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Ethics Exam > AQA Definitions > Flashcards

AQA Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Abortion

A

The deliberate termination (ending) of a pregnancy, usually before the foetus is 24 weeks old

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2
Q

Abuse

A

Misuse of the world and the environment

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3
Q

Active euthanasia

A

The ending of a life by a deliberate action, such as by giving a patient a fatal injection

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4
Q

Adultery

A

Sex outside marriage where at least one of the couple is already married to someone else

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5
Q

Aid

A

To help or assist people in need, usually by gifts or money. Most people think of this as donating to charities that provide help to the poor, particularly in the developing world

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6
Q

Artificial insemination

A

Sperm medically inserted into the vagina to assist pregnancy

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7
Q

Artificial insemination by donor (AID)

A

When a woman is made pregnant by the sperm of a man other than her partner, but not through having sexual relations with him

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8
Q

Artificial insemination by husband (AIH)

A

When a woman is made pregnant by the sperm of her husband, but not through having sexual relations with him

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9
Q

Capital punishment

A

Form of punishment in which a prisoner is put to death for crimes committed. The death penalty

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10
Q

Chastity

A

Sexual purity. Not having sex before marriage

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11
Q

Christian Aid

A

A charity working on behalf of the British and Irish churches in combating poverty throughout the world; campaigns under the slogan ‘we believe in life before death’

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12
Q

Civil marriage

A

Non-religious marriage ceremony in a marriage registry office or other licensed venue, eg an hotel

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13
Q

Civil partnership

A

Legal registration and recognition of a same-sex partnership

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14
Q

Climate change

A

Changes to the climate, believed by some scientists to be irreparably damaging, that have been caused by human lifestyles

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15
Q

Cloning

A

The scientific method by which animals or plants can be created which have exactly the same genetic make up as the original, because the DNA of the original is used

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16
Q

Cohabitation

A

A couple living together and having a sexual relationship without being married to one another

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17
Q

Colour

A

Relating to the colour of a person’s skin/ethnicity. Often used as a reason for unfairly judging others and making uninformed opinions about them

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18
Q

Community service

A

A form of punishment in which the criminal has to perform tasks useful to society, rather than going to prison

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19
Q

Conservation

A

Looking after the environment and protecting animals

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20
Q

Conservation projects

A

Projects set up to protect the environment

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21
Q

Contraception

A

The artificial and chemical methods used to prevent pregnancy taking place

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22
Q

Deterrence

A

To put people off committing crimes. One of the aims of punishment

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23
Q

Disability

A

When a person has a mental or physical condition that limits movement or activities

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24
Q

Disability discrimination

A

Acting against someone on the grounds of physical or mental limitations

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25
Q

Discrimination

A

To act against someone on the basis of sex, race, religion etc. Discrimination is usually seen as wrong

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26
Q

Divorce

A

The legal ending of a marriage

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27
Q

Earth summits

A

Meetings of international leaders aimed at reaching an agreement that will reduce environmental pollution and climate change

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28
Q

Embryo

A

Fertilised ovum at about 12-14 days when implanted into the wall of the womb

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29
Q

Embryonic research (embryology)

A

The study of human embryos

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30
Q

Emergency aid

A

Short term aid. Help given to communities in a time of disaster or crisis, eg food during a famine, shelter after an earthquake

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31
Q

The environment

A

A term used to refer to the planet on which we live and its resources

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32
Q

Environmental conservation

A

Looking after the natural resources of the planet by taking steps to protect them

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33
Q

Environmental conservation

A

Looking after the natural resources of the planet by taking steps to protect them

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34
Q

Equality

A

That people should be given the same rights and opportunities regardless of sex,religion, race etc

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35
Q

Euthanasia

A

Inducing a painless death , with compassion to ease suffering. from the Greek meaning ‘good death’. Some Christians believe it is mercy killing while others see it as taking life

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36
Q

Fair trade

A

A method of trade in which the producer of the product receives a fair payment for his/her product e.g fair trade bananas

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37
Q

Fine

A

A form of punishment in which an offender pays a sum of money

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38
Q

Foetus

A

Ferried ovum from eight weeks

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39
Q

Gender

A

Another word for a person’s ie male , female

40
Q

Gender discrimination

A

Acting against someone on the grounds of his/her sex

41
Q

Global concerns

A

Things which affect the whole world and all of the people in it

42
Q

Heterosexual relationships

A

A sexual relationship with someone of the opposite sex

43
Q

Homosexual relationships

A

A sexual relationship with someone of the same sex

44
Q

Hospices

A

Special places to which people go to die in dignity

45
Q

Human genetic engineering

A

The modification of gene make up to change the features of a human

46
Q

Hybrid embryos

A

An embryo produced by cloning techniques for research purposes that consists of human and animal material

47
Q

Imprisonment

A

When a person is put in jail for committing a crime

48
Q

In vitro fertilisation (IVF)

A

A procedure in which eggs are removed from a woman’s ovaries and fertilised with sperm in a laboratory. The fertilised egg is then replaced into the women’s uterus

49
Q

Justice

A

Bringing about what is right and fair,according to the law or making up for a wrong that has been committed

50
Q

‘Just War’

A

A war that the Christian Church defines as acceptable:this must fit certain criteria. The idea was developed by St Thomas Aquinas and the Roman Catholic Church

51
Q

Long term aid

A

Helping needy people to help themselves by providing tools, education and funding for projects. This type of aid is given by Christian Aid, Tearfund, CAFOD and Trocaire to the poor overseas.

