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Biology Assessment one > AQA combined biology assessment one > Flashcards

AQA combined biology assessment one Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a human cost of a non-communicable disease?

A
  • Lower quality of life.
  • shorter lifespan.
  • caring responsibilities.
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2
Q

What is a financial cost of a non-communicable disease?

A
  • cost of healthcare.
  • research.
  • cost of specialist equipment.
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3
Q

What can increase risk of ill-health and disease?

A
  • stress
  • lack of exercise
  • too much sunlight
  • radiation
  • substances in the body
  • asbestos
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4
Q

What is the pathway for a risk factor?

A

Hazard–> Risk Factor –> Harm.

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5
Q

What can cause cardiovascular disease?

A
  • A diet with lots of saturated fats (cholesterol)
  • Smoking damaging the lining of an artery which can lead to atherosclerosis.
  • carbon monoxide (heart beating faster)
  • nicotine (increases BP)
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6
Q

What is a risk factor for diabetes type 2?

A

Obesity.

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7
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When the cells in the body are less sensitive or resistant to insulin so the body cannot control the concentration of glucose in your blood properly.

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8
Q

What is a risk factor for liver disease and brain damage?

A

Alcohol.

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9
Q

How does alcohol cause liver disease?

A

The liver breaks down toxins in alcohol. When you have to much in early stages of the disease, liver becomes fatty and cirrhosis (scarring) happens.

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10
Q

How does alcohol cause brain damage?

A

Affects the way nerve cells in the brain work (damaged). It makes brain mass shrink too.

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11
Q

What is a risk factor for lung disease?

A

Smoking.

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12
Q

What is a risk factor for lung cancer?

A

Smoking.

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13
Q

What is bronchitis?

A

The bronchi and bronchioles are inflamed and excess mucus is produced.

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14
Q

What is emphysema?

A

Affects the alveoli (rounded). Walls are broken and they trap excess air. Narrows airways stop gas exchange.

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15
Q

What are symptoms of lung cancer?

A

Persistent cough, frequent chest infections, coughing up blood and breathlessness.

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16
Q

How many toxic chemicals are in tobacco smoke that can cause cancer?

A

Sixty.

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17
Q

What are risk factors for unborn babies?

A

Smoking and alcohol.

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18
Q

Why is it bad to smoke whilst pregnant or be around smoke?

A

Decreases the amount of oxygen available to the baby. Can increase miscarriages, premature births and sudden infant death syndrome.

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19
Q

What is FADS and what can cause it?

A

Foetal alcohol syndrome- can give poor growth, facial abnormalities and learning difficulties. HEAVY DRINKING CAUSES THIS.

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20
Q

What are carcinogens a risk for?

A

Cancer.

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21
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

A substance or form of radiation that can cause cancer.

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22
Q

How do carcinogens cause cancer?

A

Damaging DNA directly or speeding up cell division.

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23
Q

What types of cancer can smoking cause?

A

Lungs, voice box, oesophagus, mouth, throat, kidney, bladder, pancreas, stomach and cervix.

24
Q

What types of cancer can alcohol cause?

A

Mouth, larynx, oesophagus, liver and breast.

25
Q

What is another name for respiration?

A

Cellular respiration because reaction happen within cells. ENERGY RELEASED FROM THIS.

26
Q

What type of respiration is respiration?

A

EXOTHERMIC. Energy transferred to surroundings.

27
Q

What do organisms need energy for?

A
  • Muscles contracting for movement.
  • Chemical reactions to keep warm.
  • Have a steady body temperature.
28
Q

What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O2+602–> 6CO2 +6H2O

29
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur?

A

In the mitochondria continuously.

30
Q

What happens during aerobic respiration?

A

Glucose is oxidised by oxygen to transfere the energy to the organism for its functions. This releases a large amount of energy.

31
Q

Why does anaerobic respiration (without oxygen) sometimes happen?

A

During hard exercise muscle cells are respiring so fast that the blood cannot transfer all the oxygen required. INSUFFICEINT OXYGEN.

32
Q

What happens during anaerobic respiration (chemical equation)?

A

Glucose –> lactic acid.

33
Q

What happens after exercise in regard to lactic acid?

A

Lactic acid must be converted to carbon dioxide. Must be combined with oxygen for this to happen.

34
Q

What is meant by oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen it takes to convert all of the lactic acid to carbon dioxide.

35
Q

What happens to muscles after long periods of excercise?

A

They stop contracting effectively.

36
Q

What is the formula for light intensity?

A

1/ distance (squared).

37
Q

What happens to the body during exercise?

A
  • Heart rate increases to pump oxygenated blood around the body. (through muscle cells)
  • Breathing rate and breath volume increases. (increases amount of blood in the bloodstream).
38
Q

Is photosynthesis exothermic or endothermic?

A

Endothermic.

39
Q

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2+6H2O–>C6H12O6+6O2.

40
Q

What will happen if you increase carbon dioxide levels?

A

The rate of photosynthesis will increase up to a point.

41
Q

Name three limiting factors?

A

Light intensity, chlorophyll and the temperature.

42
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of all chemical reactions?

A

It speeds chemical reactions up. UP TO A POINT OTHERWISE ENZYMES GET DENATURED. The active site gets damaged and the substrate no longer fits.

43
Q

Why do some plants not grow as tall?

A

Because they have a lack of light.

44
Q

What law does light intensity obey?

A

The inverse square law. This is where if you double the distance between the plant and the light source, you quarte the light intensity.

45
Q

What does it mean if a leaf is variegated?

A

It is white and green.

46
Q

What can farmers do to ensure highest crop yields from greenhouses?

A
  • heating
  • Artificial lighting
  • carbon dioxide.
47
Q

In commercial greenhouses, what are used to ensure maximum photosynthesis?

A

A computerised system.

48
Q

What happens if light intensity is too high?

A
  • saturation of the active sites.

- bleaching of chlorophyll.

49
Q

Why is chlorophyll so important?

A

Because energy transferred must be done to chlorophyll through light.

50
Q

What is the process of lactic acid and respiration?

A

Lactic acid builds up in muscles –> blood flows through muscle cells and transports lactic acid to the liver–> liver oxidises lactic acid and converts it back to glucose–> glucose used for aerobic respiration or stored in the liver for later use.

51
Q

If you see this card what are you going to do? :)

A

Watch the pondweed practical on freesciencelessons and then go and get yourself a glass of water or squash :)

52
Q

PONDWEED PRACTICAL

A
  • Boiling tube 10cm away from LED
  • If normal bulb- beaker of water in-between to absorb light.
  • fill boiling tube with sodium hydrogen carbonate solution
  • Releases co2 needed for photosynthesis.
  • pond weed put in boiling tube with the cut side at the top and then wait for it to acclimatise
  • We should see bubbles from cut end
  • start stopwatch and record amount of bubbles in a min
  • repeat this 2 more times and calculate the mean number of bubbles in one min.
  • Repeat with 20cm, 30cm and 40cm
53
Q

What are the problems with the pondweed practical?

A

Bubbles are too fast to count accurately. Bubbles not always the same size. Small and large bubbles all counted as one.

54
Q

How do we solve the problems associated with the pondweed practical?

A

Put pondweed under a funnel an catch the bubbles produced in a measuring cylinder. MEASURE VOL OF OXYGEN PRODUCED.

55
Q

If we plot dist/ number of bubbles what is the main conclusion?

A

If we double the distance then the number of bubbles per min falls by a factor of four. OBEYS INVERSE SQUARE LAW.

Biology Assessment one (2 decks)

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