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XEnvirothon > Aquatics 2.0 > Flashcards

Aquatics 2.0 Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics of Water: Polarity

A

Good solvent for chemical reactions

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2
Q

Characteristics of Water: High Specific Heat

A
  • Capacity of substance to absorb heat in relation to rate of temperature change at constant volume
  • Due to hydrogen bonds
  • Water doesn’t change too much temperature so ecosystems can live in peace
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3
Q

Characteristics of Water: Density

A
  • Water molecules arrange into crystalline structure that increases spaces between individual molecules when solid
  • In cold winter months, ice layer will reach 2-5 m max and the rest will be fine for aquatic organisms
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4
Q

Characteristics of Water: Turbidity

A
  • How clear water is
  • Sources include clays form erosion, phytoplankton, bottom feeders
  • Modify light penetration affecting photosynthesis
  • Suspended junk absorb heat which changes habitat
  • Lower oxygen levels because the waters will be warmer
  • Damage gill structure
  • Decrease organism’s resistance to disease
  • Prevent proper egg development
  • Adds cost to treatment of surface water supplies for drinking (due to heavy metals)
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5
Q

Characteristics of Water: Stream Flow

A
  • Measure of volume of water that passes through specific point in river or stream; affected by precipitation and vegetation that filters water
  • Affects temperature of water (Low flow = stream heats up rapidly)
  • Affects oxygen levels (Fast water = diffusion of atmospheric oxygen into water)
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6
Q

Characteristics of Water: Carbon Dioxide

A
  • Originates from atmosphere, biological activity, and breakdown of limestone; fluctuates with photosynthesis
  • Acid + water = hydrogen ions + bicarbonate to buffer water against change in pH which protects aquatic organisms
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7
Q

Characteristics of Water: pH

A
  • Concentration of hydrogen ions; fluctuates with photosynthesis
  • Determines solubility and nutrients that can be used by aquatic life
  • Pollution = higher pH = more algae growth
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8
Q

Characteristics of Water: Hardness

A
  • Amount of dissolved solids
  • Water is soft if less than 10 ppm, hard if over 40 ppm
  • Hard water = more living matter
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9
Q

Characteristics of Water: Temperature

A
  • Most aquatic organisms are poikilothermic ie unable to internally regulate core body temperature
  • Affects biological activity
  • Populations will change depending on temperature
  • Influences water chemistry (More reactions will occur when it’s hotter which also influences biological activity)
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10
Q

Thermal Stratification def & parts

A
  • Surface water is warmed by sun but bottom of lake is cold
  • Epilimnion: top water layer
  • Hypolimnion: deep cool layer
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11
Q

Characteristics of Water: Dissolved Oxygen

A
  • Comes from photosynthesis or atmospheric oxygen
  • Without sufficient oxygen, fish would die
  • Bacteria use oxygen as they decompose materials
  • Salty water holds less oxygen
  • Cold water holds more dissolved oxygen
  • More turbulance = more opportunities for oxygen to dissolve
  • Vegetation nearby provides oxygen from photosynthesis
  • Clearing land = stirring sediments into water which bacteria decompose which uses oxygen
  • Destruction of trees decreases amount of shade which increases water temperature which means less oxygen
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12
Q

Nutrient Cycling

A
  • C, N, P = determine productivity in aquatic system

- Nitrogen fixation: bacteria transform biologically unavailable ntirogen gas into water soluble form to be used

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13
Q

Limiting Factors

A
  • Prevent population from growing larger
  • Determines carrying capacity
  • N, P = usually in short supply and are limiting factors
  • Increasing limiting factors = growth of algae = no photosynthesis = algae die and sediment = decomposition = uses up dissolved oxygen = anoxic conditions
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14
Q

Lotic Systems def

A

running water habitats; oxygen rich because colder and faster waters (streams, river)

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15
Q

Lentic Systems def

A

standing water habitats; warmer than lotic systems (ponds, lakes, wetlands)

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16
Q

Streams

A
  • Small, feeds into rivers
  • Cooler than rivers = more dissolved oxygen
  • Organisms are adapted to swift currents (snails, nympths, brook trout)
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17
Q

