AR: Causation Flashcards

1
Q

What is Causation in criminal law?

A

The principle that the defendant’s conduct must be shown to have the consequence of a crime.

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2
Q

Why is causation important in criminal liability?

A

To establish Actus Reus, the prosecution must prove a causal link between the defendant’s actions and the harmful result.

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3
Q

What are the two types of causation?

A

Factual and Legal causation

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4
Q

What is the test used for factual causation?

A

The “But for” test - would the consequence have occured but for the defendants actions?

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5
Q

What is a key case for ractual causation?

A

R v white - the defendant was not the factual cause of death because the victim would have died from a heart attack regardless of poisoning

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6
Q

What is the principle of Legal causation?

A

the defendant’s act must be the “operating and substantial” cause of the consequence.

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7
Q

What case demonstartes the

A

R v Smith (1959) – Despite poor medical treatment, the original stab wound was still the substantial cause of death.

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8
Q

What is an intervening Act

A

An event that breaks the chain of causation, making the defendant no longer liable for the outcome.

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9
Q

How can a victim’s own act break the chain of causation?

A

If the act is “unreasonable or unforeseeable”
Case: R v Roberts (1971) – Jumping from a car to escape assault was reasonable and foreseeable, so causation was not broken.

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10
Q

What is the thin skull rule?

A

The defendant must “take their victim as they find them”, even if the victim has a pre-existing condition.
Case: R v Blaue (1975) – The refusal of a blood transfusion did not break causation because the stab wound was the operative cause of death.

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11
Q

Can natural events break the chain of causation?

A

Yes, but only if they are completely unforeseeable and unconnected to the defendant’s act

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