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Environmental Adaptation > Aquaculture - Parasites, Diseases and Preventative Measures > Flashcards

Aquaculture - Parasites, Diseases and Preventative Measures Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major types of sea lice?

A

Lepeoptheirus salmonis - specific to salmonids, recognised by its horse shoe shaped carapace and brown colour
Caligus elongatis - infects over 80spp. of fish , much smaller and causes very little damage unless present in very high numbers

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2
Q

Facts about L.salmonis

A

10 stage life cycle - 3 free living 7 parasitic

Development time is temperature dependent

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3
Q

What are the various different treatment methods for sea lice?

A 
In feed treatments
Baths
Optical de-lousing
Water temperature manipulation de-lousing
Cleaner fish de-lousing
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4
Q

Name some licensed treatments for sea lice

A 
Slice (in-feed)
Calicide (in-feed)
Paramove (bath)
Salartect (bath)
Salmosan (bath)
Excis (Bath)
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5
Q

Facts on “Slice” in feed treatment

A

Emamectin crosses blood-brain barrier and enters CNS, toxicity causes sluggishness

  • effective against all stages
  • poorly absorbed in fish gut
  • fairly long residence time in tissues
  • 1000o days withdrawal period
  • Effects on non-target organisms
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6
Q

Facts on Calicide in-feed treatment

A

Teflubenzuron is a chitinase inhibitor

  • only effective against moulting juveniles and not adults
  • absorption poor, 90% excreted in faeces
  • relatively non-toxic to most marine sp.
  • potentially very toxic to crabs, lobsters and some zooplankton
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7
Q

What are the advantages of in-feed treatments?

A

Easy to administer

Not stressful to the fish

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8
Q

Stats on Paramove and Salarect bath treatments

A

Hydrogen peroxide treatments

  • degrades to from oxygen and water (no residue)
  • high cost
  • difference between dose toxic to lice and fish is small
  • Liberation of gasses lifts lice off salmon
  • Kills adult lice
  • Ineffective against juvenile stages
  • Usually requires repeated treatment
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9
Q

What is optical de-lousing?

A

using camera vision, advanced software and lasers targets individual sea lice on fish preventing numbers from reaching high densities

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10
Q

What is water temperature manipulation de-lousing?

A 
Fish pumped through a box
Water temperature in box is heated above lice survivability threshold, but below salmon threshold
Fish pumped out are de-loused
Some fish die in the process
Still in early stages of development
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11
Q

What types of cleaner fish are used in de-lousing?

A 
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus)
Goldsinny wrasse (Ctenolabrus rupestris)
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12
Q

How can sea lice numbers be kept at manageable levels?

A 
Not mixing year classes
Having long fallow period
Developing loch management agreements so that adjacent farms of different companies have fish of same year class, go fallow at the same time and treat for sea-lice at the same time
Locating farms in areas of high flushing
Lower stocking density
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13
Q

What are some common viral diseases of fish?

A

IPN - infectious pancreatic necrosis
IHN - infectious hematopoietic necrosis
VHS - viral haemorrhagic septicaemia
ISA - infectious salmon anaemia

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14
Q

What is IPN?

A

infectious pancreatic necrosis

  • common worldwide
  • only some strains pathogenic
  • damages pancreas
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15
Q

What is IHN?

A

infectious hematopoietic necrosis

- symptoms include haemorrhages, swollen belly, popeye, dark colour, trailing faeces, fluid in belly and anaemia

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16
Q

What is VHS?

A

viral haemorrhagic septicaemia

  • historically a disease of farmed rainbow trout in FW of continental Europe
  • outbreaks in marine environment have been recorded in cultured turbot in Germany, Scotland and Ireland
  • Treated using eradication, fish are culled if disease found
  • No commercially available vaccine
17
Q

What is ISA?

A

infectious salmon anaemia

  • Only clinically affects Atlantic Salmon
  • Transmission via movement of fish
18
Q

What are some common bacterial diseases of fish?

A

Furunculosis
Bacterial gill disease
Eneteric red mouth disease
Vibriosis

19
Q

What is Bacterial gill disease?

A

Worldwide disease
Related to environmental conditions
Related to intensive culture of salmonids
No commercially available vaccine

20
Q

What is Enteric Red Mouth?

A

Originally infected trout but is now a concern for farmed Atlantic salmon
Movement of carrier trout has been implicated as the principle cause for the spread of the disease and seems the likely cause of its introduction to trout farms in Scotland

21
Q

How are fish vaccinated?

A 
Fish pumped from tank to holding tank
Anaesthetised
Delivered to a table
Vaccinated within 2 minutes of anaesthetisation
Delivered to recovery tank
Delivered back to original or new tank
22
Q

What are the future aims of vaccination methods?

A 
Reduce stress
Increase efficiency
Develop machines that minimise fish handling
Mobile
Can detect deformities
Incorporates grading
Development of better pumps
23
Q

Additional Reading lice - L.salmonis infection

A

Wooter et al., 1982

  • Heavy infections are rare in wild fish
  • L.salmois infection causes great deal of damgy by feeding on the hosts skin
24
Q

Additional Reading lice - stress

A

Krasnov et al., 2012

- Increased cortisol levels (stress) retards the fishes ability to repair skin damaged by lice

25
Q

Additional Reading lice - repellent

A

Hastie et al., 2013

  • L.salmonis does not infect turbot (Scophthalamus maximus)
  • Use of non-host semiochemical from turbot 2-aminoacetophenone (2-AA) slowly released around aquaculture sites
  • reduced sea lice in Salmo salar field experiment
26
Q

Additional Reading virus - IPN

A

Moen et al., 2015

  • IPN is most infective during 2 stages of salmon life cycle; after the first feeding of fry and soon after transfer to saltwater - post smolts ~100g
  • Experimental exposure during these stages resulted in a 90% mortality rate
  • IPN resistant salmon are being bred and experimental exposure has saw a reduction of 75% infection rates
27
Q

Additional Reading virus - IHN

A

Adomako et al., 2012

  • possible to induce immune response through in-feed treatment
  • salmon pellets coated with nanoparticles
  • needs improvement
28
Q

Additional Reading lice - lumpfish

A

Imsland et al., 2014
- found that the lumpfish (Cycloptera lumpus) consumed more salmon pellets than it did lice when incubated with Salmo salar

29
Q

Additional Reading virus - VHS

A

Garver et al., 2013

- can be transferred from wild to farmed salmon

30
Q

Additional Reading virus - ISA

A

Tobar et al., 2015

- repeated immunisation needed to prevent this disease

31
Q

Additional Reading bacteria - Furunculis

A

Furunculis

  • Causes high mortality
  • survivors carry the bacteria and can infect others
  • Spread by various mechanisms; sea lice, fish to fish contact, non-salmonids eating infected salmonids
32
Q

Additional Reading bacteria - Bacterial Gill disease

A

BGD

  • Caused by build up of Flavobacterium
  • Caused by environmental stress such as overcrowding and increases in toxic metabolic waste
  • can cause a fusing or clubbing of gill filaments
33
Q

Additional Reading bacteria - Enteric red mouth

A

ERM

  • Causes septicaemia
  • Carrier to fish contact and suspected fish to egg spread
  • infected fish may separate from others, displaying nervous behaviour
34
Q

Additional Reading bacteria - Vibriosis

A

Vibriosis

- Symptoms include red spots on ventral and lateral areas, lesions that ulcerate and swollen/darkening skin

Environmental Adaptation (11 decks)

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