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Arborist Cert > Arborist Cert > Flashcards

Arborist Cert Flashcards

1
Q

Angiosperm

A

Any non conifer or palm tree

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2
Q

Gymnosperm

A

Conifer trees

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3
Q

Meristem

A

Specialized growth initiation areas where new cells arise by cell division

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4
Q

Differentiation

A

Cells change their structure to assume a variety of different functions after cell division

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5
Q

Primary Growth

A

Growth from the roots and shoot tips resulting in increase of length and height

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6
Q

Secondary Growth

A

Growth that increases the thickness of stems, branches and roots

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7
Q

Apical Meristems

A

Small areas at the tips of roots and shoots

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8
Q

Buds

A

Where apical meristems are found

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9
Q

Cambium

A

Thin sheath of dividing cells located just under the bark. Produces cells that will be the vascular system for the tree

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10
Q

Xylem

A

Inner tissue created by the cambium.

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11
Q

Phloem

A

Outer layer of tissue created by the cambium.

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12
Q

Cork Cambium

A

Second lateral meristem that produces the outer tissues (periderm) and ultimately the bark. Palms lack this secondary growth.

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13
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural component of the primary cell wall. Plays a role in providing the architecture of different types of cells.

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14
Q

Lignin

A

A more rigid component of plant cells formed in the cell walls of the wood. Forms a matrix in which microfibrils (long chains of cellulose) are embedded; this forms a reinforcing structure similar to rebar in concrete. Allows trees to grow tall

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15
Q

4 Primary Functions of the Xylem

A
  1. Conduction of water and dissolved minerals (collectively known as sap
  2. Mechanical support for the tree
  3. Storage of carbohydrate (starch) reserves
  4. Defense against the spread of dysfunction, disease and decay
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16
Q

Tracheids

A

Elongated, close-ended, dead cells with pointed ends and thickened walls. They conduct water and provide mechanical support.

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17
Q

Parenchyma cells

A

Living cells interspersed among the other cells. Responsible for storing carbohydrates and defending against decay

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18
Q

Eudicotyledon (Eudicot)

A

Trees made up of vessel elements, fibers, and parenchyma cells. In some species tracheids may also be present.

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19
Q

Vessels

A

The primary conducting elements in angiosperms. Better at conducting water than tracheids.

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20
Q

Ring Porous

A

Trees that form wide vessels early in the growing season and narrow vessels later in the growing season. Includes elm, oak, and ash among others.

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21
Q

Diffuse Porous

A

Trees that produce uniform vessels throughout the growing season. Includes maple, planetree, linden among others.

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22
Q

Growth Rings

A

Visible in xylem. Result of cambium’s seasonal xylem production. Appear as rings because relative size and density of vascular tissues change throughout the growing season. Cells become smaller in diameter as the growing season progresses.

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23
Q

Earlywood

A

Cells produced early in the growing season

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24
Q

Latewood

A

Cells produced later in the growing season

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25
Q

Sapwood

A

Xylem that conducts water. Contains many parenchyma cells.

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26
Q

Heartwood

A

Nonconducting xylem that contains no living cells and is sometimes darker in color than the sapwood. Old layers of sapwood. Contributes to the mechanical support of the tree, can resist invasion of microorganisms, and is important in storing carbon. No longer plays a physiological role for the tree.

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27
Q

Rays

A

Made up of parenchyma cells that grow radially, like spokes on a bike wheel, and extend across the growth increments of xylem into the phloem. Ray cells transport carbohydrates and other compounds into and out of sapwood, store carbs such as starch, and assist in restricting decay in growth tissues

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28
Q

Lenticels

A

Small openings in the bark that permit gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

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29
Q

Apical/ Terminal Buds

A

Buds located at the end of a shoot. Most active buds.

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30
Q

Axillary Buds

A

Buds that occur along the stem. Often dormant.

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31
Q

Apical Dominance

A

Where the terminal buds chemically inhibit the growth and development of laterals on the same shoot.

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32
Q

Adventitious Buds

A

Produced along stems or roots where primary meristems aren’t normally found. Development may be stimulated by the loss of apical buds and the plant hormones they produce.

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33
Q

Epicormic Shoots

A

When latent buds elongate and produce shoots

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34
Q

Node

A

A slightly enlarged portion of the twig where leaves and buds develop

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35
Q

Internode

A

The area between nodes- important as a diagnostic tool. Leaf scars and terminal bud scars are useful in measuring annual growth in many species.

