Arcangelo Chapter 8 - Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy

Question 1

Beta-lactam’s include (interfere w/bacterial cell wall formation):

Answer 1

penicillin’s (tigeracillin, bicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin), cephalosporins (ceftriaxone), carbapenems

Question 2

Glycopeptides include, and are ___-___ active agents:

Answer 2

vancomycin, cell-wall

Question 3

Antimycobacterials include: ___ and ___. Usually given for ___ prophylaxis and tx.

Answer 3

Isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF), TB

Question 4

Tetracyclines and macrolides have ___-___ coverage.

Answer 4

broad-spectrum

Question 5

Give oral ___ on an empty stomach. The exception is ___.

Answer 5

PCN, amoxicillin

Question 6

___ is DOC for strep throat and syphillis.

Answer 6

PCN

Question 7

Clavulonic acid can cause ___.

Answer 7

diarrhea

Question 8

Cephazolin (Ancef) and cephalexin (Keflex) are known as first-generation ___.

Answer 8

cephalosporins

Question 9

cefaclor (ceclor) and cefuroxime (ceftin) are known as second-generation ___.

Answer 9

cephalosporins

Question 10

cefdinir (omnicef) and ceftriaxone (rocephin) are known as third-generation ___.

Answer 10

cephalosporins

Question 11

cefepime (maxipime) is known as a fourth-generation ___.

Answer 11

cephalosporin

Question 12

The ___ generations of cephalosporins have longer half-lives, so don’t have to be given as often. They also taste ___ and are more ___.

Answer 12

newer, better, expensive

Question 13

___ has an association w/serum sickness.

Answer 13

cefaclor

Question 14

___ is DOC for MRSA and MRSE infection.

Answer 14

vancomycin

Question 15

Vancomycin and aminoglycosides (such as gentamycin) has risk of what 2 things: Must monitor ___ concentrations during extended use.

Answer 15

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, serum

Question 16

Must maintain ___ and ___ levels while receiving inpt vancomycin.

Answer 16

peak, trough

Question 17

___ is always given IV, for the exception of tx for C-diff and must be administered ___.

Answer 17

vancomycin, orally

Question 18

DOC for C-diff is ___.

Answer 18

metronidazole/flagyl

Question 19

Daptomycin can also be used for the tx of ___, but should not be used in pt’s w/___ b/c surfactant inactivates it.

Answer 19

pneumonia

Question 20

tetracyclines and macrolides have ___ spectrum activity and can be used against chlaymdia, mycoplasma, and rickettsia.

Answer 20

extended

Question 21

Examples of tetracycylines include:

Answer 21

tigecycyline (tygacil), erythromycin

Question 22

Food can impair the absorption of ___.

Answer 22

tetracyclines

Question 23

Don’t give tetracyclines during ___ d/t catgeory D, or to children under ___ yrs of age d/t dental ___ and impaired ___ growth.

Answer 23

pregnancy, 8, staining, bone

Question 24

Macrolides include:

Answer 24

clarithromycin (biaxin), azithromycin (zithromax)

Question 25

Macrolides can cause ___ upset and ___.

Answer 25

GI, gastritis

Question 26

___ are an alternative for PCN allergic pt's.

Answer 26

macrolides

Question 27

Aminoglycosides include:

Answer 27

gentamycin, tobramycin, streptomycin, neomycin

Question 28

___ are rarely used as monotherapy b/c they have no anaerobic coverage and have a lot of resistance. Typically used w/ ___-___.

Answer 28

aminoglycosides, beta-lactam's

Question 29

Other protein synthesis antibx include:

Answer 29

linezolid (zyvox), clindamycin (cleocin)

Question 30

Zyvox is used for multidrug resistant gram ___ organisms, like MRSA and VRE.

Answer 30

positive

Question 31

___ can cause diarrhea and C-diff

Answer 31

clindamycin (cleocin)

Question 32

Antibx categories involved in DNA synthesis include:

Answer 32

fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin (dilantin), rifampin, and sulfa's

Question 33

Quinolones, especially ___ used for ___ and ___ diseases.

