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AQA A Level Psychology > AQA Psychology Paper 3 > Flashcards

AQA Psychology Paper 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Schippa et al

A

Meta analysis

People with higher levels of parasocial relationships also watched more televison

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2
Q

Intense Personal

A

Greater personal involvement obsessive thoughts and intense feelings about celebrities

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3
Q

Context in SSR

A

Research may be funded by private companies who may misuse data or misinterpret same with the media

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4
Q

Evaluation of the evolutionary approach for partner preferences

A

gender differences in mate preferences might stem from culture e.g. women being denied economic status in some countries

Female mate choice varies across the menstrual cycle with being open to less quality mates at the peak of the cycle

Creativity is the human equivalent of a peacock tail

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5
Q

Evaluation of relationship Breakdown

A

Resurrection phase added

Impact of social phase vary with type of relationship e.g. older long term vs short term

Grave dressing phase is important as it allows person to play down their role in the break up and so do not threaten their psychological well being

Ethical issues in breakdown research duck was dealing with break ups a very traumatic time Applications for intervention and couple therapy

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6
Q

CBT Assesment

A

Patient expresses thoughts realistic goals are set using the patients motivation for change

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7
Q

Evaluation of family dysfunction in explaining schizophrenia

A

Some studies do not have a full 100% relapse rate for high EE families this suggests individual differences to vulnerability to EE

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8
Q

Nature Debate

A

Behaviour is a product of innate heredity factors

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9
Q

Study for top down approach

A

Copson

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10
Q

Study for measuring and defining crime

A

Hales et al

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11
Q

Personal Self Discloure

A

Sharing ones disappointments and accomplishments fears and desires

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12
Q

anisogamy

A

Refers to a difference in gamete size in males and females. Eggs large and costly sperm small and cheap

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13
Q

Example of double blind theory in family dysfunction

A

A mother saying I love you then turns her head away in disgust

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14
Q

Aims of custodial sentencing

A

deterrence incapacitation retribution rehabilitation

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15
Q

Raine

A

Cited 71 brain imaging studies of murders and psychopaths and found abnormal activity in prefrontal cortex

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16
Q

Leptosome or asthetic

A

A category proposed by lombroso that describes criminals that are thin and tall as petty thieves

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17
Q

Study for schiz neural

A

Leucht et al

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18
Q

Symptom overlap

A

Occurs when two or more conditions share symptoms e.g. depression shares some characteristics with schizophrenia

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19
Q

Crime

A

Any act that violates the law and results in punishment by the state

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20
Q

Study for schiz token economy

A

Dickerson et al

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21
Q

Filter Theory 3 key main points

A

Social Demography Similarity in Attitudes Complementarity of needs

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22
Q

Organised type of offender

A

This type of offender commits a planned crime and may engage in violent fantasies with the victim and is high intelligence and socially competent

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23
Q

Eysenck’s Personality theory link to criminal behaviour

A

Extraverts seek more arousal and thus engage in activities

Neurotics are unstable and prone to over react to situations of threat

Psychotics are aggressive and lack empathy which links them to committing crimes

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24
Q

Brunner et al

A

Analysed DNA of criminals and found low levels of MAOA genes

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25
Q

Consequences of gender bias

A

Some theorists are able to assert worth and validation to feminine qualities Makes people see men and women the same which leads to equal treatment Ignored many ways genders differ from each other Can sustain prejudice results in major misrepresentations in both genders

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26
Q

Skill acquisition (Anger Management)

A

Offenders are taught various skills to help manage anger such as self regulation and cognitive flexibility relaxation and better communication skills

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27
Q

Study for parasocial relationships

A

Schiappa et al

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28
Q

Behavioural Strategies

A

Anger Management technique used to allow offender to develop problem solving skills such as strategic withdrawal of the situation and assertiveness (Novaco)

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29
Q

Attachment theory explanation for Parasocial relationships

A

Proximity seeking Secure Base

Protest at disruption

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30
Q

Beta Bias

A

Theories that ignore or minimise differences between cultures and genders

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31
Q

Study for bottom up approach

A

Canter and Larkin

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32
Q

Genetic Explanations for schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia runs in families A combination of genes make an individual more vulnerable

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33
Q

Study for virtual relationships

A

Rosenfeld and Thomas

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34
Q

Gates

A

The barriers that limit opportunities for the less attractive shy or less socially skilled to form relationships in face to face encounters.

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35
Q

Chen and Howitt

A

used khronenberg’s test to access 330 male adolescent offenders from Taiwan. those with more advanced moral reasoning were involved in less violent crimes

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36
Q

Holism and humanistic psychology

A

Indvidual reacts as an organised whole rather than a set of stimulus responses

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37
Q

Buss

A

Asked people to rate characteristics and found that women preferred resources and men preferred attractiveness and youth

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38
Q

Psychic Determinism

A

Behaviour is caused by unconscious conflicts innate drives and early experience that we cannot control (Freud)

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39
Q

Harsh Superego

A

If a child develops a strong identification with a very strict parent they feel excessive guilt and anxiety much of the time because any time they did act on their impulses they would be told off and feel bad The individual will commit a crime and wish to be caught to stop feelings of guilt

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40
Q

Avolition

A

A reduction of interest and desire to persist in goal directed behaviour

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41
Q

Informed Consent in SSR

A

Participants should be made aware of how taking part in the research may affect them

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42
Q

Absence of gating and virtual relationships

A

Gating does not really exist in virtual relationships and people who lack good physical appearance location or personality find they can make relationships quicker than face to face Yurchisin et al interviewed 11 online daters and found individuals gave accounts of better versions of themselves in their dating profiles

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43
Q

restoritive justice

A

A method of reducing and atoning for offending behaviour through reconciliation between offender and victim as well as the wider community

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44
Q

Biological Explanations for Schizophrenia

A

Genetic Factors

Neural Correlates and the Dopamine Hypothesis

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45
Q

Incapacitation

A

Prison is used to protect the public from offenders

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46
Q

How can speech poverty be tested>

A

Tasks of producing words in a set time e.g. how many animals can you name in one minute

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47
Q

3 Key points of the absorption addiction model

A

Entertainment social Intense personal Borderline pathological

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48
Q

Ethical Guidelines for SSR

A

Privacy Confidentiality Sound and Valid Methodology Deception Informed Consent Justice and Equitable Treatment Scientific Freedom Ownership of data Value of social scientists Cost/benefit analysis

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49
Q

Who created the phase model of relationship breakdown

A

Steve Duck

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50
Q

Evaluation of holism

A

looks at everything does not ignore complexity of behaviour Integrates different components of behaviour to understand the person as a whole higher in ecological validity

over complicates behaviour

does not lend to scientific methods makes it hard to determine cause and effect

neglects importance of bio explanations

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51
Q

CBT Critical Collaborative Analysis

A

Therapist uses gentle questions to help the patient understand illogical deductions e.g. If you hear voices how come other cant hear them?