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36
Q

Branch Collar

A

The annual production of layers of tissue at the junction of the branch to the stem seen as a shoulder or bulge around the branch base

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37
Q

Branch Union

A

Junction of stem and branch. Specialized wood is formed that is typically much denser and exhibits twisted and whirled wood grain

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38
Q

Branch Bark Ridge

A

External sign of specialized wood of the branch union

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39
Q

Included Bark

A

Bark that is embedded in the branch union. Weakens the union

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40
Q

Chlorophyll

A

Primary leaf pigment that absorbs sunlight

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41
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where energy from sunlight is collected

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42
Q

Photosynthesis

A

Reaction where sunlight is converted to chemical energy in the form of carbs

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43
Q

Transpiration

A

The loss of water through the foliage in the form of water vapor which helps cool the leaf. Draws up water from the roots through the xylem.

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44
Q

Cuticle

A

Outer surface of leaf covered by waxy layer. Minimizes desiccation (drying out) of the leaf.

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45
Q

Stomata

A

Small openings mostly on the underside of the leaf surface controlling the loss of water vapor and the exchange of gases

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46
Q

Guard cells

A

Regulate the opening and closing of the stomata in response to environmental stimuli such as light, temperature and humidity

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47
Q

Deciduous Trees

A

Trees that shed their leaves every year

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48
Q

Evergreens

A

Trees that hold their leaves for more than a year

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49
Q

Abcission Zone

A

Area at base of leaf stalk that enables leaf drop and protects the region of the stem from which the leaf has fallen against desiccation and pathogen entry

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50
Q

Anthocyanins

A

Red and purple pigments in leaves. Protect from ultraviolet radiation while sugars and amino acids are stored for the spring.

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51
Q

Carotenoids

A

Yellows, oranges and red pigments in leaves. Protect from ultraviolet radiation while sugars and amino acids are stored for the spring.

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52
Q

Absorbing Roots

A

Small, fibrous, primary tissues growing at the ends of and along the main woody roots. They have epidermal cells that may be modified into root hairs aiding in the uptake of water and minerals

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53
Q

Lateral Roots

A

Usually near the soil surface

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54
Q

Sinker roots

A

Vertically downward growing roots from the lateral roots that provide anchorage and access to available water deeper in the soil

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55
Q

Taproot

A

Roots of young trees usually replaced by the expansion of roots around it or diverted by the downward growth by unfavorable growing conditions from compacted soil. Few mature trees have taproots

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56
Q

Root Crown/ Trunk Flare

A

Area where roots join the main stem

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57
Q

Mycorrizhae

A

Roots that have symbiotic relationship with fungi. Present in nearly all soils and beneficial to plants.

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58
Q

Photosynthates

A

Sugar products of photosynthesis. The building blocks of many compounds of the plant. Stored by the tree in form of starch for later use.

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59
Q

Respiration

A

Process where carbs are converted into energy independent of light.

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60
Q

Cell Turgor

A

Pressure of water inside the guard cells

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61
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a membrane from a region of high water potential/ concentration to a region of lower potential.

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62
Q

Source

A

Refers to leaves in terms of phloem transport

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63
Q

Sink

A

Where carbs flow from areas of high concentration to lower concentration in phloem tranport. Sinks are plant parts that use more energy than they produce. Almost all plant parts are sinks at some point.

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64
Q

Axial Transport

A

Longitudinal transport in xylem and phloem

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65
Q

Radial Transport

A

Movement of water and nutrients within the tree between cells of different ages (primarily through rays)

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66
Q

Plant Growth Regulators/ Hormones

A

Chemical messengers that act in small quantities to regulate plant growth and development.

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67
Q

Auxins

A

Plant growth regulators linked to several developmental processes. Primarily found in shoot tips but also important in root development.

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68
Q

Cytokinins

A

Plant growth regulator primary stored in roots but help shoot initiation and growth.

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69
Q

Tropism

A

The directional growth of a plant in response to an external stimulus such as light and gravity.

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70
Q

Geotropism

A

Plants response to gravitational pull

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71
Q

Phototropism

A

Light affecting the direction of plant growth

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72
Q

Decurrent Tree

A

Tree where lateral shoots outgrow the original terminal shoot resulting in a round head

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73
Q

Excurrent Tree

A

Where apical shoots outgrow lateral shoots resulting in upright trees with strong central leaders

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74
Q

Compartmentalization

A

The process by which trees can limit the spread of dysfunction, disease and decay.

