Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anthropology APY1501 > APY1501 > Flashcards

APY1501 Flashcards

1
Q

Humans belong to the genus…. and the species …

A

Homo … sapiens sapiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Give information on anthropology and gender

A
  • Gender identity is acquired through socialisation and enculturation, but is also shaped by a person’s lived experiences.
  • Anthropology focuses on how sex and gender are expressed in different sociocultural contexts.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An important difference between anthropology and other human sciences is that anthropology

A

is concerned with the totality of human existence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

A kinship diagram of a married couple, their children, and their children’s children would include

A

Three generations; therefore three rows of kinship figures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When an anthropologist first arrive in the field to conduct fieldwork, he or she may experience culture shock. Culture shock can be defined as …

A

a feeling of disorientation and anxiety resulting from being in an unfamiliar environment and among unfamiliar people.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Kinesics …

A

is the “science” of body language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The appointment of functionaries who enforce the rules and laws of a community by means of sanctions and penalties to ensure that people live together in an orderly manner gives rise to a community’s …

A

judicial system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Contemporary anthropologists generally agree that the concept of race

A

Cannot be defined biologically and regard perceptions of race as sociocultural constructions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Sociocultural anthropologists focus on the …

A

lifestyles of the rich diversity of societies as they are found worldwide.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Initially what distinguished anthropology from sociology was that

A

Anthropology studied ‘preliterate’ people

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The growing global phenomena of female-headed households can be associated
with

A
  • scarcity of work and related outmigration of men.
  • the feminisation of poverty and marginalisation of women.
  • women seeking control over their lives and resources
  • modernisation, globalisation and technological advances.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Based on sound anthropological knowledge of the local people and the natural environment, the effects of the severe draught in 1984 in the Sahel region of Africa could have been minimised if the …

A

government had included knowledge of the culture and ecology of the people concerned in its planning.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The species … developed speech and language, marriage and family life.

A

Homo sapiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Give info regarding erotic kissing

A
  • Erotic kissing may have evolved from “kiss-feeding” done by mothers to pass food to their babies with their mouths and thereby associating affection with lips touching.
  • Erotic kissing may have developed as a way to determine potential partners’ genetic compatibility.
  • Erotic kissing is NOT practiced in all societies.
  • Archaeological evidence suggests that India is the birthplace of the erotic kiss.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Humans belong to the family … and subfamily …

A

Family: Hominid

Sub family: Hominins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Ethnographic fieldwork as research methodology in anthropology ..

A

is used to gather information on the culture of societies by means of the interviewing of informants and participant observation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain female genital mutilation

A
  • Often enforced by older women in an attempt to control the perceived rampant sexual desires of women.
  • Genital cutting is not globally condemned as an infringement of universal human rights.
    The practice occurs particularly among African Muslims.
    Genital cutting is done to deny women sexual pleasure.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Explain the anthropological concept of culture

A

A society’s system of thought, behaviour, values and material creations that come into being through close interaction with the natural environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can you tell me about the concept of race?

A
  1. The superficial or external features of humans in particular were initially used to classify them into races.
  2. The classification of humans according to racial characteristics is unscientific and often based on stereotypes that stem from prejudice.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Explain Sociocultural systems …

A
  • may be used as a means to distinguish people from others and recognise people as belonging to the same self-identified group.
  • comprise sets of relationships in a particular sociocultural and natural context that are typical of a significant number of interacting humans in the context.
  • are manifestations of humans’ creative responses to the challenge of adapting to the environment and to other humans.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The most important sources of information on a particular sociocultural system are …

A

people at grassroots level of the society being studied.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The concept of social body expresses …

A

how the body, as a natural symbol, is used to think about nature, culture and society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Participant observation means that an anthropologist should …

A

participate in the sense that he/she should commit his/her thoughts and emotions to the real world fieldwork setting, and record his/her observations in an objective, scientific and systematic manner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In anthropological literature, modern humans are referred to as … to indicate that they are genetically or anatomically different from archaic (prehistoric) humans.

A

Homo sapiens sapiens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Anthropologists MAINLY gather information about the people they study by means of …

A

in-depth interviewing of informants.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

For behaviour to be regarded as ‘cultural’, it must be

A

Considered to be appropriate by a significant number of people in a group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The research technique by means of which anthropologists trace social relations in a wider context than those based on kinship, is known as …

A

social network analysis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Archaeology as a subfield of anthropology studies

A

past living conditions and changes that occurred in human populations during prehistoric times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anthropology as an independent discipline is distinguished from other disciplines which study human life by the fact that anthropology is concerned with the

A

entire human condition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The emic approach is …

A

combined with the etic approach by anthropologists in their ethnographic fieldwork strategies to gain the most objective view of the culture of a society.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Tattooing

A

Is a means by which humans establish themselves as sociocultural beings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Enculturation …

A

refers to the process by means of which culture is transmitted or carried over from one generation to the next.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Body language …

A

Is not about what is said, but how it is said.
Societies world-wide have different norms with regard to the use of personal space.
Full understanding of verbal messages is only possible with the aid of body language.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Give info regarding the construction of identities

A
  • Physical characteristics are important in defining an identity.
  • Identity is not a static category but a continuous process.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In all probability, anatomically modern humans eventually displaced other archaic human groups, because they

A

were able to speak and share information through language which enabled community life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Today, cultural heritage is concerned with the …

A
  • support of communities’ claims for land or resources.
  • ways in which people’s heritage is exposed through landscapes and architecture.
  • identification of sacred spaces – how ‘space’ is turned into ‘place’.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The scientific study of people’s perception and use of space is called …

A

proxemics.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

An anthropological concern with the relationship between power and the reconstruction of knowledge gave rise to the … approach.