Rivers

A
  • Larger, receives discharge from streams

- Will contain still water inhabitants (crustaceans, worms, dragonflies, clams)

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18
Q

Ponds

A
  • Smaller and warmer and shallower than lakes
  • Allow rooted plants to grow
  • Rarely anoxic
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19
Q

Lakes

A

Larger and cooler than ponds

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20
Q

Sampling Tools: Turbidity

A
  1. Secchi disk: disk lowered into rope until no longer visible and see how long
  2. Turbidity tube: look at disk through tube and see how much water is needed to make disk disappear
21
Q

Sampling Tools: Lotic Samplers

A
  • Kick net
  • D-frame net
  • Surber sampler: for organisms in streams with rocky bottoms
  • Metal frame with net
22
Q

Sampling Tools: Lentic Samplers

A
  • D-frame dip: collects organisms in margins of ponds or lakes
  • Plankton net: net towed by boat to collect plankton
  • Macan sampler: box with sharp jaws that cuts plants
  • Ekman grab: box with spring jaws to collect benthods in shallow waters
  • Ponar grab: box with spring jaws to collect benthods in deep waters
  • Hester-Dendy: amount of organisms that attach to solid surfaces
23
Q

Sampling Tools: Collecting BMIs

A
  • Person brushes cobbles away
  • Place net facing flow
  • Put macroinvertebrates into white containers with stream water
24
Q

Benthic Macroinvertebrates

A
  • Energy stored by plants is available to animals in the form of leaves or algae
  • Food chain “producers”
  • The more diversity & pollution sensitive organisms, the healthier your aquatic ecosystem
25
Q

Pollution-Sensitive BMIs

A
  • Caddisfly
  • Mayfly
  • Stonefly
26
Q

Kinda Pollution Sensitive BMIs

A
  • Beetle larvae
  • Clams
  • Dragonfly
27
Q

Not Pollution Sensitive BMIs

A
  • Worms

- Leeches

28
Q

Plant Zones

A
  • Shoreline Zone: plants that tolerate soil (willows, alders)
  • Emergent Zone: area closet tos horeline with shallow water (grasses, arrowheads)
  • Floating-Leaved Zone: plants that have leaves that float on water surface w/ stomata (water lillies, pond weeds, water-shields, duckweeds)
  • Submerged Zone: rooted plant growth (bladderworts, common waterweeds)
29
Q

Lake Zones

A
  • Lake Surface: phytoplankton, duckweed, water lilies, and other floating plants
  • Littoral Zone: shoreline to rototed plants; greatest biodiversity
  • Limnetic Zone: open water (Trophogenic; high dissolved levels and sun for organisms, Tropholytic; deep cold zone for organisms)
  • Benthic Zone: all the littoral and limnetic zone
30
Q

Trophic Status factors

A
  1. Rate of nutrient supply (soils, vegetation)
  2. Climate (temperature, sunlight)
  3. Morphometry (depth)
31
Q

Lake Types

A
  1. Oligotrophic
    - Very little nutrients & algae
    - Cold, lots of dissolved oxygen
    - Less TSS = more light = less decomposition & less fertility
  2. Mesotrophic
    - Medium amount of nutrients
    - Thermal stratification occurs
  3. Eutrophic
    - Lots of nutrients
    - Shallow, turbid
    - Lots of diversity
    - Lots of decomposition which uses O2 = anoxic conditions
32
Q

Lake Succession

A
  • Nutrients are flushed into lake
  • Active biological communities develop
  • Basin becomes shallower as decomposition occurs
  • Algae flourish
33
Q

Pond Succession

A
  • Open water, little organic matter, submerged and floating plants
  • Emergent plants appear on edges, over time decomposition leads to organic matter, depth of basin decreases, bushes invade basin
  • Basin is filled with organic matter, plants are replaced by grasses & bushes that will eventually be replaced by trees
34
Q

Pollution types

A
  • Point: single identificable source of pollution (pipe, drain)
  • Nonpoint: impacts that occur over wide area and over time
35
Q