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75
Q

CODIT and its 4 walls

A

Compartmentalization of decay in trees.

Wall 1- resists longitudinal spread of decay organism by plugging xylem vessels or blocking pits in tracheids

Wall 2- resists inward spread by developing dense latewood cells and depositing special chemicals in said cells

Wall 3- inhibits lateral spread around the stem by activating the ray cells

3 walls = reaction zone

Wall 4- New wood tissue prevents outward spread (barrier zone)

Wall 1 is weakest, Wall 4 is strongest

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76
Q

Shakes

A

Lengthwise separation of wood along the grain, usually between or through annual growth rings

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77
Q

Temperate

A

Non tropical climate

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78
Q

Buttress Roots

A

Roots at the trunk base that help support the tree and distribute mechanical stress

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79
Q

Aerial Roots

A

Roots that come out of stems or branches above ground. They support the tree, help with gas exchange and propagation.

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80
Q

Propagation

A

Creation of new plants

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81
Q

Monocotyledon/ Monocots

A

Palm trees. More in common with grasses than eudicots. They don’t have a cambium or growth rings on xylem. Instead they have vascular bundles of phloem and xylem in strong, fibrous tissues, embedded in a matrix of parenchyma cells and interspersed within the stem. Stem is capable of storing starch in the parenchyma cells. They cannot repair wounds but more resistant to decay.

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82
Q

Fronds

A

New leaves

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83
Q

Inflorescences

A

Clusters of flowers on palms

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84
Q

Root Initiation Zone

A

At the base of the stem

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85
Q

Root Mat

A

Densely packed network of roots close to the stem in the upper foot of soil or above ground

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86
Q

Taxonomy and its 2 purposes

A

The science of identifying, naming, and classifying organisms.
1. To help us communicate accurately about plants
2. To represent our understanding of how they are related to each other

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87
Q

Phylum (classification)

A

Seperates most vascular plants with non vascular tissue plants

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88
Q

Vascular Plants

A

Plants with xylem and phloem

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89
Q

Order of classification starting with Kingdom

A

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species (genus + specific epithet)

Kings play chess on flat gray stumps

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90
Q

Nomenclature

A

Naming of plant

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91
Q

Hybrid

A

The result of crossbreeding two different species or less commonly genera

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92
Q

Subspecies

A

A naturally occurring, closely related group within a species that has distinctly different characteristics. Abbreviated “ssp.”

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93
Q

Variety

A

Subdivision of species that has a trait different from the others and breeds true to that trait. Abbreviated “v.”

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94
Q

Form

A

Similar to subspecies but differences are less obvious and more sporadic. These plants have different levels of cold hardiness or unique flower colors that appear randomly. Abbreviated “f.”

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95
Q

Cultivar

A

Cultivated varieties that require human intervention (propogation) to maintain a trait. Abbreviated “cv.” The first letter in each cultivar name is capitalized

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96
Q

Morphology

A

The size, shape, and external appearance of plant parts

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97
Q

Pinnately Compound Leaf

A

Has small leaflets arranged along the central leaf vein- similar to a feather

98
Q

Palmately Compound Leaf

A

Has small leaflets joined at a common center point on the leaf- like fingers on a hand

99
Q

Bipinnately Compound Leaf

A

Has a second order of smaller leaflets comprising each larger leaflet

100
Q

Leaf Margin

A

How the outer edge of the leaf is shaped

101
Q

Leaf base and Leaf apex

A

Base is bottom of the leaf closest to base of midrib, apex is the top

102
Q

Opposite Leaves

A

Two leaves emerging from the same node. Most fall into 4 genera (MAD Horse)- maple, ash, dogwood, horsechestnut

103
Q

Alternate Leaves

A

Single leaf at each node (most common)

104
Q

Whorled Leaves

A

3 or more leaves from the same node

105
Q

4 “S” words to identify spruce

A

Short, sharp, single, and square

106
Q

Types of leaf margins

A

Check 4/11/24 screenshot

107
Q

Physical properties of soil

A

How minerals are arranged, physical features of minerals, and how water moves through the soil

108
Q

Chemical properties of soil

A

Acidity, salinity, nutrient status

109
Q

Biological properties of soil

A

Fungi, bacteria, and other life forms

110
Q

Parent material (soil)

A

Underlying bedrock

111
Q

Soil horizons

A

Visible layers of soil oriented parallel to the surface caused by rainfall, leaching, heating and cooling, chemical reactions, biological activities, and accumulation of different elements and materials

112
Q

Soil profile

A

The nature, arrangement, depth and number of soil horizons

113
Q

The 5 major horizons of the soil profile

A

O, A , E, B, C horizons

114
Q

Organic layer (soil)- O horizon

A

A layer at the top of the soil profile that comprises organic material in various stages of composition. It provides a source of nutrients for plants and buffers the soil from climatic extremes.