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52
Q

Rosenhan

A

pesudopatients approach staff and said they heard an unfamiliar voice

They were all diagnosed and no staff recognised they were abnormal

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53
Q

Intersexual Selection

A

members of one sex choose mates on the basis of certain traits

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54
Q

Evaluation of the interactionist approach

A

Diatheses may not be exclusively genetic

OPAS scale for stress was bad because this failed to reflect development changes over time

Applications to creating antiviral medication for pregnant women

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55
Q

Crime assessment

A

Crime is classified as organised or disorganised (Number 3)

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56
Q

What are the 3 traits in eysenck’s theory of personality?

A

Extraversion Introversion

Neuroticism
Stability

Psychoticism
Normality

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57
Q

Study of neural offender

A

Raine

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58
Q

Validity in diagnosing schizophrenia features

A

Gender Bias Symptom overlap Co morbility

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59
Q

Sarin and Wallin

A

Delusional patients showed cognitive bias in there thinking

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60
Q

Evaluation of cognitive behavioural therapy in treating schizophrenia

A

CBT is most affective at certain stages in the disorder e.g. self reflection is needed at acute stages

1 in 10 people in the UK can get access to the therapy

Meta analysis doesnt work very well when measuring CBT because there are such a range of methodologies to measure effectiveness

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61
Q

Anger Management is a type of

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

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62
Q

Evaluation of the bottom up approach

A

use objective statistical techniques however only as good as data put in

Geographical profiling cannot distinguish between multiple offenders

Geographical profiling is useful in trying to find DNA or prioritising locations to be searched

can be used for all types of criminals

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63
Q

What are the biological explanation in explaining offender behaviour

A

Genetic Neural Historical

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64
Q

Positive Symptoms

A

symptoms that are excesses of behaviour or occur in addition to normal behaviour

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65
Q

Gating in face to face relationships

A

Personal factors such as physical appearance and mannerisms tend to determine who we develop relationships with in our minds we catergorise and reject potential partners based on these factors

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66
Q

Tactile Hallucination example

A

Feeling bugs crawling under your skin

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67
Q

Aims of restorative Justice

A

Rehabilitation of offenders
Atonement for wrongdoing
Changing the victim’s perspective

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68
Q

Dyadic Phase

A

a phase in relationship termination when the individual discusses termination with the partner Couples become aware of the forces that bind them together e.g. children money house At this stage the relationship can be easily saved if the couples are motivated enough to do so

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69
Q

Who created the level of moral reasoning?

A

Kohlberg

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70
Q

Trading tokens

A

Tokens need to be traded for rewards e.g. food sweets or certain privaledges

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71
Q

CBT 6 Steps

A

Assessment Engagement ABC Model Normalisation Critical Collaborative Analysis Developing Alternative Explanations

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72
Q

Equity Theory and inequity/dissatisfaction

A

partners benefits costs = other partners benefits costs Relationships that lack this equity are associated with distinct satisfaction

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73
Q

Parasocial Relationship

A

An individual is attracted to another person (usually a celebrity) who is usually unaware of the existence of the person who has created the relationship.

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74
Q

Protest at disruption in attachment theory explaining Parasocial relationships

A

The presence of prolonged distress following a separation or loss of a figure

e.g. When jeremy clarkson left top gear people were outraged and upset

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75
Q

Evaluation of victim surverys

A

Provides more information about the dark figure of crime but does depend on the honesty of answers

People may not want to report crime e.g. the stigma of being a rape victim

More consistent when making comparisons over time because with official stats they vary with the laws changing

Bias sample only people with postal addresses only people who have enough time on their hands

There is a 5 crime cap making someone who was a victim of crime more than 5 times e.g. domestic abuse not able to report all incidents

Self report method is unreliable

provides crime trends

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76
Q

Ownership of data in SSR

A

Should research findings that could potentially change peoples lives be accessible? e.g. global warming research

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77
Q

Cognitive explanations of delusions for schizophrenia

A

Patients experiences are a result of inadequate information processing If the patient has an egocentric bias they relate their delusions to themselves and so jumps to certain conclusions e.g. god is speaking to them This cannot be fixed with reality testing as patients as they have an impaired insight into reality

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78
Q

Evaluation of restorative justice programmes

A

You need an offender who has admitted to crime

Ethical concerns of victims, should a victim meet their rapist?

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79
Q

Evaluation of Token Economies in behaviour modification in offending behaviour

A

Easy to implement Can be implemented without lots of training

once reward is removed the stimulus response link is extinguished individual differences work on young delinquents well but not violent criminals

Ethical issues to taking away tokens behaviour is being manipulated

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80
Q

Soft Determinsim

A

Free will and determinism are compatible it is a middle ground

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81
Q

Reductionsism

A

Breaks complex phenomena into simple components suggesting behaviour is one reason

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82
Q

Who created the investment model for relationships?

A

Caryl Rusbult

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83
Q

Two parts of family dysfunction in psychologically explaining schizophrenia

A

Double Blind Theory Expressed Emotion

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84
Q

Duck’s model of relationship breakdown

A

Different phases people go through during a breakup intrapsychic Dyadic Social Grave Dressing (resurrection added later)

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85
Q

Evaluation of equity theory

A

equity sensitivity the extent to which an individual will tolerate equity

gender differences in the importance of equity women are more likely to be affected and perceive more inequity than men

Cultural differences US are more likely to be in equitable relationships than Jamaican couples because western cultures perceive equity better

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86
Q

Evaluation of the idiographic approach

A

Focus on the individual time consuming and expensive to study individuals in depth data an be collected quickly as it is just an individual

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87
Q

Biological Reductionism

A

Human behaviour can be reduced to physical level because everyone is the same biological being

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88
Q

Topics to use in free will questions

A

Cognitive Psychology believes in free will but understand there are constraints Humanistic approach and research Criminal moral responsibility

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89
Q

Similarity in Attitudes (filter theory)

A

Similarity in attitudes and basic values are the best predecessor for starting relationships

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90
Q

Neutral Self Discloure

A

Sharing music tastes food tastes and humor

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91
Q

Study for relationship breakdown

A

Monrow et al

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92
Q

Pyknic

A

A category proposed by lombroso that describes criminals that are short and fat are criminals of deception and sometimes violence

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93
Q

Alpha bias in culture

A

when a theory assumes that cultural groups are profoundly different

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94
Q

Question in SSR

A

The research question itself may offend someone

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95
Q

Intrasexual Selection

A

individuals of one sex (usually males) compete directly for mates of the opposite sex

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96
Q

Satisfaction Level (investment model)

A

the extent to which the other person fulfils the individual’s most important needs

