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Question 1

What is metabolism?

Answer 1

The sum of all the chemical processes necessary to make possible the characteristic of living cells/organisms.

Question 2

What is the difference between phototrophs, chemotrophs, heterotrophs and autotrophs?

Answer 2

Phototrophs → use light for energy

Chemotrophs → use compounds for energy, either organic or inorganic

Heterotrophs → use an organic source of carbon and reducing power

Autotrophs →​ use an inorganic source of carbon and reducing power

Question 3

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 3

Catabolism (fuel oxidation) → breaking down complex compounds into simpler ones; oxidative reactions that release energy and can occur spontaneously.

Anabolism (biosynthesis) → synthesising more complex compounds from simpler ones; reduction reactions the require energy and do not occur spontaneously.

Question 4

What are the important needs metabolic regulation must meet, regardless of the situation the body is in?

Answer 4

All cells need adequate metabolic fuel

All cells need the correct form of fuel (eg. the brain requires glucose)

Blood glucose must be kept within a set range

Waste products (eg. Nitrogen) must be removed safely

Excess fuel should be stored, not wasted

Question 5

Which fuels do the important metabolic organs use, and what are their functions?

Answer 5

Brain → uses glucose exclusively as a fuel, but also uses ketone bodies during starvation

Skeletal muscle → When glucose is plentiful, it stores glycogen for its own use

Liver → when glucose is plentiful, it makes glycogen and fat. Releases fuel during fasting and exercise.

Adipose tissue → When fat is plentiful, stores fat. Releases fat during exercise and fasting.

Question 6

What are the 3 different metabolic states?

Answer 6

Fed → body is currently digesting food. Liver will use excess fuel to make glycogen and fat. Tissues will take up excess glucose. Adipose tissue will take up and store excess fat.

Fasting → Liver releases glucose and ketone bodies. Adipose tissue releases fat. Most tissues switch to fat use.

Exercise → Muscle fuel use increases. Adipose tissue releases fats. Liver releases glucose.

Question 7

What are the different sources of glucose in different metabolic states?

Answer 7

Fed → glucose from small intestine due to digestion

Fasting → No glucose in small intestine so glycogen is released from the liver

Exercise → Muscles need lots of ATP so they use muscle glycogen

Starvation → no liver glycogen is left, so other non-carbohydrates are used in gluconeogenesis.