115
Q

A horizon (soil)

A

Layer below the O horizon. Comprised of less than 20% organic matter and is biologically active. Contains most of the fine roots. Primarily inorganic matter but rich in organic matter which gives it its dark color.

116
Q

E horizon (soil)

A

When it exists, it is below the O and A horizons. (O,A,E,B,C) It lacks organic matter and is a lighter color.

117
Q

B horizon (soil)

A

Is below the A horizon and E if it exists.(O,A,E,B,C) It is an accumulation of materials that have leached with the surface mixed with the soil particles from lower parent material.

118
Q

C horizon (soil)

A

Deepest layer just before the bedrock. Composed of partially weathered parent material. It is continually forming and changing physically, chemically and biologically.

119
Q

Organic matter

A

Consists of dead plant and animal material in various stages of decomposition. A majority of organic matter comes from fine root decomposition. It shrinks and swells which helps form pore space. Some organic matter binds to larger groups of soil particles which form better soil structure. Soil organisms improve aeration, soil structure and fertility.

120
Q

Loam

A

Refers to a soil texture that is a balance of sand, silt, and clay (less clay than sand and silt). It is favorable for plant growth

121
Q

Soil Aggregates

A

Clumped together soil particles

122
Q

Soil structure

A

The shape, size, strength and arrangement of soil aggragates.

123
Q

Macropores

A

Filled with air because they are too large to hold water against gravity

124
Q

Micropores

A

Hold water for plants to use

125
Q

Bulk density

A

The weight of dried soil per unit of soil volume. Used to determine compaction levels and whether pore space exists.

126
Q

Buffering capacity (soil)

A

Resistance to changes in pH, especially soils high in clay or organic matter

127
Q

Ions

A

Charged particles (minerals dissolved in water)

128
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

129
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ion

130
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

131
Q

Cations

A

Positively charged ions

132
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

A

A measure of a soil’s ability to attract, retain, and exchange positively charged ions. Used as a gauge of soil fertility.

133
Q

Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC)

A

A measure of a soil’s ability to attract, retain, and exchange positively charged ions. Used as a gauge of soil fertility.

134
Q

Saline Soils

A

Soils with excessive levels of ions in the form of soluble salts

135
Q

Saline Soils

A

Soils with excessive levels of ions in the form of soluble salts

136
Q

Sodic soils

A

The cation sodium occupies an unusually high percentage of the CEC .

137
Q

Sodic soils

A

The cation sodium occupies an unusually high percentage of the CEC .

138
Q

Rhizosphere

A

An area of intense biological activity in the soil near actively elongating roots where many organisms florish.

139
Q

Rhizosphere

A

An area of intense biological activity in the soil near actively elongating roots where many organisms florish.

140
Q

Root exudates

A

Sugar and other materials released through roots into the soil

141
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Specialized root structures created when mycorrhizal fungi infect roots of a suitable host plant. Most plants have mycorrhizae.

142
Q

Mycorrhizae

A

Specialized root structures created when mycorrhizal fungi infect roots of a suitable host plant. Most plants have mycorrhizae.

143
Q

Mineralization

A

The process of which organically bound plant nutrients are converted into inorganic plant available forms.

144
Q

Mineralization

A

The process of which organically bound plant nutrients are converted into inorganic plant available forms.

145
Q

Field capacity (soil)

A

Level reached when gravitational water drains from soil

146
Q

Capillary water

A

Water that is retained in micropores of soil once field capacity is reached

147
Q

Structural soils

A

Soil mixes that can be compacted to meet engineering requirements and still allow for root growth and development

148
Q

Structural soils

A

Soil mixes that can be compacted to meet engineering requirements and still allow for root growth and development

149
Q

Turgid

A

Fully hydrated

150
Q

Evapotranspiration (ET)

A

The rate of which water is lost through transpiration by plants and evaporation from soil

151
Q

Evapotranspiration (ET)

A

The rate of which water is lost through transpiration by plants and evaporation from soil