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97
Q

Evaluation of self disclosure

A

intimate self disclosure only works when it is gradual e.g. big brother fights for being to intimate at the start of the show

Cultural differences western societies disclose more than eastern societies

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98
Q

Topics to use the nomothetic questions

A

Biological approach we are all biological entities which should be able to be explained as a whole Behaviourists seeking out a rule of learning for all humans and nonhumans Cognitive psychology aims to find general rules to thinking Eysenck personality tests to find general personality laws

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99
Q

Privacy in SSR

A

Asking questions of personal nature could offend

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100
Q

Evaluation of the historical approach in explaining criminality

A

Lombroso brought science to the study of crime

Many non criminals had similar charecteristics

Gender Alpha bias stated women were less likely to becomes criminals because they low in intelligence and has maternal instincts

There is a link between criminals and personality (eysenck)

Scientific racism

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101
Q

Study for Schiz cognitive

A

Sarin and Wallin

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102
Q

Equity theory study

A

Le and Agnew

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103
Q

Alpha Bias in gender

A

exaggerates the differences between women and men

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104
Q

Kurdek and Schmitt

A

Observered married and cohabiting hetrosexual and same sex couples, each couple completed a questionaire

Greater relationship satisfaction was associated with benefits from current relationship CL and less attractive alternatives CLA

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105
Q

Study for physical attractiveness

A

Walster et al

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106
Q

Rehabilitation

A

Prison should be used to rehabilitate offenders

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107
Q

Gender Bias

A

behaviour that shows favouritism toward one gender over the other

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108
Q

Maternal Deprivation theory in explaining criminality

A

prolonged separation with caregiver and infant Before the age of 2 Causes affection less psychopathy

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109
Q

Evaluation of social exchange theory

A

what might be rewarding to one person isn’t rewarding to another

cost and reward are hard to measure and too vague

Real world application to relationship therapy

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110
Q

Study for validity of classification

A

Broverman et al

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111
Q

Co Morbility

A

The extent in which two or more conditions can co occur e.g. schizophrenics often substance abuse or have anxiety

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112
Q

Who created the absorption addiction model for parasocial relationships?

A

McCutcheon et al

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113
Q

Rosenfeld and Thomas

A

Studied 4,000 US adults

Found that individuals with internet access are more likely to be partnered

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114
Q

Auditory Hallucination example

A

Hearing voices that are not there

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115
Q

The bottom up approach

A

A data driven approach where statistical techniques are used to produce predictions about the likely characteristics of an offender.

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116
Q

Study for family dysfunction

A

Berger

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117
Q

Evaluation of parasocial relationships

A

parasocial relationships are universal across cultures

Reductionist

Ethical issues of wellbeing

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118
Q

Social Phase

A

a phase in relationship termination in which members of the social network around both parties are informed of and become involved in the termination process Family and friends start to take side

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119
Q

Alpha Bias

A

Psychological theories that suggest there are real and enduring differences between cultures and genders

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120
Q

Hales et al

A

Found offenders were honest in their answers

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121
Q

Canter and Larkin

A

Studied sexual assault cases and found almost all were marauders

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122
Q

monrow et al

A

Studied students experiencing a breakup

Found increased risk of developing depression

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123
Q

Free will and humanistic psychology

A

Maslow and rogers argued free will was a necessary part of behaviour. Without it we cannot reach self actualisation

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124
Q

Absorption Addiction Model

A

Person must do more and more for a parasocial relationship to get the same rush as they did before going further and further

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125
Q

Eysenck’s theory of the criminal personality

A

It is a trait theory that states that personalities are made up of certain traits. Although his work was originally based on servicemen and not criminals. There are 3 personality traits to the theory.

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126
Q

moral reasoning

A

Thinking in a consistent and logical way about right and wrong with reference to socially agreed principles

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127
Q

diathesis stress model in genetic explanations for criminality

A

Genes are though of as epigenetic that can be switches on as a result of interaction with the environment

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128
Q

Maruder

A

Offenders home is within the geographical area

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129
Q

Profit and loss (social exchange theory)

A

All behaviour is a series of exchanges in attempt to maximise reward and minimise costs e.g. rewards = companionship and being cared for Costs = effort financial investment and time

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130
Q

Justice and equitable treatment in SSR

A

Do not publicise an idea which creates prejudice against a group Do not withhold treatment which could be beneficial for some participants so you can use them as controls

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131
Q

Nurture Debate

A

Behaviour is a product of environmental influences

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132
Q

Osborne and West

A

Found if father was criminal sons were more likely to commit crime than non-crimianl fathers

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133
Q

Kennedy and Grubin

A

Found sex offender often downplayed their crimes

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134
Q

Restorative justice study

A

UK restorative Justice Council

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135
Q

Evaluation of reductionsim

A

Allows for isolation of variables which is good for scientific study leads to development of drug treatment for mental illness

Over simplistic

lacks ecological validity does not address larger societal issues e.g. poverty

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136
Q

Anger Management

A

A form of cognitive behavioural therapy specific to changing the way a person manages their anger.

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137
Q

Beta Bias in gender

A

Tendency to ignore differences between genders. Any results from experiments are generalised to women.

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138
Q

Affectionless psychopathy

A

An inability to show affection or concern for others meaning they find it easier to commit crimes

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139
Q

Neural Explanations of criminality (regions of the brain)

A

prefrontal cortex Limbic System

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140
Q

Evolutionary Explanations study

A

Buss

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141
Q

Study for historic approach

A

Goring

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142
Q

The Approaches as nature of nurture

A

Nature Bio Psycho cognitive Humanism Behaviourism Nurture

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143
Q

Topics to use in nature questions

A

Schizophrenia and Forensic Twin Studies concordance rates Bowlby attachment is adaptive Attraction is evolutionary

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144
Q

Top Down Approach

A

Analysis of previous crimes create a profile that narrow the field of possible suspects. It relies on the intuition and beliefs of the profiler

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145
Q

Evaluation of gender bias

A

Feminist psychology argues that differences arise from biological behaviour but stereotypes make a far greater contribution to perceived differences

Methods to observe male and female are sometimes different so males and females will appear to be different

Reverse alpha bias feminist research aims to prove females are better

Beta bias is good as it shows equality however somethings are not equal e.g. it would be wrong to give both men and women equal maternity/paternity leave because women have more biological responsibilities

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146
Q

hostile attribution bias

A

the tendency to perceive ambiguous actions by others as aggressive e.g. perceiving someone to be smiling aggressive

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147
Q

Dickerson et al

A

Reviewed 13 studies of the use of token economy

11 reported beneficial results

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148
Q

Reducing gender bias in pyschology

A

Equal opportunity legislation and feminist psychology allow reduction of gender bias

