Arcangelo Chapter 8 - Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Flashcards

1
Q

Beta-lactam’s include (interfere w/bacterial cell wall formation):

A

penicillin’s (tigeracillin, bicillin, amoxicillin, ampicillin), cephalosporins (ceftriaxone), carbapenems

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2
Q

Glycopeptides include, and are ___-___ active agents:

A

vancomycin, cell-wall

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3
Q

Antimycobacterials include: ___ and ___. Usually given for ___ prophylaxis and tx.

A

Isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RIF), TB

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4
Q

Tetracyclines and macrolides have ___-___ coverage.

A

broad-spectrum

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5
Q

Give oral ___ on an empty stomach. The exception is ___.

A

PCN, amoxicillin

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6
Q

___ is DOC for strep throat and syphillis.

A

PCN

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7
Q

Clavulonic acid can cause ___.

A

diarrhea

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8
Q

Cephazolin (Ancef) and cephalexin (Keflex) are known as first-generation ___.

A

cephalosporins

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9
Q

cefaclor (ceclor) and cefuroxime (ceftin) are known as second-generation ___.

A

cephalosporins

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10
Q

cefdinir (omnicef) and ceftriaxone (rocephin) are known as third-generation ___.

A

cephalosporins

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11
Q

cefepime (maxipime) is known as a fourth-generation ___.

A

cephalosporin

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12
Q

The ___ generations of cephalosporins have longer half-lives, so don’t have to be given as often. They also taste ___ and are more ___.

A

newer, better, expensive

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13
Q

___ has an association w/serum sickness.

A

cefaclor

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14
Q

___ is DOC for MRSA and MRSE infection.

A

vancomycin

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15
Q

Vancomycin and aminoglycosides (such as gentamycin) has risk of what 2 things: Must monitor ___ concentrations during extended use.

A

ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, serum

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16
Q

Must maintain ___ and ___ levels while receiving inpt vancomycin.

A

peak, trough

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17
Q

___ is always given IV, for the exception of tx for C-diff and must be administered ___.

A

vancomycin, orally

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18
Q

DOC for C-diff is ___.

A

metronidazole/flagyl

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19
Q

Daptomycin can also be used for the tx of ___, but should not be used in pt’s w/___ b/c surfactant inactivates it.

A

pneumonia

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20
Q

tetracyclines and macrolides have ___ spectrum activity and can be used against chlaymdia, mycoplasma, and rickettsia.

A

extended

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21
Q

Examples of tetracycylines include:

A

tigecycyline (tygacil), erythromycin

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22
Q

Food can impair the absorption of ___.

A

tetracyclines

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23
Q

Don’t give tetracyclines during ___ d/t catgeory D, or to children under ___ yrs of age d/t dental ___ and impaired ___ growth.

A

pregnancy, 8, staining, bone

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24
Q

Macrolides include:

A

clarithromycin (biaxin), azithromycin (zithromax)

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25
Q

Macrolides can cause ___ upset and ___.

A

GI, gastritis

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26
Q

___ are an alternative for PCN allergic pt’s.

A

macrolides

27
Q

Aminoglycosides include:

A

gentamycin, tobramycin, streptomycin, neomycin

28
Q

___ are rarely used as monotherapy b/c they have no anaerobic coverage and have a lot of resistance. Typically used w/ ___-___.

A

aminoglycosides, beta-lactam’s

29
Q

Other protein synthesis antibx include:

A

linezolid (zyvox), clindamycin (cleocin)

30
Q

Zyvox is used for multidrug resistant gram ___ organisms, like MRSA and VRE.

A

positive

31
Q

___ can cause diarrhea and C-diff

A

clindamycin (cleocin)

32
Q

Antibx categories involved in DNA synthesis include:

A

fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin (dilantin), rifampin, and sulfa’s

33
Q

Quinolones, especially ___ used for ___ and ___ diseases.

A

ciprofloxacin, urinary, respiratory

34
Q

Fluoroquinolones run the risk of ___ toxicity, so avoid in children and in ___. The exception if ___.

A

cartilage, pregnancy, cipro

35
Q

Trimethoprim (TMP) and sulfa are both ___. They are usually coupled together. Example: ___

A

antibx, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (bactrim)

36
Q

Have the potential for ___ and ___ w/sulfa’s, so need to increase ___. Sulfa’s can also cause ___-___ suppression. Avoid sulfa’s in late ___.

A

hematuria, crystalluria, fluids, bone-marrow, pregnancy

37
Q

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is an adverse effect of ___.

A

TMP-sulfa’s (bactrim)

38
Q

___ can cause your urine, tears, and sweat to turn orange and can stain soft-contact lenses.

A

Rifampin

39
Q

You will see increased LFT’s w/use of ___.

A

Isoniazid (INH)

40
Q

Oral nucleoside analogs include, and tx herpes ___ and varicella ___:

A

acyclovir, valacyclovir

41
Q

___ ___ are used for tx of chronic hepatitis B and C.

A

alpha interferons

42
Q

Anti-influenza drugs include:

A

older - amantadine (symmetrel), rimantadine (flumadine)

newer - oseltamivir (tamiflu), zanamivir (relenza)

43
Q

amantadine and rimantadine are active against influenza ___. oseltamivir and zanamivir are active against both influenza ___ and ___.

A

A, A and B

44
Q

Antivirals for influenza and varicella need to be given w/in ___-___ hrs of illness to be effective.

A

36-48

45
Q

First-line tx against influenza and varicella is ___.

A

vaccination

46
Q

___ infections commonly occur commonly following the use of broad-spectrum antibx.

A

yeast/candidial/thrush

47
Q

Antifungals are the ___ family, and include:

A

azole, ketoconazole, fluconazole (diflucan), nystatin, terbinafine

48
Q

What antifungal is used for vaginal candidiasis and thrush?

A

nystatin

49
Q

Tinea capitis is treated with an ___ antifungal, not ___, for 4-8 wks.

A

oral, topical

50
Q

Tinea capitis is a ___ infection of the ___. Onchomycosis is a ___ infection of the ___.

A

fungal, scalp, fungal, nails

51
Q

Antifungals prevent fungi from producing ___.

A

ergosterol

52
Q

Helminth infections include: ___, ___, ___

A

roundworms, pinworms, and flukes

53
Q

Helminthic agents include:

A

albendazole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate (OTC)

54
Q

2 major skin parasites include:

A

pediulosis (lice) and scabies (mite)

55
Q

Ectoparasites are used to tx ___ ___ and include:

A

1% and 5% permethrin (1st choice for both lice and scabies)

56
Q

Tx for low-risk pneumonia includes (> 5):

Tx for high-risk pneumonia includes (< 5):

A

macrolide

fluorquinolone

57
Q

DOC for impetigo/cellulitis:

A

TMP-sulfa

58
Q

DOC for animal bite:

A

Augmentin

59
Q

DOC for UTI:

A

TMP-sulfa (bactrim)

60
Q

DOC for chlamydia:

A

doxycycline

61
Q

DOC for gonorrhea:

A

cephalosporine

62
Q

DOC for trichomonas:

A

metronidazole (flagyl)

63
Q

Beta-lactam’s include:

A

tigeracillin (PCN), ceftriaxone (cephalosporine), ampicillin, amoxicillin, carbapenems

64
Q

Oral vancomycin works only in the ___.

A

intestines