A

reflexive

39
Q

If an excessively cultural relativistic approach is followed in anthropology …

A

cultural practices that have a harmful impact on a society may not be questioned.

40
Q

Give info on identity

A
  • Groups express their identity through performance, art and material culture.
  • Facebook is used to explore identity without the constraints of ‘real life’ boundaries.
  • Imagined communities comprises of individuals who ‘imagine’ themselves to live in unity.
41
Q

Collective initiation for girls in South Africa occur among

A

Tsonga-speaking communities

42
Q

Leviratic union example

A

It is a continuation of a deceased man’s marriage by his brother or close male
relative

43
Q

Sociocultural anthropologists study the

A

relations between people in terms of culture

44
Q

The etic approach …

A

is a research strategy that gives priority to the interpretations of an anthropologist as researcher.

45
Q

The anthropological fieldwork methodology is distinguished from the methodologies of other disciplines that study human beings by its

A

firsthand, direct and intensive contact with people in order to observe and describe their culture

46
Q

According to the applied anthropologist, John van Willigen, which of the following are fields of application and practical work by anthropologists?

A
  1. Conflict resolution
  2. Wildlife management
  3. Design and architecture
  4. Cultural tourism
  5. Missionary work
47
Q

An achieved status is based on

A

Qualities, abilities and choices which are dynamic, unstable and continuously self-changing.

48
Q

The concept of … refers to the notion that a human body includes its physical, social and emotional aspects.

A

Embodiment

49
Q

Paleoanthropologists are mostly interested in learning about …

A

the fossil record of human evolution.

50
Q

Give info on ‘households’ and ‘families’

A

The terms households’ and ‘families’ are often used interchangeably, but are two very different constructs.
A household is a group of related or unrelated people living in the same dwelling space.
A family may include a wider network of kin that are not co-resident.

51
Q

Humans are set apart from animals on the basis that they, in contrast to animals, …

A

have the ability to communicate symbolically.

52
Q

Explain what best illustrates how an application of the concept of cultural relativism influences the work of anthropologists? An anthropologist …

A

interprets the behaviour of people in terms of the sociocultural context in which the behaviour is found.

53
Q

According to Joshi (2009) ‘cyberspace’ is a new arena where the idea of identity is playing itself out. Which of the following statements makes ‘cyberspace’ different from other arenas where identity can be studied according to her?

A

A. Self-identity can be explored without the constraints of ‘real life’ boundaries.
Social networking is an example where the self can be explored in an altered form.

54
Q

What best describes anthropology as a comprehensive discipline?

A

A study of human diversity worldwide and throughout time

55
Q

Linguistic anthropologists do what?

A

study societies to understand how cultural phenomena are expressed verbally

56
Q

Define the approach ‘holism’.

A

In terms of a holistic approach, knowledge from various spheres of activity should be applied to the understanding of any particular aspect on human behaviour.
The holistic approach requires an anthropologist to take the whole context of a particular group of people into account when he/she studies the group.
The term holism is contentious because it carries the implication that people’s lives are interconnected in an almost ideal, balanced and perfectly functional way.

57
Q

A ritual may be a very complex activity and may include a combination of many features. The following are all features that can be observed in a ritual

A

objects.
words.
participants.
EXCEPT familiars.

58
Q

According to Eller (2015), all of the following are sociocultural factors that could contribute to the frequency and intensity of violence

A

race and ethnic divisions.
strong religious convictions.
gender stereotyping
EXCEPT Physical isolation

59
Q

A skip-generation household is a household where

A

children younger than 18 years are in the care of a person, usually a grandparent over the age of 60, with no younger adults in the household.

60
Q

According to physical anthropologists, which of the following statements regarding ‘human nature’ is /are CORRECT?

A. There are limitations on human behaviour and only specific variations are possible.
B. Despite the huge diversity found among humans, they are remarkably similar.
C. Human nature is unchangeable and characteristic of a specific group of people.
D. The capacity of speech is what distinguishes humans from animals.

A

A. There are limitations on human behaviour and only specific variations are possible.
B. Despite the huge diversity found among humans, they are remarkably similar.
D. The capacity of speech is what distinguishes humans from animals.

61
Q

The tendency to judge another society by the values and the standards of one’s own culture is known as …

A

ethnocentrism.

62
Q

As a subfield of anthropology, … studies the physical adaptation of human populations to their environment.