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149
Q

Leucht et al

A

Meta analysis of 212 studies

Drugs tested were more impactful than the placebo

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150
Q

Insane Criminals

A

suffering from a mental illness

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151
Q

Broverman et al

A

Found clincians in the US equated mentally healthy adult behaviour to healthy male behaviour

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152
Q

Dysplastic or mixed

A

A category proposed by lombroso that describes criminals that are of more than one types of characteristic and are criminals against morality

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153
Q

Assigning values to tokens

A

Token needs to be repeatedly presented alongside or immediately before the reinforcing stimulus

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154
Q

Deception in SSR

A

Do not cause the wider public to believe something which isn’t true by the findings you report

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155
Q

Free Will

A

The idea that human beings are free to make their own choices about behaviour

156
Q

Cognitive explanations of hallucinations for schizophrenia

A

Individuals excessively focus on stimuli and thus will have a higher expectancy for the occurrence of a voice than normal individuals This individuals allow their inner voice to override sensory stimuli and perceive it to be an external force

157
Q

Topics to use in culture bias questions

A

Ainsworth strange situation is not appropriate for non western cultures as it only used American middle class white home reared infants IQ tests developed in the west presume what counts as intelligent behaviour but intelligence varies from culture to culture Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs different cultures have different needs

158
Q

Study for self-disclosure

A

Sprecher et al

159
Q

Sprecher et al

A

Dyads took turns in reciprocal and non reciprocal self disclosure

Individuals in reciprocal conditions were more liked

160
Q

Uk restorative Justice Council

A

85% satisfaction from victims

161
Q

Study for Diathesis stress

A

Tienari et al

162
Q

What are the psychodynamic explanations for criminality?

A

Maternal Deprivation Weak Superego

Harsh Superego Deviant Superego

163
Q

Tienari et al

A

Studied hospital records of adopted children with a high risk and a low risk of genetic schizophrenia

High risk were less likely to develop schizophrenia with a low OPAS rating than vice vera

164
Q

Socially Sensitive Research

A

Any research that might have direct social consequences for the participants in the research or the group that they represent.

165
Q

Sexual Selection and long term preferences

A

Females are attracted to males with high resources and are able to physically protect her Men are attracted to females with wide hips and baby faces as it shows high levels of feritlity

166
Q

Comparison level of alternatives (social exchange theory)

A

Person weighs up potential increase in rewards from a different partner. if alternative partners CLA is higher the relationship will not succeed

167
Q

Study for schiz genetic

A

Joseph or Tienari et al

168
Q

Evaluation of official statistics

A

Only a certain number of crimes get reported to police as victim may feel it is not necessary want the stigma of being a victim or believe the police will not take it seriously this is called the dark figure of crime

Person may not be aware crime has been committed and therefore does not tell police making the official statistic inaccurate

Data allows to see trends in crime

169
Q

Drug Therapy For schizophrenia

A

conventional antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics to treat mental illness

170
Q

differential association theory

A

How interactions with others lead to the formation of attitudes about crime

171
Q

Reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia

A

Diagnosis must be repeatable Inter rate reliability is low for schizophrenia

172
Q

investment model features

A

Satisfaction Level Quality of alternatives Investment Size Commitment level

173
Q

Commuter

A

Offender travels to another geographical area to commit crimes

174
Q

What is learned in differential association theory?

A

A child learns attitudes towards crime What crime is acceptable in their area What crime is easier than others

175
Q

token economy reinforcement

A

Tokens are given as rewards for good behaviour with some getting more than others Punishment is used to take away tokens for bad behaviour Shaping is used to given tokens for behaviour that becomes more complex over time e.g. making bed to then being polite to prison guards

176
Q

Criminaloids

A

A term used by Cesare Lombroso to describe occasional criminals who were pulled into criminality by environmental influences.

177
Q

Typical Antipsychotics

A

Regulate dopamine and reduce positive symptoms but have side effects

178
Q

Evaluation of custodial sentencing and recidivism

A

Incapacitation is only relevant for a very small group dangerous criminals

Retribution can be achieved without imprisonment

Rehabilitation cannot happen if offenders do not or cannot be bothered to help

Differential Association Theory suggests that prisons are a breeding ground for crime

179
Q

Geographical Profiling

A

The analysis of geographical locations associated with the spatial movements of a single serial offender (bottom up_

180
Q

Evaluation of the nomothetic approach

A

Scientific as it is evidence based and finds casual laws and predictions

predictions can be made about groups but may not apply to individuals

loses sight of the whole person

181
Q

Evaluation of Eysenck’s theory to explaining criminality

A

Theory suggests personality is consistent however can change over time or change based on your enviroment

Personality tests reply on self report which is unreliable

Applications to greater conditioning experiences to ensure people with criminal personality learn from their behaviours

182
Q

CBT Normalisation

A

Patient being told information that many people have hallucinations and delusions makes them feel less anxious and less isolated Placing psychotic experiences on a continuum with normal experiences makes the patient feel less stigmatised and makes recovery more likely

183
Q

Who is it learnt from in differential association theory?

A

From intimate personal groups such as family groups The wider neighbourhood the degree to which the community supports or opposes crime will influence the crime rate

184
Q

Hallucinations

A

Auditory visual olfactory or tactile unreal perceptions of environment

185
Q

The matching hypothesis

A

Walster and Walster claims that when initiating romantic relationships individuals seek out partners whose social desirability equals theres This is mostly with how physically attractive someone is compared to yourself

186
Q

Experimental reductionism

A

Reducing complex behaviours to isolated variables

187
Q

Token economy 3 stages

A

Assigning value to tokens Reinforcing target behaviour The trade

188
Q

Extraversion

A

Refers to outgoing people who enjoy risk and danger because their nervous systems are underaroused

189
Q

Consequences of culture bias

A

Becomes a tool of oppression Makes it difficult for psychologists to separate behaviour they have observed from context in which they observed it

190
Q

Study for social exchange theory

A

Kurdek and Schmitt

191
Q

Evaluation of genetic factors in explaining schizophrenia

A

Schizophrenia running in families may be more to do with common rearing patterns e.g. emotion family climate EE

MZ twins encounter more similar environments because they are treated more similarly and therefore environmental differences aren’t apparent

Adoptive parents are informed of genetic background before adopting and therefore are less likely to adopt a child of a schizophrenic mother however people who do therefore have some type of motivation to help the child rather than the process being random

192
Q

Self Disclosure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

193
Q

Evaluation of offender surveys

A

Self report is unreliable Criminals underplay criminal behaviour provides more personal data of crimes that were never found out about

194
Q

Disorganised Speech

A

Result of abnormal thought processes jumbled up topics (derailment) and in extreme cases pure gibberish

195
Q

Pharoah et al

A

family therapy Increased complience with medication, reduction in relapse rates

196
Q

Evaluation of differential association theory

A

theory brought attention to social factors

Can only explain smaller community crimes rather than rape and murder

does not account for biological factors

197
Q

Cultural Relativism

A

The idea that norms and values can only be meaningful and understood within the culture itself e.g. a person from a western culture cannot understand a Japanese culture unless they live it

198
Q

Delusions

A

False beliefs e.g. being paranoid in nature

199
Q

Reductionism Levels of explanation

A

Highest Level: cultural and social explanations Middle Level: Psychological explanations Lower Level: Biological explanations

200
Q

Secure Base in attachment theory explaining Parasocial relationships

A

The presence of an attachment figure provides a sense if security for an individual a safe base to form other relationships because of little to no rejection

e.g. liking Michael Jackson and relating to his music as a source of comfort

201
Q

Deviant Superego

A

Child identifies with an immoral parent. If parent is likely to be a criminal so will the child.

