AQA Chemistry 1.1 to 1.4 Flashcards
What are elements made of?
Atoms
What is the symbol of calcium?
Ca
Which element has the symbol Na?
Sodium
What is the central part of an atom called?
Nucleus
What three types of particles are atoms made of?
Protons, neutrons and electrons
Which particles are found in the nucleus?
Protons and neutrons
Which type of particle are found in shells?
Electrons
What is the charge on a proton?
+1
What is the mass of a proton?
1
What is the mass of a neutron?
1
What is the charge on an electron?
-1
What information does the atomic number give us?
How many protons.
How can you calculate the number of neutrons in an atom?
Mass number - atomic number
What is the mass number of an atom?
Protons + neutrons
How are the atoms arranged in the Periodic Table?
In order of increasing atomic number.
Why are all atoms neutral?
Same number of protons and electrons.
Aluminium has an atomic number of 13 and a mass number of 27. How many protons, neutrons and electrons are there?
13 protons, 13 electrons and 14 neutrons
How many electrons can the first electron shell hold?
2
How many electrons can the second electron shell hold?
8
What is the electronic configuration of Magnesium? It has 12 electrons.
2,8,2
Why are the elements in group 0 so unreactive?
They have full electron shells.
Which gas is made when sodium reacts with water?
Hydrogen
What is the name of the alkaline solution made when sodium reacts with water?
Sodium hydroxide
What do all elements in the same group have in common?
Same number of electrons in the outer shell.
Al2SO4 How many different elements?
3
NH4Cl How many atoms in total?
6
What is it called when a chemical equation has the same number of each element on each side of the equation?
Balanced
What mass of magnesium oxide is made if 6g of magnesium react with 4g of oxygen?
10g
How does the reactivity of the group 1 metal change down the group?
They get more reactive.
What is the formula for calcium carbonate?
CaCO3
Which chemical is made when limestone is heated?
Calcium oxide (quicklime)
What are the uses of limestone?
Building, roads, cosmetics
What is thermal decomposition?
Breaking down when heated.
Describe a chemical test for carbon dioxide.
Limewater turns cloudy when carbon dioxide is bubbled through.
Which gas is made when acid is added to a carbonate?
Carbon dioxide
Which carbonates do not decompose in a Bunsen flame?
Sodium and potassium carbonate
How can calcium hydroxide be made?
Add calcium oxide to water.
How can we make limewater/
Add calcium hydroxide to water>
Calcium hydroxide is an alkali, what can it be used for?
Neutralise acid soil.
How is cement made?
Heating limestone and clay in a kiln and grinding to a powder.
What is mortar made of?
Cement, sand and water
What is concrete made of?
Cement, sand, water and crushed rocks
List the advantages of quarrying limestone.
More jobs, growing local economy
List some disadvantages of quarrying limestone.
Noise, dust, more lorries and pollution, destruction of habitat
What is an ‘metal ore’?
A metal ore contains enough metal to make it economic to extract.
Why is gold found in it’s native state?
Unreactive
What is reduction?
Extracting a metal from it’s ore by heating with carbon.
What method is used to extract reactive metals from their ores?
Electrolysis.
Where is iron extracted from it’s ore?
Blast furnace
What are the raw materials used in the Blast furnace?
Iron ore, coke, limestone
Why isn’t pure iron very useful?
Too soft
What are the properties of high carbon steels?
Very hard but brittle.
What are the properties of low carbon steels?
Soft and easily shaped.
Which type of steel is used to make cutlery?
Stainless steel
Which type of steel is used to make car bodies?
Mild steel
What is cast iron used to make?
Man-hole covers, stoves
What is the name for a mixture of metals?
Alloy
Why are alloys useful?
Each metal has different sized atoms, so layers of atoms don’t slide over each other. It makes them harder.
Why is aluminium useful?
Conducts electricity, low density, can be shaped easily.
Which metal is very strong, very resistant to corrosion and has a low density?
Titanium
Give three uses of aluminium.
Drinks cans, cooking foil, electricity cables
Which metal is used to make aircraft, jet engines, nuclear reactors and racing bikes?
Titanium
Why does it cost so much to extract titanium?
Lots of steps, uses sodium or magnesium, large amount of energy are needed
What is smelting?
Copper is extracted from it’s ore by ‘roasting’ in oxygen.
What is the name of the process which uses growing plants to extract copper from low grade ore?
Phytomining
What is used in bioleaching?
Bacteria
How is copper extracted from ‘leachate’?
Electrolysis
What is the name of the group of metals found between groups 2 and 3 in the Periodic Table?
Transition metals
Why should we recycle metals?
Use less metal ores and fossil fuels, reduce pollution from extraction processes.
What is crude oil?
A mixture of many different compounds.
What elements do hydrocarbons contain?
Carbon and hydrogen
What is the general formula for the alkanes?
CnH(2n+2)
How many carbon atoms does propane have?
3
What is the formula for ethane?
C2H6
What do molecules of unsaturated hydrocarbons contain?
Double bond
What is the general formula for the alkenes?
CnH2n
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated?
Unsaturated
What method is used to separate the parts crude oil?
Fractional distillation
How does boiling point change as the number of carbon atoms increases in an alkane?
Increases
What is viscosity?
How runny a liquid is.
What word describes the tendency to turn into a gas?
Volatility
Describe the main steps in fractional distillation.
Heating, evaporating, rising up the column, cooling, condensing
What are the two substances made when a hydrocarbon burns in oxygen?
Carbon dioxide and water
How can you test if water is made?
Blue cobalt chloride paper turns pink
Which deadly gas is made if fuels are burned in not enough oxygen?
carbon monoxide
Fossil fuels contain small amounts of sulphur. Which gas is formed when they burn?
Sulphur dioxide
What are particulates?
Unburnt hydrocarbons or tiny solid particles containing carbon.
Which polluting gas is made in hot car engines?
Nitrogen oxides
What is caused by sulphur dioxide?
Acid rain
Which gas is responsible for global warming?
Carbon dioxide
What is global dimming?
Particulates in the atmosphere block out light from the sun.
Describe the greenhouse effect.
Increased levels of carbon dioxide prevent heat escaping from the Earth, raising the global temperature, melting icecaps and raising sea levels.
How is sulphur removed from the waste gases from a power station?
Desulphurisation, react the gases with calcium oxide.
Describe an advantage of a biofuel.
They raw materials are plants, they are renewable. When they grow they use carbon dioxide (photosynthesis)-maybe carbon neutral.
Describe a disadvantage of biofuels.
Land used to grow plants could be used to grow food.
Name two biofuels.
Ethanol, biodeisel
What can the biofuel, ethanol be made from?
Sugar in plants are fermented.
What is used to make biodeisel?
Vegetable oils
Name a potential fuel for the future?
Hydrogen
Which substance has the chemical formula C2H5OH?
Ethanol