152
Q

Xeriscaping

A

Landscaping with drought tolerant plants

153
Q

Xeriscaping

A

Landscaping with drought tolerant plants

154
Q

Hydrozone

A

Planting in groups of similar water requirements

155
Q

Hydrozone

A

Planting in groups of similar water requirements and irrigating on the same schedule

156
Q

Tensiometer

A

Device used to measure soil wetness or dryness

157
Q

Tensiometer

A

Device used to measure soil wetness or dryness

158
Q

Internal cycling

A

When the annual demand of a plants nutrients are met through reusing elements from the soil taken up from previous years

159
Q

Primary macronutrients

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

160
Q

Primary micronutrients

A

Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

161
Q

Secondary Macronutrients

A

Sulfur, magnesium, and calcium

162
Q

Secondary Macronutrients

A

Sulfur, magnesium, and calcium

163
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion to a plant usable form of atmospheric nitrogen

164
Q

Nitrogen fixation

A

Conversion to a plant usable form of atmospheric nitrogen

165
Q

Chlorosis

A

Yellowing or whitening of leaves

166
Q

Chlorosis

A

Yellowing or whitening of leaves

167
Q

Volatilization

A

Loss in gaseous form into the atmosphere

168
Q

Nutrient limitation

A

Affects the rate of growth

169
Q

Nutrient Deficiency

A

Affects tree health

170
Q

Prescription fertilization

A

Matching the trees annual demand for nutrients relative to the supply of nutrients

171
Q

Soil analysis

A

Provides estimates of the quantities of plant available nutrients, organic matter content, pH, and Cation exchange capacity

172
Q

Foliar Analysis

A

Analysis of nutrient content in the leaves, reflecting the trees ability to acquire and use nutrients from the soil under current conditions

173
Q

Complete fertilizer

A

A fertilizer that contains nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium

174
Q

Fertilizer burn

A

When ions from fertilizer draw out water from the roots

175
Q

Water insoluble nitrogen (WIN)

A

Percentage of WIN on fertilizer label determines if it is slow release

176
Q

Water insoluble nitrogen (WIN)

A

Percentage of WIN on fertilizer label determines if it is slow release

177
Q

Fastigiate

A

Tree growing in upright form

178
Q

Hardiness

A

A plant’s ability to survive winter growing conditions and often refers specifically to cold temperatures

179
Q

Hardiness

A

A plant’s ability to survive winter growing conditions and often refers specifically to cold temperatures

180
Q

Bare root trees

A

Usually small, easy to transplant, and less costly than other stock types. Larger roots are intact, finer roots lost when harvested. There is no soil attached- light weight. Vital roots be kept moist after planting.

181
Q

Hardened off

A

A process that acclimates balled and burlapped trees to water stress when dug with foliage

182
Q

Guying

A

Staking a tree

183
Q

Espalier

A

Combination of pruning and training branches that are oriented in one plane

184
Q

Topiary

A

Pruning to specific shape

185
Q

Infloresence

A

Flowers

186
Q

CODIT

A

Compartmentalization of decay/damage in trees

187
Q

Antigibberellins

A

Inhibit the synthesis of gibberellin, the naturally occurring cell-elongation hormone

188
Q

Cable stop/swage

A

Termination devices that clamp to the end of cables

189
Q

Insect frass

A

Frass isa by-product of insect breeding, the leftover substrate, which is composed of spent feedstock, insect feces, and cuticles.

190
Q

Blight

A

Characterized by sudden death of flowers, leaves, or young stems that typically remain on the plant

191
Q

Blotch

A

Irregularly shaped dead area on leaf, stem, or fruit

192
Q

Canker

A

Localized, usually dead area on stems, roots, or branches; often sunken and discolored

193
Q

Chlorosis

A

Whitish or yellowish lead discoloration caused by lack of chlorophyll

194
Q

Gall

A

Abnormal, enlarged plant structure that develops from proliferation of the cells in leaves, stems, or roots colonized by certain parasitic organisms such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, mites or insects

195
Q

Gummosis

A

Exudation of sap or gum, often in response to disease or insect damage

196
Q

Necrosis

A

Localized or general death of cells or parts of a living organism

197
Q

Scorch

A

Browning or shriveling of foliage, especially along leaf margins and/or between veins

198
Q

Spot

A

Discrete, localized, and usually small dead area of a leaf or needle, stem, flower, or fruit

199
Q

Stippling

A

Speckled or dotted areas on leaves where tissue has been damaged such as by piercing-sucking insects

200
Q

Witches broom

A

Plant structure resulting from shortening of internodes and proliferation of buds to form a dense brushlike mass of shoots

201
Q

Allelopathy

A

The chemical inhibition of growth and development of one plant by another.