Nonpoint pollution sources & effects & ways to control

A
  1. Urban land use (stormwater contaminated with oil, dust, feces, toxins)
  2. Agricultural land use (pesticides, fertilizers washed into streams in rainfall run off)
  3. Forestry land use
  • Accelerates erosion and poisons water
  • To control, can input soil conservation practices & controlled application of pesticides + fertilizers & street cleaning
36
Q

Wetlands: Types

A
  1. Marshes
    - Covered by standing water
    - Root plants
    - Most productive
  2. Swamps
    - Waterlogged area that can become dry
  3. Bogs
    - Found in the north
    - Permanently flooded
    - Acid so not much life
  4. Fens
    - Found in the north
    - Permanently flooded
    - Better drainage than bogs
    - Less biodiversity than marshes
  5. Ephemal Wetlands
    - Temporary wetlands that can dry out
    Important resting areas for migrating waterfowl
37
Q

Wetlands: Benefits

A
  • Provide habitat for wide variety of species
  • Act as a buffer that may intercept nonpoint pollution sources
  • Filter stormwater runoff
  • Absorb large amounts of water (less flood/drought damage)
  • Provide economically valuable products like wood, wild rice, cranberries, fish
38
Q

Wetlands: Threats

A
  • Drained for urban development
  • Overabundance of pollution to filter out which makes wetlands toxic
  • Invasive species!
39
Q

Wetlands: Ways to Save Wetlands

A
  • Protect from future human activities
  • Restore native vegetation by planting native grasses, flowers, shrubs
  • Create buffer strips around wetlands
  • Introduce nesting structures for animals
  • Control invasive species*
40
Q

Importance of Biodiversity

A
  • Supports human industries (agriculture, cosmetics, food)
  • Recreation (fishing, hiking)
  • Increased resiliency of ecosystem
41
Q

Dangers to Biodiversity

A
  • Habitat destruction
  • Overhunting, overfishing, overharvesting
  • Pollution
  • Invasive species
  • Climate change
42
Q

Aquatic Resources Laws

A
  • RV Sparrow: fishery regulations can’t interfere with Aboriginal right to fish for food
  • Interim Enforcement Policy: minimizes number of instants where Aboriginals are in conflict with fisheries
  • Ontario-Anishinabek Conservation and Fishing Agreement: shared responsibility to preserve, protect, enhance environment
43
Q

Invasive Species: Transportation

A
  • Ships or recreational boats
  • Release of fishing bait
  • Release of lab animals
  • Release from aquaculture facilities
  • Released to control another invasive species
  • Released for habitat restoration
44
Q

Invasive Species: Establishment

A
  • Fast growth
  • Fast reproduction rate
  • Lack of predators
  • Ability to survive in environment
  • Ability to use resources efficiently (displace native species)
45
Q

Invasive Species: Consequences

A
  • Biodiversity is reduced (Predation + Competition for resources + Alter nutrient cycling)
  • Decrease economic productivity (Reduce fisheries’ production + Decrease water availability + Decrease property values)
  • Impact public health (Invasive species bring diseases with them)
46
Q

Invasive Species:

A
  • Asian Carps
  • Water chestnut
  • Bullfrog
  • Chinese Mitten Crab
  • Lionfish
  • Rusty Crayfish
  • Zebra Mussel
47
Q

Methods of Controlling Invasive Species: Prevention

A
  • Develop national public education and awareness programs because much spread of invasive species are unintentional (Billboards, PSAs)
  • Training programs for boaters (Don’t move organisms from one water body to another + Check and remove mud and weeds from equipment before entering another area + Drain water from buckets of boats before leaving area + Clean boat and gear)
  • Build support within environmental sector for reforming of environmental policies to increase priority toward invasive species
  • Establish federal policies restricting importation of potentially damaging species
  • Risk assessments of species
48
Q

Methods of Controlling Invasive Species: Early Detection/Response

A

Strong surveillance programs around high-risk pathways

49
Q

Methods of Controlling Invasive Species: Treat

A
  • Research environmental, social and economic effects
  • Well-funded research into effective and humane control methods
  • Well-funded long-term control programs with science-based prioritization
  • Remove unsafe species from high-risk areas

XEnvirothon (2 decks)

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