Aquatic Biology SSFC Final Flashcards
Covers Lecture and lab material from entire semester including limnology
1
Q
What 3 factors determine lake characteristics?
A
1) origin
2) Shape of shoreline / morphology
3) Trophic status
2
Q
___________ are the result of geological processes (types of lakes)
A
Freshwater basins
3
Q
PO4 (orthophosphates) CaCO3, SO4 and SiO2 are examples of nutrients found in lakes that have been provided by what?
A
The parent material
Geologic History of the Area in which the lake is formed
4
Q
Processes that have to do with soil/geologic makeup are called what?
A
Edaphic Processes
5
Q
Materials derived from within a lake are referred to as….
A
Autochthonous (eg soluble nutirents)
6
Q
Materials that originate outside of a lake (inputs from streams or local vegetation) are referred to as…
A
Allochthonous (eg Particulate Organic Carbon, DOC)
7
Q
6 Origins of Lakes
A
Tectonic activity Volcanic activity Landslides/Mudflows Glacial Activity Fluvial Activity Solution Lakes
8
Q
Lakes that are formed as a result of faulting are called…
A
Tectonic Basins/ Relict Lakes
9
Q
A depressed block of land bordered by 2 faults is called what?
A
A Graben
Lake Baikal
10
Q
True or False
Tectonic Basins are unstable and easily disturbed.
A
False.
Tectonic Lakes like Lake Baikal are very stable and often house endemic species.
11
Q
What is a rift lake?
Name an example.
A
A linear zone there the earth’s crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart tectonically. EG. L. Ohrid (Macedonia) or L. Tanganyika ( E. Africa)
12
Q
Uplift Lakes, like the Caspian Sea, are examples of what geological process?
A
Epeirogenesis/Epeirogenic Movement. The uplift of a marine bed to create an isolated (and often salinated) Lake.
13
Q
A lake that has no access to a watershed and is usually salinated…
A
Endorheic
14
Q
Crate Lakes, often formed through Volcanic activity, are usually ____________
A
Ultraoligotrophic
15
Q
What are maars and coulees?
A
Lakes that form from secondary volcanic activity like lava dams or subterranean volcanic explosions
16
Q
Uplift Lakes, Crater Lakes and Maars are all caused by _______________
A
Volcanic Activity
17
Q
True of False
Active Volcanic Lakes can store poisonous CO2 and have been known to kill within a 25km radius
A
True
Lake Nyos (Cameroon)
18
Q
The most prominent lake formations in North America are formed by what?
A
Glacial Activity
19
Q
Isolated lakes on mountainsides are called what?
A
Cirques/Tarns
20
Q
Sometimes Migrating glacial ice can leave long scrapings into the earth that pool into lakes. What are these lakes Called? What was the example given in lecture?
A
Ice-Scour Lakes or Corrasion lakes
Finger Lakes, NY
21
Q
True or False
The Niagra Escarpment contributed to the formation of the Kawartha Lakes through moranic damming.
A
False.
The Oak Ridges Moraine Created an impoundment referred to as Moranic Damming. This contributed to the creation of the Kawartha LAkes.
22
Q
How are Kettle Lakes formed?
A
During a period of glacial RETREAT
Giant Ice blocks are deposited from the Glacier movement and slowly melt into outwash, forming lakes.
23
Q
Sometimes in Arctic climates, permafrost can crack and cave, forming small pools and lakes. What are these lakes called and how are they significant?
A
Thermokarst Lakes
Can create interconnected ‘patterned’ arctic wetland systems
24
Q
kidney shaped lakes left on flood plain floors (usually in proximity to an active river meander) are often called…
A
Oxbow Lakes
25
A 'lake event' occurs when?
Sediment loading at a river delta increases the flood plain
26
carbonic acid (H2CO3) from rain and soluble minerals like calcium carbonates create round depression lakes called what?
Solution Lakes
27
The key factors of Lake Morphology are...
Shoreline shape
Lenth/area ratio
Bottom Morphology
Lake Orientation
28
What is the Shoreline Development Index?
The LENGTH of the Shoreline divided by 2 multiplied by the square root of pi SURFACE AREA.
A morphometric way to estimate lake productivity. Typically, more shoreline means more productivity.
29
When Estimating lake productivity concerning fish and algae growth, you would use the ______________ Index.
Morphedaphic Index. MEI
Uses TDS and depth to determine a value for productivity. TDS/MEAN DEPTH
30
In Ontario, an MEI of _____ is considered optimal for productivity.
30-40
31
Groundwater represents __ % of the earth's total water supply.
0.5 %
32
Lakes represent __% ot the Earth's total water supply.
0.018%
33
Oceans tie up __% of the Earth's Water supply.
97.3%
34
Lake Baikal contains __% to the world's lake water.
20%
Deepest Lake at 1,637m
35
What is Rawson's Diagram and when was it created?
1939
is an overview of all the factors that give a lake it's certain character, trophic status, productivity and biotic community
36
What is the Stanfield Protocol?
MnR standard survey protocol where at least one 30-50 m stream sectioned is sampled to determine Metrics/characteristics, slope, substrate, flow, habitat, bank full/baseflow measurements
37
Sampling Invertebrates Indicates the Stream's _______, __________ and ___________
Richness, Diversity and Indicator Species (health)
38
Traditionally, stream surveys have been conducted to aid in determining the health of what industry?
Fish / fisheries
39
4 parameters used to conduct Stream Surveys
Water Quality
Fish and Fish Habitat
Stream Characteristics
Invertebrates
40
What do OBBN and OSAP stand for?
Ontario Benthos Biomonitoring Netwrork (MNR)
Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol
41
The higher the stream order, the more ________ the stream becomes.
Lake-like
eg. Pigeon = higher stream order than Nogies. Wider, Slower, more 'lake-like'
42
Name 5 Parameters that aid in determining Habitat Quality in a stream.
```
Riffle-pool sequence
Instream cover
Substrate size and quality
Dissolved Oxygen
Diversity
```
43
What are EPTs?
Invertebrate bio indicators that are intolerant of high temperatures, low DO, sedimentation and nutirient enrichment.
MAYFLIES, STONEFLIES, CADDISFLIES
44
Falcultative invertebrates with mid-range tolerance include...
Beetles, Dragonflies, Damselflies, Bugs
45
invertebrates with a wide tolerance include...
Isopods
Amphipods
Fly larvae
46
4 reasons why invertebrates are good indicators
- Sensitive & habitat specific
- Live through entire lifecycle in same habitat
- Usually resident/habitat specific and cannot escape
- Easily sampled
47
This sampler equipment is cylindrical and has a mesh hose attached to the side
Hess or T Sampler
48
This sampler is used resting in substrate, facing upstream with a 'shovel like' scoop and a mesh net attached
Surber Sampler
49
You would use this to kick and sweep
D-Frame net
50
Freshwater systems are controlled by these three factors.
Light
Heat
Wind
51
Light penetration affected by angle of incidence and suspended particulate
Turbidity
52
Secchi Depth equates to approx. __ % of the incident light left in the system.
21%
53
Plants use as little as __% of available light for growth.
1%
54
What is a Compensation Point?
The depth at which light intensity effects photosynthesis at the same rate respiration occurs.
(when net O2 prooduction is surpassed by net CO2 production)
1% incident light
55
Transmission of heat through movement of water particles
Convection
56
Transmission of heat through direct contact
Conduction
57
Parallel windrows on lake surfaces that deviate from wind direction usually 20 degrees and form at wind speeds of 2-15 m/sec
Langmuir Circulation
58
Winds only affect shear forces at the surface of water. Water circulates below the waves, aiding in langmuir cell creation and creating differential movement to carry particulate and nutrients. What is this movement called?
Stokes Drift
59
True or False
Stokes drift in shallow-water waves creates less inertia and can transport particles and nutrients faster and farther.
True
60
Large-scale water movements that occur in large lakes and oceans are called ___________. They are a major mechanism for ________ and ___________ distribution.
GYRALS
HEAT
NUTRIENT
61
________ is a product of the earth's rotation that deflects motion to the right in the northern hemisphere.
The Coriolis Effect
62
Dense subsurface waters, wind and the Coriolis Effect cause what?
Eckman spirals
63
A standing wave caused by wind or pressure changes in a lake
Seiche
64
True or False
High Pressure in the atmosphere can cause a concave seiche.
True
65
True or False
Water is the most dense at 2 degrees
False. Water is most dense at 4 degrees celsius.
66
Dimictic Lakes have ____ annual mixing events.
2
67
True of False
Algae Blooms can occur in fall mixing due to heightened nutrient availability.
True
68
True or False
Oxygen levels in Dimictic lakes are stratified during fall mixing.
False
There is a uniform concentration of O2 throughout the entire lake
69
Sediments on lake bottoms contain....
oxidized metals, irons, phosphorous and other nutrients
70
What is Inverse stratification?
Winter condition of lakes where temperatures remain around 0 degrees at the surface below the ice, and 4 degrees in the hypolimnion.
71
True of False.
Algae production occurs beneath ice in winter conditions.
True
Low-Light-Photosynthesis
72
True or False
A High oxygen demand in a winter-lake can destroy fish population.
True
Fish actually slow their metabolism down in the winter so that they require less oxygen.
73
What can cause a high oxygen demand in a winterized lake?
Bacteria
74
True or False
The epilimnion is at the bottom of a lake, and separated from the metalimnion by the hypolimnion.
False.
The epilimnion is nearest to the surface (photic zone) and separated from the Hypolimnic layer by the Metalimnion (thermocline).
75
Its possible for an oligotrophic lake or ocean to have a larger concentration of chlorophyll and phytoplankton at the bottom of the photic zone, near the thermocline/metalimnion. What is this condition called?
DCM
Deep chlorophyll Maxima
76
Oxygen-Temperature Relationships in spring and fall are .......
Uniformly mixed
77
True or False
Summer conditions of oligotrophic dimictic lakes create highly productive conditions.
False
There is little BOD in hypolimnion and warm surface water lowers Dissolved Oxygen levels.
78
True of False
Eutrophic lakes have high BOD in a reduction of DO in the summer.
True
79
True or False
Little winter BOD in the hypolimnion means theres a greater chance for winter kill.
False, excessive winter BOD is what kills fish. If the lake has a low oxygen demand, fish have better survival rates.
80
True or False
A high hypolimnetic BOD in the winter is more likely circumstance in a eutrophic lake, than an oligotrophic lake.
True
Eutrophic lakes are higher in nutrients
81
'Lake whitening' can occur from what?
a change in temperature that allows Calcium Carbonates to form at various depths
82
______________ can occur when ice and snow melt into lakes.
Acid Shock
83
IF a lake mixes completely in the fall, what can happen to the temperature in Spring?
Water can actually be warmer than 4 degrees
84
In the spring and fall, lake bottom nutrients become what?
mobilized
85
In the spring, ice melts and ________ trapped in ice can deposit into water body, aiding in the production of __________________
nutrients
| early algal blooms
86
If a lake DOESNT overturn completely in the fall, temperature can actually be ________ than 4 degrees in Spring.
Colder
87
The approximate limit of the photic zone is at _____% incident light
1% incident light
88
True or False
In the summer, nutrients are mixed freely in the Epilimnion.
True
89
'Algal Plate'
DCM 'Deep Chlorophyl Maxima'
when the bulk of chlorophyl and zooplankton are found at the bottom of the photic zone.
90
Nutrients and Plankton may _______ in the summer, driving nutrient levels ______
sink
down
91
The narrow ____________ layer changes temperature rapidly in the summer
Metalimnion/Thermocline/Boundary layer
92
an ____________ lake is ice-bound and never mixes.
Amictic
93
A ____________ lake stays the same temperature all year round, allowing for mixing to occur freely. These 4 degree lakes are usually found in _____________
Polymictic
Found in Tropical Mountain Regions
94
Warm and Cold monomictic lakes mix how many times a year?
Once
95
Warm lakes that only mix in unusual winds/temperature changes are called what?
Oligomictic
96
A hydrogeologically isolated lake with no access to groundwater or surface flow is called....
A True Bog Lake
| Dystrophic
97
A Dystrophic lake has a typical pH of what?
3-5
98
certain blue-greens are ___________ and are found present in Bog Lakes.
acidophiles
99
Interesting __________ Bogs have a ________ value on the pH scale.
calcareous
neutral
100
The pH in Bogs is know to drop due to what?
the isolation of biomass and the release of organic acids like tannins.
101
___________ can be found on the bottom of a dystrophic lake.
Accumulating peat
102
Lakes that dont completely mix and are deep, relative to their surface area
Meromictic lakes
103
Meromictic Lakes have 4 Layers. What are they?
Epilimnion
Metalimnion
Hypolimnion
Moninmolimnion
104
_____________ build up in the monimolymnion creating a gradient of densities in a meromictic lake.
Dissolved Salts
105
The monimolymnion is also called what?
a Chemocline or Halocline (due to salt content)
106
In meromictic lakes, heat passes through the epilimnion and can heat up the __________
monimolimnion
107
___________ are believed to be responsible for the earths supply of oxygen, and are known to be the first
natural source of chlorophyl.
Stromatolites
108
What is a HAB?
Harmful algal bloom
109
True or false
Algae are classified according to their pigments
True
| blue green yellow red brown
110
__________ are primary producers that account for approx. 75 percent of all photosynthesis.
Algae
111
single celled organisms capable of motion are referred to as----
motile
112
This class of algae are non-motile, prominent in pollution, nitrogen-fixing and can release hepatoxins with decay.
Cyanobacteria
(bleu-green algae)
eg. oscillatoria, Anabaena
113
Prokaryotes, while all others are Eukaryotes.
Cyanobacteria
114
This class of algae can be motile, lives primarily in freshwater,is single-celled, colonial or filamentous and is the most prominent flora on the planet.
Chlorophyta
(Green Algae)
eg. Chlamydomonas, Micrasterias, Spyrogyra
115
Released neurotoxins from the decay of Dinoflagellates can lead to ______________
Red Tides, summer kills
116
This class of algae are common in both freshwater and marine water, unicellular, often strange shapes and create taste and odour
Dinoflagellates
| pyrrophyta
117
__________ can take nutrients in both heterotrophically and autotrophically like both plants and animals. They are also very common in polluted water.
Euglena
118
Microcystins can be caused by _______________
blue-green algal blooms
119
This class of algae create a cellular case filled with silicon, are essential marine primary producers, and contain no flagella.
Diatoms (chrysophyta)
eg. Tetrahedron
120
This class of algae is very large, multicellular and exclusively marine.
Brown Algae (phaeophyta)
121
This algae has red pigments and can be found in tidal pools
Rhodophyta (red algae)
122
Algae Bi-products are called _________
Phycocolloids
123
the ocean warms, enhancing phytoplankton growth, which enhances the production of DMS. Elevated DMS concentrations enter the atmosphere creating cloud condensation, and refracting solar energy back into atmosphere, potentially cooling ocean.
The CLAW hypothesis
124
The 20 most pollution tolerant algae are assigned a number value. If more than 5 algae cells are counted on a slide, the index number is recorded and tallied together with other counts. If the pollution index score is +20, there is indication of high organic pollution. A low number usually indicates a lower amount of pollution.
Palmer's Pollution Index
125
What algae is rated highest on Palmer's Index?
Euglena
126
Some wetlands have ________ years worth of accumulated peat.
10 000
127
Characterized by a high water table, seasonal or permanent flooding and more than 50% hydrophytic vegetation
Wetland
128
Characterized by hydrological isolation, Acidic pH, an abundance in organic acids, sphagnum and shrub vegetation
Bogs
129
A wetland that is not completely isolated, slightly acidic or sometimes calcareous, and containing brown mosses and grasses, and often Buckbean
Fens
130
a wetland characterized by less than 25% trees/shrubs, containing many dead standing vegetation and neutral in pH. Often surrounded by marshland and sometimes seasonally dry
Swamp
131
A wetland diverse in vegetation, with open water areas up to 2 m., a neutral pH and often surrounded by wooded swamps.
MArshes
132
A thicket swamp dominated by Willow and Alder Trees is often called....
A Carr
133
A tundra meltwater pond is also called....
An ephemeral Pool/Pothole/slough
134
True or False
up to 95% of wetlands have been lost in some Ontario counties.
True
135
There are 4 categories in the Wetland Evaluation Process, each with an assigned value of 250 points. What are they?
Biological
Hydrological
Social
Special Features (rare species)
136
WHAT DOES ANSI STAND FOR?
Area of Natural and Scientific Interest