A

biological anthropology

63
Q

Instrumentalists argue that ethnic identity is …

A

symbolic and can change. It is superficially created as an instrument used and exploited by leaders and others to pursue their own interests.

64
Q

Homo sapiens

A

Developed rituals and normative rules such as the incest taboo

65
Q

Tell me about ethnography and/or ethnographic research

A

To understand social relations in a community, ethnographic research may include personal network analysis of informants.
Ethnographic research involves first-hand, direct contact with people being studied.
Ethnography is both the process and the product of fieldwork.

66
Q

A holistic approach to the study of culture means that anthropologists

A

study all facets of human life including the environmental factors to which people must adapt for survival

67
Q

The hominid family includes

A

Australophitecines.
Homo sapiens
Homo habilis

68
Q

In terms of an evolutionistic viewpoint, heritable changes that occur in a group of the same species that share a specific location and habitat, can be attributed to

A

natural selection.
mutation.
migration.
genetic drift.

69
Q

During the early 20th century anthropologists believed that people could be divided into racial groups on the basis of their external features and certain physical defining traits. This race concept

A
  • unscientific and based on stereotypes that stem from prejudice.
  • has been unproductive and damaging
70
Q

The term ____ refers to the interpretation of body language, such as facial expressions, gestures and posture.

A

Kinesics

71
Q

Give info about organ donation

A
  • Research on organ donation trends is within the scope of anthropology.
  • The demand for body organs stimulates illegal harvesting and trade.
  • It is a crime to sell organs for transplantation.
  • Poor and marginalised people are viewed as commodities providing spare parts to rich people.
72
Q

The British anthropologist, Sir Edward Tylor, who formulated one of the first definitions of the concept of culture from an anthropological perspective, defined it as

A

That complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.

73
Q

Give a characteristic of culture

A

The most important symbolic feature of culture is language which enables humans to transmit information

74
Q

Some academics suggest that the word culture is no longer a valid concept and should not be used in scholarly works. According to Eriksen (2004) the concept of culture should no longer be used in anthropology because

A
  • the use of the plural, cultures, divides human beings in that it emphasises differences between groups of people.
  • It has been used to discriminate against others and to justify exclusion by means of aggressive nationalism
  • the whole concept of culture is rather vague and general
  • Significant differences within a group
75
Q

The concept of integration of culture refers to

A

cultural components which are interdependent and form a functional whole

76
Q

The appointment or recognition of a leader or an authoritative body which makes rules and laws and which is accepted and obeyed gives rise to a community’s

A

Political system

77
Q

Name characteristics of identity

A
  • It evolves continuously
  • Complex social construct
  • It describes who a person is
  • It creates ‘us’ and ‘them’ boundaries
78
Q

Ethnogenesis refers to the

A

The process that leads to the emergence of a new ethnic identity

79
Q

In the modern world, kinship

A

Has become much more complex because of assisted reproductive technologies

80
Q

Cross-cousins could be described as

A

MoBrSo

81
Q

Info concerning exogamy

A

Rules of exogamy do not necessarily coincide with incest prohibitions.

82
Q

Members of these descent categories assume that they are related, but cannot
indicate how they are genealogically related. Members are often forbidden to marry
each other because it is regarded as incest. They do not all come together for a
specific purpose.

A

Descent catergory - Clans

83
Q

Traditionally, African communities in southern Africa often believed that a person has

A

A body, life force (soul) and a spiritual element.

84
Q

Which approach does NOT comprise a theoretical approach that has been put forward to account for the fact of religion?

A

Fundamentalist approach

85
Q

A religious faction that has broken away from a larger group to follow their own beliefs and practices, is known as

A

A sect

86
Q

James Frazer (1958:58-69) defined religion as

A

Powers superior to man which are believed to direct and control the course of nature and humans, and he argued that religion developed from magic

87
Q

Mayer (2013) suggests that religious conflict is complex and involves various contested aspects which flow from specific sociocultural conditions. In the case of ethno-religious conflict, the contested aspects may include

A

ideology.
power.
identity.

88
Q

Provide a statement regarding religious phenomena

A

All religious fundamentalists reject modernity, although they exploit some of its processes and resources.

89
Q

Sociocultural function of religion?

A
  • Religion is a tool towards group identity and solidarity.
  • Religion provides guidelines for acceptable behavior.
  • Religion provides an orderly explanation or model of the universe
90
Q

Religion, as distinguished from magic, is associated with

A

Personalised spiritual beings and an attitude of dependence.

91
Q

South African communities who practise ancestor cults generally believe that anscestor spirits

A

as a category do not include all deceased persons living in the world of ancestors, but only those that are remembered and honoured by their kin.

92
Q

Christian reconstructionism advocates

A

a restoration of Old Testament Mosaic laws and a society under the rule of God.

93
Q

Religious fundamentalisms characteristics

A
  • charismatic, authoritarian and usually male leadership.
  • dramatic beliefs about the representations of the end of the current world.
  • religious claims as the irreducible basis for communal and personal identity

Anthropology APY1501 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions