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Aquatic Biology SSFC > Aquatic Biology SSFC Final > Flashcards

Aquatic Biology SSFC Final Flashcards

Covers Lecture and lab material from entire semester including limnology

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1
Q

What 3 factors determine lake characteristics?

A

1) origin
2) Shape of shoreline / morphology
3) Trophic status

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2
Q

___________ are the result of geological processes (types of lakes)

A

Freshwater basins

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3
Q

PO4 (orthophosphates) CaCO3, SO4 and SiO2 are examples of nutrients found in lakes that have been provided by what?

A

The parent material

Geologic History of the Area in which the lake is formed

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4
Q

Processes that have to do with soil/geologic makeup are called what?

A

Edaphic Processes

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5
Q

Materials derived from within a lake are referred to as….

A

Autochthonous (eg soluble nutirents)

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6
Q

Materials that originate outside of a lake (inputs from streams or local vegetation) are referred to as…

A

Allochthonous (eg Particulate Organic Carbon, DOC)

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7
Q

6 Origins of Lakes

A 
Tectonic activity
Volcanic activity
Landslides/Mudflows
Glacial Activity
Fluvial Activity
Solution Lakes
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8
Q

Lakes that are formed as a result of faulting are called…

A

Tectonic Basins/ Relict Lakes

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9
Q

A depressed block of land bordered by 2 faults is called what?

A

A Graben

Lake Baikal

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10
Q

True or False

Tectonic Basins are unstable and easily disturbed.

A

False.

Tectonic Lakes like Lake Baikal are very stable and often house endemic species.

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11
Q

What is a rift lake?

Name an example.

A

A linear zone there the earth’s crust and lithosphere are being pulled apart tectonically. EG. L. Ohrid (Macedonia) or L. Tanganyika ( E. Africa)

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12
Q

Uplift Lakes, like the Caspian Sea, are examples of what geological process?

A

Epeirogenesis/Epeirogenic Movement. The uplift of a marine bed to create an isolated (and often salinated) Lake.

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13
Q

A lake that has no access to a watershed and is usually salinated…

A

Endorheic

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14
Q

Crate Lakes, often formed through Volcanic activity, are usually ____________

A

Ultraoligotrophic

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15
Q

What are maars and coulees?

A

Lakes that form from secondary volcanic activity like lava dams or subterranean volcanic explosions

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16
Q

Uplift Lakes, Crater Lakes and Maars are all caused by _______________

A

Volcanic Activity

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17
Q

True of False

Active Volcanic Lakes can store poisonous CO2 and have been known to kill within a 25km radius

A

True

Lake Nyos (Cameroon)

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18
Q

The most prominent lake formations in North America are formed by what?

A

Glacial Activity

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19
Q

Isolated lakes on mountainsides are called what?

A

Cirques/Tarns

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20
Q

Sometimes Migrating glacial ice can leave long scrapings into the earth that pool into lakes. What are these lakes Called? What was the example given in lecture?

A

Ice-Scour Lakes or Corrasion lakes

Finger Lakes, NY

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21
Q

True or False

The Niagra Escarpment contributed to the formation of the Kawartha Lakes through moranic damming.

A

False.

The Oak Ridges Moraine Created an impoundment referred to as Moranic Damming. This contributed to the creation of the Kawartha LAkes.

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22
Q

How are Kettle Lakes formed?

A

During a period of glacial RETREAT

Giant Ice blocks are deposited from the Glacier movement and slowly melt into outwash, forming lakes.

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23
Q

Sometimes in Arctic climates, permafrost can crack and cave, forming small pools and lakes. What are these lakes called and how are they significant?

A

Thermokarst Lakes

Can create interconnected ‘patterned’ arctic wetland systems

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24
Q

kidney shaped lakes left on flood plain floors (usually in proximity to an active river meander) are often called…

A

Oxbow Lakes

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25
Q

A ‘lake event’ occurs when?

A

Sediment loading at a river delta increases the flood plain

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26
Q

carbonic acid (H2CO3) from rain and soluble minerals like calcium carbonates create round depression lakes called what?

A

Solution Lakes

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27
Q

The key factors of Lake Morphology are…

A

Shoreline shape
Lenth/area ratio
Bottom Morphology
Lake Orientation

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28
Q

What is the Shoreline Development Index?

A

The LENGTH of the Shoreline divided by 2 multiplied by the square root of pi SURFACE AREA.

A morphometric way to estimate lake productivity. Typically, more shoreline means more productivity.

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29
Q

When Estimating lake productivity concerning fish and algae growth, you would use the ______________ Index.

A

Morphedaphic Index. MEI

Uses TDS and depth to determine a value for productivity. TDS/MEAN DEPTH

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30
Q

In Ontario, an MEI of _____ is considered optimal for productivity.

A

30-40

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31
Q

Groundwater represents __ % of the earth’s total water supply.

A

0.5 %

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32
Q

Lakes represent __% ot the Earth’s total water supply.

A

0.018%

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33
Q

Oceans tie up __% of the Earth’s Water supply.

A

97.3%

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34
Q

Lake Baikal contains __% to the world’s lake water.

A

20%

Deepest Lake at 1,637m

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35
Q

What is Rawson’s Diagram and when was it created?

A

1939
is an overview of all the factors that give a lake it’s certain character, trophic status, productivity and biotic community

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36
Q

What is the Stanfield Protocol?

A

MnR standard survey protocol where at least one 30-50 m stream sectioned is sampled to determine Metrics/characteristics, slope, substrate, flow, habitat, bank full/baseflow measurements

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37
Q

Sampling Invertebrates Indicates the Stream’s _______, __________ and ___________

A

Richness, Diversity and Indicator Species (health)

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38
Q

Traditionally, stream surveys have been conducted to aid in determining the health of what industry?

A

Fish / fisheries

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39
Q

4 parameters used to conduct Stream Surveys

A

Water Quality
Fish and Fish Habitat
Stream Characteristics
Invertebrates

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40
Q

What do OBBN and OSAP stand for?

A

Ontario Benthos Biomonitoring Netwrork (MNR)

Ontario Stream Assessment Protocol

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41
Q

The higher the stream order, the more ________ the stream becomes.

A

Lake-like

eg. Pigeon = higher stream order than Nogies. Wider, Slower, more ‘lake-like’

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42
Q

Name 5 Parameters that aid in determining Habitat Quality in a stream.

A 
Riffle-pool sequence
Instream cover
Substrate size and quality
Dissolved Oxygen
Diversity
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43
Q

What are EPTs?

A

Invertebrate bio indicators that are intolerant of high temperatures, low DO, sedimentation and nutirient enrichment.

MAYFLIES, STONEFLIES, CADDISFLIES

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44
Q

Falcultative invertebrates with mid-range tolerance include…

A

Beetles, Dragonflies, Damselflies, Bugs

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45
Q

invertebrates with a wide tolerance include…

A

Isopods
Amphipods
Fly larvae

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46
Q

4 reasons why invertebrates are good indicators

A
  • Sensitive & habitat specific
  • Live through entire lifecycle in same habitat
  • Usually resident/habitat specific and cannot escape
  • Easily sampled
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47
Q

This sampler equipment is cylindrical and has a mesh hose attached to the side

A

Hess or T Sampler

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48
Q

This sampler is used resting in substrate, facing upstream with a ‘shovel like’ scoop and a mesh net attached

A

Surber Sampler

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49
Q

You would use this to kick and sweep

A

D-Frame net

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50
Q

Freshwater systems are controlled by these three factors.

A

Light
Heat
Wind

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51
Q

Light penetration affected by angle of incidence and suspended particulate

A

Turbidity

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52
Q

Secchi Depth equates to approx. __ % of the incident light left in the system.

A

21%

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53
Q

Plants use as little as __% of available light for growth.

A

1%

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54
Q

What is a Compensation Point?

A

The depth at which light intensity effects photosynthesis at the same rate respiration occurs.

(when net O2 prooduction is surpassed by net CO2 production)

1% incident light

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55
Q

Transmission of heat through movement of water particles

A

Convection

56
Q

Transmission of heat through direct contact

A

Conduction

57
Q

Parallel windrows on lake surfaces that deviate from wind direction usually 20 degrees and form at wind speeds of 2-15 m/sec

A

Langmuir Circulation

58
Q

Winds only affect shear forces at the surface of water. Water circulates below the waves, aiding in langmuir cell creation and creating differential movement to carry particulate and nutrients. What is this movement called?

A

Stokes Drift

59
Q

True or False

Stokes drift in shallow-water waves creates less inertia and can transport particles and nutrients faster and farther.

A

True

60
Q

Large-scale water movements that occur in large lakes and oceans are called ___________. They are a major mechanism for ________ and ___________ distribution.

A

GYRALS
HEAT
NUTRIENT

61
Q

________ is a product of the earth’s rotation that deflects motion to the right in the northern hemisphere.

A

The Coriolis Effect

62
Q

Dense subsurface waters, wind and the Coriolis Effect cause what?

A

Eckman spirals

63
Q

A standing wave caused by wind or pressure changes in a lake

A

Seiche

64
Q

True or False

High Pressure in the atmosphere can cause a concave seiche.

A

True

65
Q

True or False

Water is the most dense at 2 degrees

A

False. Water is most dense at 4 degrees celsius.

66
Q

Dimictic Lakes have ____ annual mixing events.

A

2

67
Q

True of False

Algae Blooms can occur in fall mixing due to heightened nutrient availability.

A

True

68
Q

True or False

Oxygen levels in Dimictic lakes are stratified during fall mixing.

A

False

There is a uniform concentration of O2 throughout the entire lake

69
Q

Sediments on lake bottoms contain….

A

oxidized metals, irons, phosphorous and other nutrients

70
Q

What is Inverse stratification?

A

Winter condition of lakes where temperatures remain around 0 degrees at the surface below the ice, and 4 degrees in the hypolimnion.

71
Q

True of False.

Algae production occurs beneath ice in winter conditions.

A

True

Low-Light-Photosynthesis

72
Q

True or False

A High oxygen demand in a winter-lake can destroy fish population.

A

True

Fish actually slow their metabolism down in the winter so that they require less oxygen.

73
Q

What can cause a high oxygen demand in a winterized lake?

A

Bacteria

74
Q

True or False

The epilimnion is at the bottom of a lake, and separated from the metalimnion by the hypolimnion.

A

False.

The epilimnion is nearest to the surface (photic zone) and separated from the Hypolimnic layer by the Metalimnion (thermocline).

75
Q

Its possible for an oligotrophic lake or ocean to have a larger concentration of chlorophyll and phytoplankton at the bottom of the photic zone, near the thermocline/metalimnion. What is this condition called?

A

DCM

Deep chlorophyll Maxima

76
Q

Oxygen-Temperature Relationships in spring and fall are …….

A

Uniformly mixed

77
Q

True or False

Summer conditions of oligotrophic dimictic lakes create highly productive conditions.

A

False

There is little BOD in hypolimnion and warm surface water lowers Dissolved Oxygen levels.

78
Q

True of False

Eutrophic lakes have high BOD in a reduction of DO in the summer.

A

True

79
Q

True or False

Little winter BOD in the hypolimnion means theres a greater chance for winter kill.

A

False, excessive winter BOD is what kills fish. If the lake has a low oxygen demand, fish have better survival rates.

80
Q

True or False

A high hypolimnetic BOD in the winter is more likely circumstance in a eutrophic lake, than an oligotrophic lake.

A

True

Eutrophic lakes are higher in nutrients

81
Q

‘Lake whitening’ can occur from what?

A

a change in temperature that allows Calcium Carbonates to form at various depths

82
Q

______________ can occur when ice and snow melt into lakes.

A

Acid Shock

83
Q

IF a lake mixes completely in the fall, what can happen to the temperature in Spring?

A

Water can actually be warmer than 4 degrees

84
Q

In the spring and fall, lake bottom nutrients become what?

A

mobilized

85
Q

In the spring, ice melts and ________ trapped in ice can deposit into water body, aiding in the production of __________________

A

nutrients

early algal blooms

86
Q

If a lake DOESNT overturn completely in the fall, temperature can actually be ________ than 4 degrees in Spring.

A

Colder

87
Q

The approximate limit of the photic zone is at _____% incident light

A

1% incident light

88
Q

True or False

In the summer, nutrients are mixed freely in the Epilimnion.

A

True

89
Q

‘Algal Plate’

A

DCM ‘Deep Chlorophyl Maxima’

when the bulk of chlorophyl and zooplankton are found at the bottom of the photic zone.

90
Q

Nutrients and Plankton may _______ in the summer, driving nutrient levels ______

A

sink

down

91
Q

The narrow ____________ layer changes temperature rapidly in the summer

A

Metalimnion/Thermocline/Boundary layer

92
Q

an ____________ lake is ice-bound and never mixes.

A

Amictic

93
Q

A ____________ lake stays the same temperature all year round, allowing for mixing to occur freely. These 4 degree lakes are usually found in _____________

A

Polymictic

Found in Tropical Mountain Regions

94
Q

Warm and Cold monomictic lakes mix how many times a year?

A

Once

95
Q

Warm lakes that only mix in unusual winds/temperature changes are called what?

A

Oligomictic

96
Q

A hydrogeologically isolated lake with no access to groundwater or surface flow is called….

A

A True Bog Lake

Dystrophic

97
Q

A Dystrophic lake has a typical pH of what?

A

3-5

98
Q

certain blue-greens are ___________ and are found present in Bog Lakes.

A

acidophiles

99
Q

Interesting __________ Bogs have a ________ value on the pH scale.

A

calcareous

neutral

100
Q

The pH in Bogs is know to drop due to what?

A

the isolation of biomass and the release of organic acids like tannins.

101
Q

___________ can be found on the bottom of a dystrophic lake.

A

Accumulating peat

102
Q

Lakes that dont completely mix and are deep, relative to their surface area

A

Meromictic lakes

103
Q

Meromictic Lakes have 4 Layers. What are they?

A

Epilimnion
Metalimnion
Hypolimnion
Moninmolimnion

104
Q

_____________ build up in the monimolymnion creating a gradient of densities in a meromictic lake.

A

Dissolved Salts

105
Q

The monimolymnion is also called what?

A

a Chemocline or Halocline (due to salt content)

106
Q

In meromictic lakes, heat passes through the epilimnion and can heat up the __________

A

monimolimnion

107
Q

___________ are believed to be responsible for the earths supply of oxygen, and are known to be the first
natural source of chlorophyl.

A

Stromatolites

108
Q

What is a HAB?

A

Harmful algal bloom

109
Q

True or false

Algae are classified according to their pigments

A

True

blue green yellow red brown

110
Q

__________ are primary producers that account for approx. 75 percent of all photosynthesis.

A

Algae

111
Q

single celled organisms capable of motion are referred to as—-

A

motile

112
Q

This class of algae are non-motile, prominent in pollution, nitrogen-fixing and can release hepatoxins with decay.

A

Cyanobacteria
(bleu-green algae)

eg. oscillatoria, Anabaena

113
Q

Prokaryotes, while all others are Eukaryotes.

A

Cyanobacteria

114
Q

This class of algae can be motile, lives primarily in freshwater,is single-celled, colonial or filamentous and is the most prominent flora on the planet.

A

Chlorophyta
(Green Algae)

eg. Chlamydomonas, Micrasterias, Spyrogyra

115
Q

Released neurotoxins from the decay of Dinoflagellates can lead to ______________

A

Red Tides, summer kills

116
Q

This class of algae are common in both freshwater and marine water, unicellular, often strange shapes and create taste and odour

A

Dinoflagellates

pyrrophyta

117
Q

__________ can take nutrients in both heterotrophically and autotrophically like both plants and animals. They are also very common in polluted water.

A

Euglena

118
Q

Microcystins can be caused by _______________

A

blue-green algal blooms

119
Q

This class of algae create a cellular case filled with silicon, are essential marine primary producers, and contain no flagella.

A

Diatoms (chrysophyta)

eg. Tetrahedron

120
Q

This class of algae is very large, multicellular and exclusively marine.

A

Brown Algae (phaeophyta)

121
Q

This algae has red pigments and can be found in tidal pools

A

Rhodophyta (red algae)

122
Q

Algae Bi-products are called _________

A

Phycocolloids

123
Q

the ocean warms, enhancing phytoplankton growth, which enhances the production of DMS. Elevated DMS concentrations enter the atmosphere creating cloud condensation, and refracting solar energy back into atmosphere, potentially cooling ocean.

A

The CLAW hypothesis

124
Q

The 20 most pollution tolerant algae are assigned a number value. If more than 5 algae cells are counted on a slide, the index number is recorded and tallied together with other counts. If the pollution index score is +20, there is indication of high organic pollution. A low number usually indicates a lower amount of pollution.

A

Palmer’s Pollution Index

125
Q

What algae is rated highest on Palmer’s Index?

A

Euglena

126
Q

Some wetlands have ________ years worth of accumulated peat.

A

10 000

127
Q

Characterized by a high water table, seasonal or permanent flooding and more than 50% hydrophytic vegetation

A

Wetland

128
Q

Characterized by hydrological isolation, Acidic pH, an abundance in organic acids, sphagnum and shrub vegetation

A

Bogs

129
Q

A wetland that is not completely isolated, slightly acidic or sometimes calcareous, and containing brown mosses and grasses, and often Buckbean

A

Fens

130
Q

a wetland characterized by less than 25% trees/shrubs, containing many dead standing vegetation and neutral in pH. Often surrounded by marshland and sometimes seasonally dry

A

Swamp

131
Q

A wetland diverse in vegetation, with open water areas up to 2 m., a neutral pH and often surrounded by wooded swamps.

A

MArshes

132
Q

A thicket swamp dominated by Willow and Alder Trees is often called….

A

A Carr

133
Q

A tundra meltwater pond is also called….

A

An ephemeral Pool/Pothole/slough

134
Q

True or False

up to 95% of wetlands have been lost in some Ontario counties.

A

True

135
Q

There are 4 categories in the Wetland Evaluation Process, each with an assigned value of 250 points. What are they?

A

Biological
Hydrological
Social
Special Features (rare species)

136
Q

WHAT DOES ANSI STAND FOR?

A

Area of Natural and Scientific Interest

Aquatic Biology SSFC (1 decks)

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