Arch 1 Flashcards
The IT Architecture has four components. Which of the following is not a component?
A. Architect
B. Architecture
C. Systems
D. Architecture methods
Systems
In the data architecture, there are three key operations. Which of the following is not a key operation on the data?
A. Data acquisition
B. Data formation
C. Data analysis
D. Data delivery
Data formation
Choose the right answer from the follow to fill the gaps. The information system of an enterprise is a collection of activities that regulate the … and … of information and the storage of data that are relevant to the management of the enterprise.
A. Sharing, distribution
B. Operating, distribution
C. Sharing, formatting
D. Formatting and operating
Sharing, distribution
Explain why the conceptual modelling (design) cannot be automated or helped by automatic tools
The design of information system is a complex activity, including the planning, specification, and development of each component of the system. The designers have the full responsibility for the process of understanding and transforming requirements into conceptual schemas.
What are the key differences between conceptual model and logic model?
A conceptual data model is the highest level, and therefore the least detailed. A logical data model involves more detailed thinking about the implementation
Conceptual Model:
- Focus: Theoretical or abstract representation.
- Purpose: Understanding and visualizing complex concepts or systems.
- Level of Detail: High-level and abstract, less concerned with specific details and measurements.
Logic Model:
- Focus: Program planning, implementation, and evaluation.
- Purpose: Providing a structured framework for achieving program goals and objectives.
- Level of Detail: Detailed and specific, includes inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, and indicators.
Which one of the following is not a quality to measure the conceptual models?
A. Expressiveness
B. Simplicity
C. Performance
D. Formality
Performance
Use an example to explain what minimal cardinality and maximal cardinality are in the ER model
Minimal cardinality of an attribute indicates the minimal number of attribute values associated with each entity or relationship instance. A minimal cardinality having value 0 means the attribute is optional. A minimal cardinality having value 1 means the attribute is mandatory.
Maximal cardinality indicates the maximal number of attribute values associated with each entity or relationship instance. A maximal cardinality having value 1 means the attribute is single-valued. A maximal cardinality having value greater than 1 means that the attribute is multi-valued.
Which of the following is the right answer if there is a generalization relationship from Entity E1 to Entity E2.
A. All the instances of E1 belong to E2.
B. All the instances of E2 belong to E1.
C. E1 is the same as E2.
D. If an instance belongs to E2, it does not belong to E1.
All the instances of E1 belong to E2.
Which of the following is not a construct of the Dataflow Diagram (DFD)?
A. Process
B. Entity
C. Dataflow
D. Interface
Entity
Choose the right one from the following that gives the main elements of the (finite) state machines?
A. States and transitions
B. Workflow and process
C. State and process
D. Workflow and transition
States and transitions
Explain what a dataflow is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
Dataflow. is an exchange of information between processes. Dataflow does not represent flows of control, such as the activation of processes. Instead, they indicate packages of data that flow into or out of the processes.
Explain what a process is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
Process. It represents an activity within the information system. A process can generate, use, manipulate, and destroy information. When a process does not generate or destroy data, it transforms the data in the incoming flows into the data in the outgoing flows.
Explain what a Data store is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
Data store. It is a repository of data, including temporary files, look-up tables, paper forms, electronic forms, and permanent records. A line from data store to a process indicates that data from the store is used by the process. A line from a process to a data store means that the process changes the content of the store in some way.
Explain what a interface/user is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD).
Interface/user. It is an external user of the information system, who may be the originator and / or receiver of the dataflows or data stores.
Which one of the following is not described in an objective (goal) model? (1)
A. Reasons
B. Goals
C. Problems
D. Processes
Processes
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. A stakeholder is an individual, team, or — with interests in, or — relative to a system. (1)
A. Organization, concerns
B. Organization, interests
C. Process, concerns
D. Processes, interests
Organization, concerns
An enterprise architecture process consists of four steps. Which one of the following is not one of them? (1)
Design
Management
Programming
Use
Programming
Briefly explain what an external driver is
External pressures
External drivers from regulatory authorities and other pressures necessitate companies to have a thorough insight into their structure and operations. All of these drivers make a clear case for the use of enterprise architecture.
The Balanced scorecard (BSC) consists of four perspectives. Which of the following is not one of them?