52
Q

Marital breakdown

A

When a husband and wife no longer get on with each other leading to the end of the marriage by divorce or separation

53
Q

Marriage

A

A legal union between a man and a woman

54
Q

Marriage ceremony

A

The ceremony in which a man and a woman marry

55
Q

Medically prescribed drugs

A

Drugs prescribed by a doctor as part of medical treatment

56
Q

Morality

A

A system of ethics, about what is right or wrong

57
Q

Natural habits

A

The places where species of plants or animals live in the wild

58
Q

Natural resources

A

Resources that are part of the environment eg water,minerals, and which are used and often abused by humans

59
Q

Non-voluntary euthanasia

A

When a patient’s life is ended because it is felt that to keep them alive is to make them suffer, but the patient is incapable of giving consent to the decision (eg he /she is in a coma)

60
Q

Nuclear proliferation

A

The increase in the number of states that have the potential to use nuclear weapons

61
Q

Nuclear war

A

A war in which the participants use nuclear weapons

62
Q

Pacifism

A

The belief that it is unacceptable to take part in war and any other form of violence

63
Q

Passive euthanasia

A

Allowing a terminally ill or incurably ill person to die by withdrawing or withholding medical treatment that would only prolong the suffering and have no real benefit

64
Q

Peace

A

An absence of war and conflict which leads to happiness and harmony

65
Q

Pollution

A

The contamination of something, especially the environment

66
Q

Poverty

A

Condition of being without money,food, and other basic needs of life (being poor)

67
Q

Prejudice

A

Unfairly judging someone before the facts are known. Holding biased opinions about an individual or group

68
Q

Pro-choice

A

Slogan used for the view that women should have the right to choose whether or not to have an abortion

69
Q

Pro-life

A

Slogan used for the view that supports the right to life of the foetus

70
Q

Protection

A

To stop the criminal hurting anyone in society. an aim of punishment

71
Q

Punishment

A

That which is done to people because they have broken a law

72
Q

Quality of life

A

A measure of fulfilment

73
Q

Race

A

A group of people with the same ethnic background

74
Q

Racial discrimination

A

Discrimination against someone on the grounds of race

75
Q

Reconciliation

A
  1. A sacrament in the Roman Catholic Church

2. When two people or groups of people who have disagreed or fought with each other make up

76
Q

Recycling

A

Re-using materials, eg paper, plastic, in the interests of environmental conservation

77
Q

Reformation

A

To change someone’s behaviour for the better. An aim of punishment

78
Q

Relative morality

A

What is morally right or wrong in any situation depends upon its particular circumstances

79
Q

Religious discrimination

A

Discrimination against someone on the grounds of religion

80
Q

Religious discrimination

A

Discrimination against someone on the grounds of religion

81
Q

Re-marriage

A

When people who have been married before marry again

82
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

The use of cloning techniques to produce a baby

83
Q

Absolute morality

A

What is morally right and wrong applies to all circumstances, at all times

84
Q

Retribution

A

To ‘get your own back’ on the criminal, based on the Old Testament teaching of ‘an eye for an eye’. An aim of punishment aimed at being proportionate to the offence committed

85
Q

Sanctity of life

A

Life is sacred because it is God-given

86
Q

Saviour siblings

A

A child conceived by IVF with pre-implantation genetic diagnosis to save the life of an incurably ill sibling through the use of cord blood

87
Q

Self-determination

A

Refers to the right to make decisions for oneself in life. It is an argument used by those who agree with voluntary euthanasia

88
Q

Somatic cell therapy

A

The use of genetic engineering to modify non-reproductive cells in order to treat genetic disease. A form of gene therapy

89
Q

Social drugs

A

Legal drugs which are still addictive, such as alcohol, nicotine, caffeine etc

90
Q

Stem cell cloning

A

Removing cells from a patient and treating them in a laboratory in order to produce stem cells which may be used to treat disorders, eg Alzheimer’s disease

91
Q

Stewardship

A

The idea that believers have a duty to look after the environment on behalf of God

92
Q

Surrogacy

A

A form of fertility treatment in which a woman’s egg is fertilised artificially by another woman’s partner or an embryo from another couple is created through IVF and then implanted into the ‘host’ woman. The woman carries the baby throughout pregnancy and gives it to the other couple after birth

93
Q

Terrorism

A

When groups use violence, or the threat of violence, to achieve their aims, rather than using a democratic process. The violence is often indiscriminate and intended to create an atmosphere of fear

94
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Another term for stem cell cloning

(removing cells from a patient and treating them in a laboratory in order to produce stem cells which may be used to treat disorders, eg Alzheimer’s disease)

95
Q

Voluntary euthanasia

A

When a terminally ill person asks a doctor or a friend to help them die peacefully and with dignity. It can be called ‘mercy killing’ or ‘assisted suicide’

96
Q

World poverty

A

The idea that the majority of the world’s population actually live in conditions of extreme need or hardship

Ethics Exam (3 decks)

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