202
Q

Berger

A

Found schizophrenics were more likely to have a higher recall of double blind statements

203
Q

CBT Engagement

A

Therapist emphasises with patient about distress and stresses that it can be solved together

204
Q

Stress inoculation model

A

Based on Novaco’s Work Cognitive preparation Skill acquisition Application Training

205
Q

Influence of culture on crime

A

Criminal behaviour varies from country to country e.g. have more than one wife is illegal in uk but not in all countries Laws change over time with new technology Legal age of responsibility is different in all countries

206
Q

Proximity Seeking in attachment theory explaining Parasocial relationships

A

an individual will attempt to reduce the distance between themselves and another individual

e.g. Taylor Swift stalker breaking into her house and using her shower

207
Q

Atypical Antipsychotics

A

Regulate dopamine but reduces positive and negative symptoms and have less side effects

208
Q

Comparison level (social exchange theory)

A

takes into account past experiences of relationships to determine if we want to continue in current relationships. If profit is less then CL relationship will not succeed

209
Q

Schizophrenia

A

severe disorder of thought and emotion associated with a loss of contact with reality

210
Q

Negative Symptoms

A

symptoms of schizophrenia that are marked by deficits in functioning

211
Q

Social Exchange theory

A

The likelihood of a person staying in a relationship is determined by an assessment of what they get out of a relationship vs what they put in

212
Q

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

A

A combination of cognitive therapy (a way of changing maladaptive thoughts and beliefs) and behavioural therapy (a way of changing behaviour in response to these thoughts and beliefs)

213
Q

Biological Determinism

A

The more we discover about genes the more it appears that our behaviours are determined by our genes

214
Q

Born Criminals

A

people with atavistic characteristics

215
Q

Psychoticism

A

Refers to people who are aggressive and anti social and lack empathy due to high levels of testosterone

216
Q

Study for custodial sentencing

A

Amestry International

217
Q

Evaluation of cognitive distortions

A

Applications to CBT to reduce cognitive distortions

Most criminals will downplay their crime to get out of thier sentence

218
Q

Interactionist Approach to explaining schizophrenia

A

Explains schizophrenia through a combination of psychological and environmental and biological influences

219
Q

Bowlby’s thieve study

A

44 thieves attending clinic with 44 control patients he found no control patients had experienced early separation

89% of thieves who had experienced separation were affection less psychopaths

220
Q

Examples of bottom up approaches

A

Investigative psychology Geographical Profiling

221
Q

CBT The ABC Model

A

Patient give (A) Activating event That has causes the (B) Belief That causes a (C) consequence If the belief can be rationalised by discusses the activating event the consequence can be avoided

222
Q

Neurotiscism

A

Refers to people who get upset easily and lack stability because they have an over reactive fight or flight response

223
Q

Minimilsation

A

Consequences are either over or under exaggerated e.g. robbing a bank will not be that bad

224
Q

Smallest space analysis

A

A computer program that identifies correlations across patterns of behaviour (investigative psychology)

225
Q

Evaluation of the psychodynamic approach in explaining criminality

A

Acknowledges emotion and childhood influence which approaches like the cognitive approach do not

Bowlby’s finding are causal not related the emotion could be due to other things that happened at hime Real world application to preventing childhood separations

Alpha bias as freud believed women were less moral then men because they do not identify with there parents as strongly because of their lower status

Psychodynamic approach does not consider bad housing poverty or bad school attainment

226
Q

Gestalt Psychology

A

a german psychological approach that emphasises that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts (Holism)

227
Q

Evaluation of Determinism

A

allows cause and effect relationships to be found

it gives explanations for behaviour backed up with evidence

it is reductionist

does not account for individual differences

Suggests criminal activity is not criminals fault because it was determined

228
Q

Evaluation of free will

A

Emphasises the importance of the individual and individual differences

it fits society’s view of law i.e. if you commit a crime it is your fault self efficacy in therapy applications

Free will is very subjective

it is impossible to scientifically test free will

229
Q

Evaluation of genetic explanations to explaining criminality

A

Genetics explain only aggressive behaviour but not all crime is aggressive

Very deterministic and reductionist

230
Q

Evaluation of cognitive explanations in explaining schizophrenia

A

Success of CBT is proof that schizophrenia has a cognitive element

Cognitive approach ignored neurochemical element

231
Q

Victim Surveys

A

A method of gathering crime data that directly surveys participants to determine their experiences as victims of crime.

232
Q

Disorganised type of offender

A

The crime scene is left with many clues such as fingerprints there is little evidence of engagement with the victim the offender has a lower intelligence and competence

233
Q

Evaluation of token economies and the management of schizophrenia

A

Studies tend to be uncontrolled so are hard to measure effectiveness

Only works in hospital setting and less effective in wider community as at home patients will only receive 2 3 hours a day

Ethical considerations as clinicians have control over food privacy and access to activities that stop boredom basic rights

234
Q

Criminal Geographic Targeting (CGT)

A

A computerised system developed by Kim Rossmo which produces a 3d map and different colours indicate how close a criminal is to a crime scene (Geographical Profiling)

235
Q

Entertainment Social

A

Fans are attracted to a favourite celebrity and will watch keep up with read and learn about that celebrity

236
Q

Evaluation of the top down approach

A

Original data to create method came from interviewed with sexually dangerous motivated killers and therefore cannot be applied to other crime

Barnum effect ambiguous descriptions can be made to fit any situation

Disorganised / organised is more likely to be a continuous spectrum and is reductionist trying to fit an offender into one

237
Q

Topics to use in gender bias questions

A

Alpha Bias in Freud’s theories than women are less moral than men Beta bias in flight or fight reearch it is harder to measure female hormones because there are more of them so it is assumed men and female are equal Beta bias in Asch Zimbardo Milgram all male sample Beta Bias Kohlberg and moral development had an all male sample Mental illness in women is more likely to be explained in terms of emotional/hormonal processes