202
Q

Skeletonized leaf

A

Result of insects that eat leaf parts around the veins

203
Q

Phytotoxic

A

Damage to plants caused by chemicals

204
Q

Honeydew

A

Sugar excreted from phloegm caused by sucking insects

205
Q

Sooty mold

A

A black mold that can come from honeydew substrate. It can cover leaves and impact plant health

206
Q

Vectors (insects)

A

Insects that carry disease causing organisms from one tree to another

207
Q

Eriophyid mites

A

May cause galls to form on foliage and twigs because of feeding or egg laying

208
Q

Nematodes

A

Small, unsegmented, microscopic, wormlike creatures.

209
Q

Plant disease triangle

A

The tree must be susceptible to the pathogen, the pathogen must be present, and the environment must be suitable to the disease.

210
Q

Cellulose and Lignin

A

Provide defense since many herbivores and even some pathogens cannot digest these compounds

211
Q

Alellochemicals

A

Tannins, other phenols, and other compounds that have toxic or deterring effects on certain herbivores or pathogens

212
Q

Photosynthate

A

Plant sugars

213
Q

ARP

A

Appropriate response process (for phc)

214
Q

IPM

A

Integrated pest management

215
Q

Phenology

A

The study of reoccurring biological events (pest emergence, flowering, fruiting, leaf drop, etc.) which are often related to seasonal patterns of weather, temp and day length.

216
Q

Degree-day model

A

A quantitative method for accounting for the effect of seasonal warming on pest development.

217
Q

Monocultures

A

Extensive plantings of the same species

218
Q

Cultural control

A

Refers to landscape management practices that either promote plant health or deter pest development

219
Q

Biological control

A

The suppression of pest populations by three main types of natural enemies: predators, parasites, and pathogens

220
Q

Systemic pesticides

A

Absorbed and moved through plant

221
Q

Secondary pest outbreak

A

Occur when primary pest and natural enemies are both suppressed and a new pest takes advantage of the lack of competition

222
Q

Biorational control products

A

Insecticidal soap, horticultural oils, botanicals, insect growth regulators, microbial based products, and microbial agents

223
Q

Insecticidal soaps

A

Highly refined soaps that disrupt the cell membranes of soft bodied insects and mites

224
Q

Horticultural oils

A

Have insecticidal properties because they suffocate certain insects and disrupt their membranes

225
Q

Botanical pesticides

A

Plant extracts used for insecticidal purposes

226
Q

Insect growth regulators

A

Synthetic compounds that act like hormones, disrupting the molting or growth processes

227
Q

Microbial pesticides

A

Contain insect pathogens or lethal microbial byproducts that are derived from extracts of bacterial pathogens of insects

228
Q

Microbial pesticides

A

Contain insect pathogens or lethal microbial byproducts that are derived from extracts of bacterial pathogens of insects

229
Q

Critical root zone (CRZ)

A

The area around the tree where the minimum amount of roots that are biologically essential to the structural stability and health of the tree are located.

230
Q

Sales comparison approach

A

Compares a buyers willingness to pay with a seller’s willingness to sell

231
Q

The income approach

A

Quantifies the present value of future benefits expected to be generated by the subject of appraisal

232
Q

The cost approach

A

Determines the amount of resources necessary to reproduce, replace, or repair the subject of appraisal.

233
Q

Trunk formula technique

A

Extrapolates the cost to reproduce nursery stock per unit of trunk cross sectional area

234
Q

Quick links

A

Caribeaners tightened by wrench

235
Q

Kernmantle

A

Ropes with a cover and an inner core

236
Q

Double braided ropes

A

Braided rope inside a braided rope

237
Q

12 strand rope

A

Braided rope that has no core

238
Q

16 strand rope

A

Large braided cover strands for strength and abrasion resistance and a small diameter core to keep the rope rounded

239
Q

24 strand rope

A

Double braided and tighter than a 16 strand

240
Q

Cycles to failure

A

For ropes one cycle means one lift, or drop for a rigging line

241
Q

Design factor

A

Reflects the relationship between the tensile strength of a rope and the working load limit. A higher number means a stronger rope.

Arborist Cert (1 decks)

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