Customer perspective
Data perspective
Financial perspective
Internal business process perspective
Data perspective
In the Business Model Canvas (BMC), one of the seven parts is Customer relationships and Channels. Give three examples of the commonly used channels for an organization to contact customers. (2)
Front office, Tv, Web, Radio, Telephone, Newspaper, E-mail, Billboards, Postal mail, internet
Following is the Zachman Framework. Give the attribute names of the first column and the second row.
What? & Owner
In the IT architecture, the architect is the organization’s technology strategist. Briefly describe the reasons for this statement.
Because the architect works closely with stakeholders to build a holistic view of the organization’s strategies, processes, information, and IT assets.
They also ensure that technology strategies support business needs. They give context to the business’s technology projects and infrastructure. And they help the business to realize bottom line business value through technology.
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. The information system of an enterprise is a collection of activities that regulate the … and … of information and the storage of data that are relevant to the management of the enterprise. (1)
sharing, distribution
operation, distribution
structure, distribution
format, sharing
sharing, distribution
The conceptual design is independent from a particular DBMS. Briefly describe the advantages this feature generates.
The conceptual schema can survive a late decision to change the target DBMS.
If the DBMS or application requirements change, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of new design activity.
Different databases, described through their conceptual schemas, can be compared in a homogeneous framework.
“Expressiveness” is a quality of conceptual models. Briefly explain it.
How well the model accurately and clearly describes complex ideas, relationships and information.
its represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships, and behaviors.
The real world is abundant in its variety and changes. A conceptual model must be able to express various concepts and their properties.
Expressiveness in conceptual models refers to their ability to comprehensively and accurately represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships, and behaviors. This quality is crucial for ensuring the model’s effectiveness in understanding and decision-making processes.
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. There are two types of data models: … used in database design, and … supported by database management systems (DBMS).
Conceptual models, and logical models
Design models, and logical models
Entity models, and concept models
Process models, and static models
Conceptual models, and logical models
Use the ER modelling syntax (graphical notations) to draw the following statement: an employee has at least 1 address and at most n addresses and must have one unique employee ID.
Employee ——-> Adress{1,n}
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Digital workflows empower business users and IT to work together to rapidly modify … and … to reflect changes in the business (1)
Systems, organizations
Systems, processes
Processes, organizations
Businesses, processes
Systems, processes
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Organizations use workflows to coordinate tasks between … and synchronize data between …, with the ultimate goal of improving organizational efficiency, responsiveness and profitability. (1)
people, systems
organizations, systems
people, organizations
systems, workers
people, systems
A fully functional digital workflow provides FOUR key benefits to a company. Give two of the benefits. (2)
Improved productivity
Process transparency
Faster business reaction time
Improved accountability.
Briefly explain what functional analysis is
Functional analysis is the systematic study of how a system’s components work together to achieve its goals.
Functional analysis is the modelling of working activities within an enterprise. A function is simply a portion of the enterprise. Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how information is used by each function and how it is exchanged among the functions. Functional analysis is the first step toward the specification and design of application programs that operate on the database.
Explain what a dataflow is in the Dataflow Diagram (DFD)
Dataflow. is an exchange of information between processes. Dataflow does not represent flows of control, such as the activation of processes. Instead, they indicate packages of data that flow into or out of the processes.
Which one of the following is described in an objective (goal) model? (1)
entities
processes
workflows
opportunities
opportunities
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gap. An enterprise is any collection of … that have a common set of goals and/or a single bottom line. (1)
organizations
interests
problems
Ideas
organizations
An enterprise architecture process consists of FOUR steps. Give two of them.
Design, Management, Use, Idea
Use an EXAMPLE to explain what a stakeholder is.
Stakeholder: an individual, team, or organisation (or classes thereof) with interests in, or concerns relative to, a system. For example an investor.
The Financial perspective is focused on the … value created by the enterprise, entailing measures such as … value. (1)
customers, employee
business, shareholder
employees, user
business, customer
business, shareholder
Consider Dalarna University as an enterprise. Explain “Key partners” of the university using the Business Model Canvas (BMC).
Key partners: others with which the organisation cooperates in delivering value to its customers.
Kök Nyström, to make coffee and snacks for students to enjoy.
Learn, to have a platform for the programs and courses.
Sogeti/Atea etc, to have a good foundation from where “talents” comes from.
To deal with customers’ complaints is a part of the business process of a company, involving two or more departments of the company. Briefly illustrate the above business process part using the Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN).
