Archaeological Explaination

Question 1

Why do things change?
Migration

Answer 1

People moving and bringing their culture with them
Expectations in the Archaeological Record
- New things (e.g. artifacts, technology, architecture, etc.) arrive suddenly and sometimes replace old things.
- New ideas (religion, astronomical observations, burial practices) appear suddenly.
New people arrive suddenly (if burial population is examined).

Question 2

Evidence for Migration and definition of migration

Answer 2

When people move from o r place to another

• New styles of artifacts with no evidence of development

Materials from elsewhere appear suddenly
• Isotope analysis of human remains reveal clear differences
• Not just the things, but how they are made are very different.

Question 3

Diffusion: Movement of Ideas

Answer 3

Ideas and things flowing between populations
-when ideas spread f on one population to another.
Expectations in the Archaeological Record
Gradual change in things as ideas slowly move into a society from neighboring areas
Not replacement of things but can see objects being incorporated over time
Societies are often slow to accept ideas that come from outside their groups
- No differences in the burial population prior.

Question 4

Evidence for Diffusion

Answer 4

Difficult to see because it depends on the strength and usefulness of the idea and how it shared.
Usually a more gradual change and acceptance of new objects and ideas overtime.
Assymetrical acceptance of ideas (at least initially).
No physical changes in the human remains.

Question 5

Archaeological Explanation why do things change ?

Answer 5

•Why do things change?
- Migration vs. Diffusion
- Specific/Historical or General?
- One cause or multiple?
- Most likely there is often both migration and diffusion taking place.

Question 6

Origins of the State

Answer 6

• Hydraulic Hypothesis: water management
-small scale farming through irrigation
-to have access farmers give up autonomy to produce more
•Internal conflict
•Warfare
Population Growth
• Environmental
Circumscription
External Trade

Question 7

Experimental Archaeology order

Answer 7

Interpretation~Replication~ Hypothesis Testing~back to interpretation