothing done in archeology is worth it unless the work is published. Since excavation is destructive, published material is often the only record of what was found at a site.

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19
Q

Relative dating

A

any method of determining whether an event or object is older or younger than other events or objects by using other events and objects (soil layers)

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20
Q

historical dating

A

the verification of age and value of a document or object (the object cannot be older than the date listed on the artifact) (dendrochronology)

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21
Q

absolute dating

A

A technique used to determine the actual age of a fossil (carbon14)

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22
Q

Willard Libby

A

The scientist who developed radiocarbon dating.

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23
Q

Climate change

A

a change in global or regional climate patterns

24
Q

Radiocarbon dating

A

A method for determining the age of an object containing organic material by using the properties of radiocarbon.

25
Q

Calibration

A

The process of adjusting radiocarbon dates to correct for variations in the atmospheric 14C over time.

26
Q

Dendrochronology

A

The dating of past events through the study of tree ring growth.

27
Q

Seriation

A

A relative dating method in which artifacts from numerous sites are placed in chronological order.

28
Q

Stratigraphy & the law of superpositioning

A

The study of rock layers and the layering process, where the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest at the top.

29
Q

Context & provenience

A

The precise location where an artifact or other archaeological find was discovered.

30
Q

History of archaeology

A

The study of the development of archaeological methods and theories over time.

31
Q

Antiquarianism vs. archaeology

A

The difference between the study of ancient artifacts for curiosity and the systematic study of the human past.

32
Q

New or Processual archaeology

A

a way of studying ancient cultures that focuses on figuring out the steps or processes that led to the changes we see in ancient artifacts and ruins.

33
Q

Post-processual archaeology

A

An approach that focuses on the interpretation of the past and the role of individuals in shaping the archaeological record.

34
Q

Public archaeology

A

involves engaging with and involving the public in the process of archaeological research, conservation, and interpretation.

35
Q

Theoretical biographies

A

An approach that uses biographical details to understand the lives of past individuals.

36
Q

Hawkes’ ladder of inference

A

A model used to understand the process of making interpretations in archaeology.

37
Q

Scientific method (rules)

A

There is a real and knowable universe

The universe operates to certain, understandable rules or laws

These laws are immutable

These laws can be discerned, studied, and understood by people through careful observation, experimentation, and research (reliable ideas)

38
Q

Scientific method (steps)

A

Observe

Induce

Deduce

Test

Conclude

39
Q

Occam’s razor

A

The principle that the simplest explanation is usually the correct one.

40
Q

Epistemology

A

The study of the nature and scope of knowledge and belief.

41
Q

Key assumption underlying archaeology

A

The belief that the material remains of the past can provide insights into human behavior and culture.

42
Q

Ramapithecus

A

An extinct hominid species that is considered a possible ancestor of humans.

43
Q

Bamboo technology (Pope reading)

A

Bamboo technology (Pope reading)

44
Q

Unilinear cultural evolution

A

an early anthropological theory that states all cultures evolve from simple to complex along a single trajectory of progress (Savage-> barbaric-> civilization)

45
Q

multilinear cultural evolution

A

The view that there are many pathways of change a culture may take over the time span of its existence

46
Q

Ethnographic analogy/ Ethnoarchaeology

A

The study of living societies to aid in the interpretation of the archaeological record.

47
Q

4 types of commonalities

A

1) subsistence

2) technology

3) social organization

4) ecological conditions

48
Q

formal analogies

A

a method of comparing artifacts or structures from different time periods or cultures based on their similar physical characteristics or forms.

49
Q

relational analogies

A

a method of comparison that is based on logical reasoning and understanding of human behavior rather than solely on physical characteristics.

50
Q

Experimental archaeology

A

The study of past cultures through re-creation of their activities and technologies.

51
Q

Microwear analysis, refitting, etc.

A

The microscopic study of wear patterns on artifacts and the process of reconstructing stone tools from broken fragments.

52
Q

Peopling of North America

A

The process of human migration and settlement of North America.

53
Q

Clovis & Pre-Clovis sites

A

Cactus hill virginia, mount verde chile, meadowcroft pennsylvania

54
Q

Pyrotechnology

A

The study of the use of fire by humans and its effects on the archaeological record.

55
Q

Development of pottery

A

The evolution of pottery-making techniques and styles.

56
Q

Artifact classification

A

The categorization of artifacts based on shared characteristics.

57
Q

Assemblages

A

Collections of artifacts and ecofacts from a specific time and place.

Archaeology (1 decks)

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