Answer 33

ciprofloxacin, urinary, respiratory

Question 34

Fluoroquinolones run the risk of ___ toxicity, so avoid in children and in ___. The exception if ___.

Answer 34

cartilage, pregnancy, cipro

Question 35

Trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfa are both ___. They are usually coupled together. Example: ___

Answer 35

antibx, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (bactrim)

Question 36

Have the potential for ___ and ___ w/sulfa's, so need to increase ___. Sulfa's can also cause ___-___ suppression. Avoid sulfa's in late ___.

Answer 36

hematuria, crystalluria, fluids, bone-marrow, pregnancy

Question 37

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an adverse effect of ___.

Answer 37

TMP-sulfa's (bactrim)

Question 38

___ can cause your urine, tears, and sweat to turn orange and can stain soft-contact lenses.

Answer 38

Rifampin

Question 39

You will see increased LFT's w/use of ___.

Answer 39

Isoniazid (INH)

Question 40

Oral nucleoside analogs include, and tx herpes ___ and varicella ___:

Answer 40

acyclovir, valacyclovir

Question 41

___ ___ are used for tx of chronic hepatitis B and C.

Answer 41

alpha interferons

Question 42

Anti-influenza drugs include:

Answer 42

older - amantadine (symmetrel), rimantadine (flumadine) | newer - oseltamivir (tamiflu), zanamivir (relenza)

Question 43

amantadine and rimantadine are active against influenza ___. oseltamivir and zanamivir are active against both influenza ___ and ___.

Answer 43

A, A and B

Question 44

Antivirals for influenza and varicella need to be given w/in ___-___ hrs of illness to be effective.

Answer 44

36-48

Question 45

First-line tx against influenza and varicella is ___.

Answer 45

vaccination

Question 46

___ infections commonly occur commonly following the use of broad-spectrum antibx.

Answer 46

yeast/candidial/thrush

Question 47

Antifungals are the ___ family, and include:

Answer 47

azole, ketoconazole, fluconazole (diflucan), nystatin, terbinafine

Question 48

What antifungal is used for vaginal candidiasis and thrush?

Answer 48

nystatin

Question 49

Tinea capitis is treated with an ___ antifungal, not ___, for 4-8 wks.

Answer 49

oral, topical

Question 50

Tinea capitis is a ___ infection of the ___. Onchomycosis is a ___ infection of the ___.

Answer 50

fungal, scalp, fungal, nails

Question 51

Antifungals prevent fungi from producing ___.

Answer 51

ergosterol

Question 52

Helminth infections include: ___, ___, ___

Answer 52

roundworms, pinworms, and flukes

Question 53

Helminthic agents include:

Answer 53

albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate (OTC)

Question 54

2 major skin parasites include:

Answer 54

pediulosis (lice) and scabies (mite)

Question 55

Ectoparasites are used to tx ___ ___ and include:

Answer 55

1% and 5% permethrin (1st choice for both lice and scabies)

Question 56

Tx for low-risk pneumonia includes (> 5): | Tx for high-risk pneumonia includes (< 5):

Answer 56

macrolide | fluorquinolone

Question 57

DOC for impetigo/cellulitis:

Answer 57

TMP-sulfa

Question 58

DOC for animal bite:

Answer 58

Augmentin

Question 59

DOC for UTI:

Answer 59

TMP-sulfa (bactrim)

Question 60

DOC for chlamydia:

Answer 60

doxycycline

Question 61

DOC for gonorrhea:

Answer 61

cephalosporine

Question 62

DOC for trichomonas:

Answer 62

metronidazole (flagyl)

Question 63

Beta-lactam's include:

Answer 63

tigeracillin (PCN), ceftriaxone (cephalosporine), ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbapenems

Question 64

Oral vancomycin works only in the ___.

Answer 64

intestines