238
Q

Grave Dressing Phase

A

the final phase in relationship termination when the partners try to present themselves to others as being trustworthy to keep their social credit intact for future use Individuals try to paint a picture of their partner to be worse than them

239
Q

Commitment Level (investment model)

A

The likelihood that involvement in a relationship will persist It is determined by satisfaction level quality of alternatives and investment size If satisfaction and investment is high and QOA is low then relationship will percist

240
Q

Study for reliability of classification

A

Rosenhan

241
Q

Topics to use in nurture questions

A

Skinner and Pavlov classical and operant conditioning to explain learning Bandura’s Social Learning Theory vicarious reinforcement. Agression may be biological but the learning was nurture Double blind theory in schizophrenia

242
Q

Social Demography (filter Theory)

A

Variables such as age social background and geographical location will determine the likelihood of individuals meeting in the first place

243
Q

Ways of measuring crime

A

Official statistics Victim surveys Offender surveys

244
Q

Cognitive Distortion

A

Thinking that has a bias such that what is perceived by a person does not match reality

245
Q

Evaluation of the investment model

A

difficult to measure other variables that lead to commitment

Investment model can explain why people stay in abusive relationships

Can explain all relationships

246
Q

Evaluation of drug therapy in schizophrenia

A

Typical antipsychotics produce extrapyramidal effects on the brain e.g. lack of movement Ethical issues with side effects.

Drugs are cheap

Drugs are easy to use

Suggests something is wrong with someone

247
Q

White Collar Crime

A

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations

248
Q

Evaluation of Anger Management

A

Some prisoners do not like to reflect on themselves

Drama based courses are more effective

Hard to make comparisons between methods as some last for a few days, but some will last for years

249
Q

Application Training (Anger Management)

A

Offenders practice skills they have learned in controlled environments such as role play.

250
Q

Diagnosing Schizophrenia

A

Clinician will use a manual such as the DSM Clinician will see if patient has two or more symptoms of schizophrenia and then can diagnose

251
Q

Interpersonal Coherence

A

People are consistent in their behaviour and therefore it is easier to form links and relationships (investigative psychology)

252
Q

Tyler and Novaco

A

6 meta analysis

Found 75% improvement in anger after anger management therapy

253
Q

Weak Superego

A

Child has not identified with the same sex parent so has no moral code becomes selfish and aggressive. This could be due to absence of the same sex parent. The person has little control over antisocial behaviour and is likely to want to gratify its id

254
Q

Evaluation of filter theory

A

filtering is there to stop people making the wrong choice and then having to live with the consequences

values and attitudes are constantly changing over time so how can they be similar?

255
Q

Intrapsychic Phase

A

feelings of dissatisfaction cause the first phase in relationship termination when an individual engages in an internal evaluation of the partner They do not say anything to anyone

256
Q

Neural Explanations of criminality (neurotransmitters)

A

Serotonin Noradrenaline

257
Q

Reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia features

A

Cultural Differences Inter rater reliability

258
Q

Anhedonia

A

A loss of interest of pleasure in all or almost all activities and a lack of reactivity to normally pleasurable stimuli

259
Q

Nomothetic

A

Seeks to formulate general rules of behaviour based on study of groups and quantitative techniques

260
Q

Circle Theory

A

Offenders commit crimes in an specific region and puts criminals into two categories Maruder Commuter (Geographical Profiling)

261
Q

Quality of alternatives (investment Model)

A

The extent to which an individuals needs may be fulfilled outside the current relationship

262
Q

preconventional morality

A

Child accepts the rules of authority figures and judge actions by their consequences

263
Q

grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior

A

Inability to complete a task or bizarre behaviours and a reduced reaction to enviroment

264
Q

Offender Surveys

A

A means of measuring crime through surveys asking offenders of their drug use and how they victimised people. It can help find unreported crime and provides a more accurate picture of it.

265
Q

Holism

A

Explains behaviour as a whole experience rather than trying to explain it through one reason

266
Q

Cultural Bias

A

The tendency to ignore cultural differences and interpret all phenomena through the lens of ones culture

267
Q

Two psychological explanations of schizophrenia

A

Family Dysfunction Cognitive Explanations

268
Q

Hard Determinism

A

All behaviour can be predicted and there is no free will

269
Q

Evaluation of defining crime

A

There are some crimes that are universally regarded as unacceptable by all countries e.g. murder and theft

In universal crimes there are still cultural variations e.g. killing someone there is homicide or manslaughter and manslaughter will give a more lenient sentence

270
Q

Evaluation of family therapy

A

less to do with improvements but increases medical compliance which makes it look like they are improving

economic benefits cost of family therapy is offset by reduction in relapse rates

271
Q

Confidentiality in SSR

A

How leaked data may affect participants life

272
Q

Features of social exchange theory

A

Profit and Loss Comparison Level Comparison Level of Alternatives

273
Q

Cost/benefit analysis SSR

A

If costs of research outweigh benefits it is unethical however this is hard to access accurately

274
Q

Complementarity of needs (filter theory)

A

People who have different needs like each other because they provide each other with mutual satisfaction. This is what makes a long term relationship.

275
Q

Revised Dopamine Hypothesis

A

Davis and Kahn proposed that positive symptoms of schizophrenia are caused by an excess of dopamine in subcortical areas of the brain particularly the mesolimbic pathway. Negative symptoms arise from a deficit of dopamine in areas of the prefrontal cortex there is some evidence:

276
Q

CBT Developing Alternative explanations

A

Patient develops own alternative explanations for previous unhealthy assumptions

277
Q

Copson

A

90% of police said they would use bottom up again

278
Q

dark figure of crime

A

Crime that is not reported to the police and that remains unknown to officials.

279
Q

Why the nomothetic approach uses quantitative methods

A

Statistics are useful for calculations on groups of people therefore numerical data must be collected

280
Q

Resurrection Phase

A

Another phases added later for a opportunity for self growth.

281
Q

Goring

A

Compared 300 convicts to 3000 non convicts and found no difference

282
Q

Equity Theory

A

a theory that states that people will be motivated when they perceive that what they put into a relationship is equal to what they get out

283
Q

Universality

A

Not ignoring gender bias fully because there are differences between men and women but still not taking one gender as superior

284
Q

Study for criminal token economy

A

Hobbs and Holt

285
Q

Cognitive preparation (Anger Management)

A

Offenders learn about anger generally how it can be both adaptive and nonadaptive. Offenders analyse own behaviour patterns and identify situations which provoke them

286
Q

Study for family therapy

A

Pharoah et al

287
Q

Regulation of arousal

A

Anger Management technique used to allow offender to learn to control the physiological state. (Novaco)

288
Q

Application in SSR

A

Findings may not be used for purpose intended

289
Q

Self Disclosure and virtual relationships

A

The anonymity of the internet reduces the risks of rejection that self disclosure can bring. It is similar to the strangers of a train phenomena

290
Q

Double Blind Theory in family dysfunction and schizophrenia

A

When a child receives conflicting messages from parents they are more likely to develop schizophrenia This conflicting messages prevent the correct development of a coherent construction of reality which in the future manifests itself as schizophrenic symptoms

291
Q

Peace Circles

A

Groups in communities where victims and offenders alike can come to enable mutual understanding

292
Q

Study for gentic offender

A

Brunner et al

293
Q

Conventional morality

A

Individuals believe conformity to social rules is desirable because maintaining social systems ensures positive social order which is desirable

294
Q

Determinism

A

Human behaviour is caused by factors not under an individual’s personal control

295
Q

Moral Reasoning link to offending behaviour

A

Most criminals are at pre conventional who feel crime is justified as long as they don’t get caught

296
Q

Topics to use for holism questions

A

Gestalt psychology Humanistic psychology Cognitive psychology Jahoda’s criteria

297
Q

Study for differential association theory

A

Osborne and west

298
Q

Borderline Pathological

A

Strongest Uncontrollable fantasies Extreme behaviour about celebrities

299
Q

How it is learned in differential association theory?

A

frequency length and personal meaning of social association will determine the degree of influence It can be learnt through operant conditioning praise or punishment for crime It can be learnt through vicarious reinforcement of role models in the community

300
Q

Study for filter theory

A

Kerckoff and Davis

301
Q

postconventional morality

A

Individuals move beyond the conventional rules of their community to focus more broadly on what is best for society at large and on ways of promoting justice in society.

302
Q

Culture

A

Beliefs customs and traditions of a specific group of people that binds them together

303
Q

Somatotypes

A

Criminal classification of body type

304
Q

token economy

A

a form of behaviour therapy in which clients are given “tokens” for desired behaviours which they can later trade for rewards

305
Q

Psychological Effects of custodial sentencing

A

De individualisation Depression self harm and suicide Overcrowding and lack of privacy Effects on offenders family

306
Q

Key Aim of Anger Management

A

Novaco

Cognitive Restructring Regulation of Arousal Behavioural Strategies

307
Q

What attachment style do people have to be more likely to develop a parasocial relationship?

A

Insecure Avoidant Characterised by fear of people not reciprocating their needs therefore a parasocial relationship can satisfy this as there is little to no chance of rejection

308
Q

Olfactory Hallucination example

A

Smelling something that others cannot

309
Q

Evaluation of culture bias

A

indigenous psychology emic vs etic

considerable amount of psychology is based on western middle class psychology students as they are the ones participating in the lecturers studies

More people travel than they did 50 years ago meaning they have an understanding of cultures at a personal and professional level

310
Q

Negative Symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Speech Poverty Avolition Affective Flattening Anhedonia

311
Q

Atavistic Form

A

biological approach suggesting criminals are more primitive due to physical characteristics and personality

312
Q

Genetic Explanations of criminal behaviour

A

low levels of MAOA activity and CDH13 activity

Diathesis Stress model

313
Q

Study for criminal psychodynamic

A

Bowlby’s Juvenile thieves

314
Q

Evaluation of The dopamine hypothesis in explaining schizophrenia

A

some cases where dopamine levels are normal but there are still schizophrenic episodes

Inconclusive post mortem brain dopamine concentration evidence

Cocaine and other stimulant drugs cause schizophrenic episodes

315
Q

Speech Poverty

A

Lessening of speech fluency and productivity to reflect slowing or blocked thoughts

316
Q

Evaluation of reliability in diagnosing schizophrenia

A

For diagnosis one characteristic in the DSM is “If delusions are bizarre” however what differentiates bizarre and non bizarre?

ethnic minority cultures experience less stress because of their positive social structures making their prognosis more positive

317
Q

Ethnocentrism

A

Belief in the superiority of one’s nation or ethnic group.

318
Q

Recidivism

A

When a person reoffends after receiving a form of punishment for previous offences

319
Q

Evaluation of level of moral reasoning

A

theory concerns thinking rather than behaviour

Kohlberg’s research was only on males so gender bias

Applications to encouraging moral development e.g. raising a child in democracy rather than a dictatorship

320
Q

Environmental Reductionism

A

Behaviour is explained through stimulus response links a relationship between behaviour and events

321
Q

Evaluations of neural explanations to explaining criminality

A

deterministic and reductionists

Applications to treatment e.g. if criminals had low levels of serotonin they can be given sweeteners which are high in phenylalanine which make the production of serotonin difficult

322
Q

Investment size (investment Model)

A

A measure of all resources that are attached to a relationship and would be lost if relationship ends

323
Q

Expressed Emotion in family dysfunction and schizophrenia

A

A family communication style where members of the family talk about patient in a hostile manner Family members with high EE talk more and listen less Patients with families with high EE are 4 more times likely to relapse This suggests people with schizophrenia have a lower tolerance for intense environmental stimuli

324
Q

Scientific Freedom in SSR

A

Science should not be censored but there should be some monitoring of sensitive research

325
Q

Cognitive Restructring

A

Anger Management technique used to allow offender to control cognitive dimensions of anger and gain greater self awareness (Novaco)

326
Q

Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations Delusions Disorganised Speech Grossly Disorganised or Catatonic Behaviour

327
Q

Victim’s perspective (aims of restorative justice)

A

Can reduce the sense of victimisation because they are no longer powerless and have a voice and may grow to understand the offender

328
Q

Kerckoff and Davis

A

longitudinal study of 94 dating couples which completed two questionnaire on SIA and CON

For short term relationships SIA was more important, for long term relationships CON was more important

329
Q

Levels of moral reasoning

A

preconventional

conventional postconventional

330
Q

Atonement for wrongdoing (aims of restorative justice)

A

Offenders may offer concrete compensation for the crime such as money or community work. The psychological process of guilt allows offender to show an understanding of their effects

331
Q

Retribution

A

Prison is used to atone for wrongdoing and allow victims to have closure

332
Q

Androcentrism

A

An outlook that emphasizes a masculine point of view.

333
Q

Integrated model of schizoprenia

A

early vulnerable factors (genes birth complications) significant social stressors and sensitises to the dopamine system all contribute to schizophrenia

334
Q

Forensic Awareness

A

Certain behaviour may reveal and awareness of particular police techniques and past experiences e.g. Davies et al found rapists who conceal their fingerprints had previous convictions of burglary (investigative psychology)

335
Q

Institutional sexism

A

Men predominate at senior research level therefore research agenda follows male concerns

336
Q

Joseph

A

concordance rates were higher for MZ twins

337
Q

Imposed etics

A

where a construct from one culture is applied inappropriately to another

338
Q

Evaluation of Nature

A

Bowbly did not ignore environmental influences e.g. he proposed infants attach to who is most sensitive to their needs just that attachment is innate

Transgressional Effect if a pregnant mother has a poor diet her baby will suffer development and thus the genes will be poor so nature caused nurture?

