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Environmental Science > Aquaculture > Flashcards

Aquaculture Flashcards

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1
Q

What is aquaculture?

A

Rearing of aquatic organisms for food.

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2
Q

What are the key features of extensive aquaculture?

A

Low inputs.
Some control of predators and competition.
Herbivorous fish.

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3
Q

What are the key features of intensive aquaculture?

A

High yield.
Control inputs.
Selective breeding.
Control of pests and abiotic factors.

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4
Q

What are some of the characteristics of fish that the market demand?

A

Good taste and appearance.
MEDCs prefer carnivorous fish for taste.
LEDCS prefer herbivorous fish are preferred.

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5
Q

How does the position in the food chain (trophic level) affect fish?

A

Species lower down on the food chain are ideal as they are more energy efficient.
Carnivorous fish are often higher on the trophic level.

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6
Q

What makes something higher on the trophic level?

A

At each stage of the food chain energy is lost through respiration, movement etc.

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7
Q

What are some of the features that fish are selected for in aquaculture?

A

Growth rate.
Resistance to disease.
Wide range of tolerance.

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8
Q

Why are single sex/mono-sex cultures common?

A

Higher growth rate in one sex.
Prevention of energy diversion.
Better flavour.
Less aggression.

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9
Q

How are mono-sex cultures achieved?

A

By giving a female fish (XX) testosterone it allows her to be masculinised and therefore produce sperm. This means that a masculinised female (XX) can fertilise a normal females (XX) eggs and this would create only female offspring as they is no Y chromosome involved.

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10
Q

How is disease controlled in aquacultures?

A

Use of antibiotics.
Biological control or organophosphate pesticides.

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11
Q

How are predators controlled?

A

By adjusting the cage design to make sure no predators can enter.

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12
Q

What are the main issues with feeding carnivorous fish?

A

You have to catch fish to feed them.

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13
Q

How could you overcome the issue of feeding carnivorous fish?

A

Use low value fish to feed them or by catch which wouldn’t be used for food for humans.

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14
Q

How is temp controlled in aquacultures and why?

A

A heater can be used as warm temps can increase growth rate.

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15
Q

How is light controlled in aquacultures and why?

A

Artificial light can be used to manipulate day length which can delay sexual development and increase the size the fish reach.

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16
Q

How is oxygen controlled in aquacultures and why?

A

Use of aerated tanks or water sprays to provide more dissolved oxygen for respiration.

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17
Q

How is water flow rate controlled in aquacultures and why?

A

Pumps can be used to keep the water flowing in one direction which prevents collisions so reduces injuries and improves appearance

18
Q

Why are high stocking densities used?

A

To make the most of the space and increase the yield.

19
Q

Why is restriction fish movement used?

A

To restrict energy being wasted on movement and more growth.

20
Q

Why are concentrated pellets of formulated food used?

A

Nutrients provided for maximum growth as well as they is less waste as they are easier to digest.

21
Q

Why are antibiotics used?

A

Can be used to control and stop spread of disease caused by bacteria.

22
Q

Why is the water current speed controlled?

A

To produce more muscular fish as it makes them stronger as well as preventing collisions.

23
Q

How can aquacultures cause a build up of organic waste?

A

Wasted food can cause a build up.

24
Q

What are the consequences of a build up of organic waste?

A

Deoxygenation.
Increased turbidity which can block light used for photosynthesis.

25
Q

How to reduce the impacts of build up of organic waste?

A

Introduce monitored feeding to reduce waste or have open water which can dilute the waste.

26
Q

Why is having a food supply of farmed fish in aquacultures an issue?

A

Can lead to overfishing of wild fish which are used to supply for the food pellets.

27
Q

What are the consequences of using fish for food supply in aquacultures?

A

Overfishing which can lead to a decrease of fish and species that are used.

28
Q

How can issues surrounding the food supply of farmed fish be overcome?

A

Use more plant production in pellets instead of other fish.
Cultivation of herbivorous fish.

29
Q

What are the consequences of growth of parasites in aquacultures?

A

Parasitic lice reduce fish growth and there will be a higher risk of fungus and virus infection.

30
Q

How to reduce the impacts of parasitic lice?

A

Use tanks which hold fish of a single age group.
Biological control (eg wrasse)

31
Q

Why is having escaped individuals in aquacultures an issue?

A

Can impact gene pools as escaped has could breed with wild fish and add disadvantageous characteristics eg. bright colours.
Can also lead to spread of disease as well as colonisation.

32
Q

How to overcome issues with escaped individuals

A

Cultivation of species which can’t breed in the wild.

33
Q

How do polycultures work?

A

Polycultures are when productivity is raised by reading species together which aren’t competitors.

34
Q

How do integrated multi-trophic aquacultures work?

A

They are polyculture systems where species in different trophic levels benefit from each other.

35
Q

What is a fed aquaculture?

A

An aquaculture with species which are given food eg shrimp

36
Q

What is an inorganic aquaculture?

A

An aquaculture where the species absorb inorganic nutrients for growth.

37
Q

What is an organic aquaculture?

A

An aquaculture where the species have to catch their food items.

38
Q

What is aquaponics?

A

When water from the aquaculture system is used in the hydroponic system. This means that drainage water is returned to the aquaculture and productivity in the hydroponic system is increased due to the increased nutrients and organic matter.

39
Q

What is hydroponics?

A

The cultivation of plants in water and not using soil.

40
Q

How do fish benefit from an aquaponics system?

A

Increased filtration of organic matter so less turbidity.

Environmental Science (3 decks)

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