Bild i dokument
An architecture of web services consists of three types of participants: Service Registry (Service Broker), Service Provider, and Service Requestor. Briefly describe what Service Registry is. (1)
Service brokers: who maintain a registry of advertised (published) services and might introduce service providers to service requestors
An IT system has many components. Which of the following is not a component? (1)
Storage
Databases
Users
Servers
Users
In the data architecture, there are three key operations. Which of the following is a key operation on the data? (1)
Data missing
Data formation
Data processing
Data discovery
Data processing
Choose the right answer from the following to fill the gaps. Databases are essential for the life of any organization, because ___ data are essential resources of all organizations. (1)
formatted
modelled
processed
structured
structured
Minimal cardinality of an attribute indicates the minimal number of attribute ___ associated with each entity or relationship ___. (1)
features, instance
values, property
features, property
values, instance
values, instance
Organizations use workflows to coordinate tasks between ___ and synchronize data between ___. (1)
people, groups
groups, systems
people, systems
tasks, people
people, systems
In a state machine, the states are the different combinations of information that a(n) ___ can hold and not how they behave. Choose the right one from the following. (1)
attribute
object
process
transition
object
Give one advantage of the feature that the conceptual design is independent from a particular DBMS and explain.
The conceptual schema can survive a late decision to change the target DBMS.
If the DBMS or application requirements change, the conceptual schema can still be used as a starting point of new design activity.
Different databases, described through their conceptual schemas, can be compared in a homogeneous framework.
Choose the right one from the following to fill the gaps. A stakeholder is an individual, team, or organization with ___ in, or ___ relative to a system. (1)
Interest, concerns
Organization, interests
Process, concerns
Processes, interests
Interest, concerns
In the Business Model Canvas (BMC), Value Proposition is one of the seven parts, which describes what ___ and ___ an organization has to offer to its different customers. (1)
activities, services
products, services
products, markets
objectives, measures
products, services
Stakeholders require specific ___ of an architecture that focus on their ___ and leave out unnecessary information. (1)
goals, concerns
views, actions
goals, actions
views, concerns
views, concerns
An ontology consists of five components. Which one of the following is not one of them? (1)
Services
Concepts
Axioms (and rules)
Attributes (and association)
Services
As tools, what are conceptual models used for?
Represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships and behaviors.
Conceptual models are tools for representing reality at a high level of abstraction.
Using conceptual models, one can build a description of reality that is easy to understand and interpret.
Simplicity is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of simplicity.
Simplicity. A conceptual model must be simple so that a schema built using that model is easy to understand for the designers and users of the database application.
Expressiveness is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of Expressiveness. (2)
How well the model accurately and clearly describes complex ideas, relationships and information.
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its represent complex real-world systems, including various concepts, relationships, and behaviors.
Expressiveness. The real world is abundant in its variety and changes. A conceptual model must be able to express various concepts and their properties.
Minimality is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of Minimality. (2)
Minimality. A conceptual model must use a minimal set of conceptual constructs to represent the reality (each concept must distinctly represent a meaning).
Formality is one of the qualities to measure the conceptual models. Give a brief explanation of Formality.
Formality. It requires that all concepts of the model have a unique, precise, and well-defined interpretation.
Explain what functional analysis concentrates on.
Functional analysis is the modelling of working activities within an enterprise. A function is simply a portion of the enterprise.
Functional analysis is the systematic study of how a system’s components work together to achieve its goals.
Functional analysis concentrates on understanding how information is used by each function and how it is exchanged among the functions. Functional analysis is the first step toward the specification and design of application programs that operate on the database.
In a Dataflow Diagram (DFD), explain what a process can do.
Process. It represents an activity within the information system. A process can generate, use, manipulate, and destroy information. When a process does not generate or destroy data, it transforms the data in the incoming flows into the data in the outgoing flows.
There are three ways to decompose a goal into sub-goals in an objective (goal) model. Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its components. (2)
Make profit
*Sell more products
*Save more materials
There are three ways to decompose a goal into sub-goals in an objective (goal) model. Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its functions. (2)
Learn more
* attend more lectures
* Do more exercises
There are three ways to decompose a goal into sub-goals in an objective (goal) model. Give an example to illustrate how a goal is decomposed into subgoals by its sementics. (2)
Happy employees
* happy staff members
* happy managers
An enterprise architecture is both a process and a product. Describe what is the use of an architecture as a product.
It guides managers in designing business processes and system developers in building applications that align with business objectives and policies.