339
Q

Self disclousure

A

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

340
Q

The research process in SSR

A

Question Conduct of research Context Application

341
Q

The nature of family therapy

A

3 to 12 months reducing levels of expressed emotion provides information about schizophrenia to patients improves relationships within the household

342
Q

Study for criminal cognitive distortions

A

Kennedy and Grubin

343
Q

Topics to use for reductionist questions

A

Bio Drug therapy Classical and operant conditioning in attachement

344
Q

Evaluation of Nurture

A

Empirical evidence shows behaviour is learnt

However learning is also biological research has found that mutant flies missing a crucial gene cannot be conditioned

345
Q

Scientific Determinism

A

Emphasis on the belief of casual explanations

346
Q

Deterrence

A

Prison is used as an deterrent for crime

347
Q

Reducing Culture bias

A

Equal opportunity legislation aims to rid culture bias and racism but we may be swapping old overt racism from new subtle racism

348
Q

Study for CBT schiz

A

NICE

349
Q

Holism and cognitive psychology

A

Memory is understood as connectionist networks of neurons It is holistic because the network as a whole behaves differently than the individual parts

350
Q

Official Statistics

A

Government generated secondary source of data on crime

351
Q

Amesty International

A

Murder rates were not lower in states with death penelty

352
Q

Athletic

A

A category proposed by lombroso that describes criminals that are tall and muscular are criminals of violence

353
Q

Crossley et al

A

No difference in symptoms but less side effects of atypical

354
Q

NICE

A

CBT was effective in reducing rehospitalisation rates up to 18 months

355
Q

Evaluation of physical attractiveness

A

A person can compensate lack of physical attractiveness with other desirable qualities

Physical attractiveness plays a stronger role in men’s long term relationship satisfaction than women’s

Darwin Peacock tail

356
Q

Sound and valid methodology in SSR

A

You must have valid methodology as academics may detect flaws in research but the public and media will take them as facts

357
Q

Beta bias in culture

A

when real cultural differences are ignored or minimised and all people are assumed to be the same resulting in universal research designs and conclusions that mistakenly assume that all cultures are the same.

358
Q

Investigative psychology

A

Profiling is based on scientific research and psychological theory (bottom up)

359
Q

Topics to use in an idiographic question

A

Sigmund freud psychodynamic case studies of little Hans 150 page write up on his life Humanistic Psychology to study the whole person Personality Gordon Allport found over 18 000 separate terms for describing personal characteristics which are unique to most people

360
Q

Study for criminal personality

A

Chen and Howitt

361
Q

Idographic

A

Focuses on the individual and emphasises uniqueness and favours qualitative data

362
Q

Study for anger management

A

Tyler and Novaco

363
Q

Topics to use in determinism questions

A

(Chroney et al) High IQ related to the IGF2R gene Freuds Research Skinner and Pavlov Research

364
Q

Walster et al

A

Students matched other students on looks and paired them, it did not support matching hypothesis

365
Q

Reinforcing target behaviour (token economies)

A

When patient or criminal performs target behaviour they can be awarded tokens

366
Q

Emic and Etic

A

Emic describes the uniqueness of every culture by focusing on culturally specific phenomena Etic seeks universality for all behaviour

367
Q

Virtual Relationships

A

Relationships that are conducted through the internet rather than face to face

368
Q

Why the idiographic approach uses qualitative methods

A

Focus on gaining insights into human behaviour by studying unique individuals in depth rather than gaining numerical from many individuals and determining adverages

369
Q

Example of expressed emotion in family dysfunction

A

A schizophrenic hallucinates and a family member is angry at them for not paying attention to what they are sayinh

370
Q

Family Therapy

A

Therapy that is used as treatment to intervene the family of someone who has a mental disorder

371
Q

Conduct of research in SSR

A

The main concern here is confidentiality if someone confesses to a crime should that be kept a secret?

372
Q

Indigenous Psychologies

A

The development of different groups of theories in different countries e.g. Afrocentrism in africa

373
Q

Evaluation of virtual relationships

A

Digital selves can enhance an individuals overall image in real life as it may increase there chance to connect in real life (catfishing)

Virtual relationships are helpful for shy people

Relationships are less strong

374
Q

Visual Hallucination example

A

Seeing faces others cannot see

375
Q

Evaluation of validity in diagnosing schizophrenia

A

The nature of diagnosis of disorders means patients receive a lower standard of medical care which in turn increases chances of co morbility

Diagnosis has little predictive validity some people recover some do not

376
Q

Le and Agnew

A

Analysed data from 137 studies

Commitment was the key factor for staying in relationships

377
Q

Socially Sensitive Research Evaluation

A

There is a wider impact of research participants family co workers the group the participant represents

Present ethical guidelines do not protect participants after the study has been completed

Minority groups are often marginalised from research

Do psychologists have a duty to research SS topics?

SSR is the most scrutinised research therefore not a lot can get past the barrier that is bad

Psychologists have methods to resolve issues raised

By gaining a better understanding of SS material we can reduce prejudice

Can benefit society e.g. research on EWT

90% of research is carried out on white middle class Americans SSR is helping redress the balance

378
Q

Who created the bottom up approach

A

David Canter did all accept CGT which was Kim Rossmo

379
Q

Study for Antipyschotics

A

Crossley et al

380
Q

Stress Schizophrenia

A

Stress also contributes to schizophrenia. This is one reason why it’s especially prevalent among people with low socioeconomic status. Social and psychological risk factors Life stressors

381
Q

Hobbs and Holt

A

Staff given training, 125 delinquent males observed in four cottages, one cottage was a control and the other 3 experimental.

Increase in social behaviour was seen in experimental and no change in control

382
Q

Neural Correlates and the dopamine hypothesis

A

Excess dopamine neurotransmitter in the brain is associated with positive symptoms of schizophrenia Schizophrenics are thought to have abnormal high D2 receptors resulting in more dopamine binding and more neurons firing

383
Q

The values of social Scientists

A

Humanistic approach (life is important and individuals are important) vs the scientific approach (objectivity and rigorous methodology)

384
Q

Environmental Determinism

A

Behaviour is caused by previous experience through classical and operant conditioning

385
Q

Rehabilitation of offenders (aims of restorative justice)

A

The victim has the opportunity to explain the real impact of the crime and this enables the offender to understand the effects on the victim

386
Q

Affective Flattening

A

A reduction in the range and intensity of emotional expression

AQA A Level Psychology (1 decks)

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