APW TIme Period 5 Vocab

Question 1

Ottoman army officer and military hero who helped forge the modern Turkish nation-state. He and his followers deposed the sultan, declared Turkey a republic, and constructed a European-like secular state, eliminating Islam’s hold over civil and political affairs.

Answer 1

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Question 2

Leader of the Guomindang following Sun Yat-sen’s death who mobilized the Chinese masses through the New Life movement. In 1949 he lost the Chinese Revolution to the communists and moved his regime to Taiwan.

Answer 2

Chiang Kai-shek (aka Jiang Jieshi)

Question 3

German dictator and leader of the Nazi Party who seized power in Germany after its economic collapse in the Great Depression. Hitler and his Nazi regime started WWII in Europe and systematically murdered Jews and other non-Aryan groups in the name of racial purity.

Answer 3

Adolf Hitler

Question 4

Indian leader who led a nonviolent struggle for India’s independence from Britain.

Answer 4

Mohandas Karamchand (Mahatma) Gandhi

Question 5

Italian dictator and founder of the fascist movement in Italy. During WWII, he allied Italy with Germany and Japan.

Answer 5

Benito Mussolini

Question 6

Leader of the communist party and the Soviet Union; sought to create “socialism in one country.”

Answer 6

Joseph Stalin

Question 7

Cuban communist leader whose forces overthrew Batista’s corrupt regime in early January 1959. He became increasingly radical as he consolidated power, announcing a massive redistribution of land and the nationalization of foreign oil refineries; he declared himself a socialist and aligned himself with the Soviet Union in the wake of the 1961 CIA-backed Bay of Pigs invasion.

Answer 7

Fidel Castro

Question 8

Civil rights leader who borrowed his most effective weapon—the commitment to nonviolent protest and the appeal to conscience—from Gandhi.

Answer 8

Martin Luther King, Jr.

Question 9

Chinese communist leader who rose to power during the Long March (1934). In 1949, he defeated the Nationalists and established a communist regime in China. Although many of his efforts to transform Chia, such as the industrialization program of 1958 (known as the Great Leap Forward) and the Cultural Revolution of 1966, failed and brought great suffering to the people, he did instill a new spirit of independence in China and a sense of purpose after many decades of political and economic failure.

Answer 9

Mao Zedong

Question 10

Leader of the African National Congress (ANC) who was imprisoned for more than two decades by the apartheid regime in South Africa for his political beliefs; worldwide protest led to his release in 1990. In 1994 he won the presidency in South Africa’s first free mass elections.

Answer 10

Nelson Mandela

Question 11

Name given to the alliance between Britain, France, Russia, and Italy, who fought against Germany and Austria-Hungary (the Central powers) in WWI. In WWII the name was used for the alliance between Britain, France, and America, who fought against the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan).

Answer 11

Allied Powers

Question 12

Former members of the Russian Social Democratic Party who advocated the destruction of capitalist political and economic institutions and started the Russian Revolution. In 1918 it changed their name to the Russian Communist Party.

Answer 12

Bolsheviks

Question 13

Defined in WWI as Germany and Austria-Hungary.

Answer 13

Central Powers

Question 14

Organization founded after WWI to solve international disputes through arbitration; it was dissolved in 1946 and its assets were transferred to the United Nations.

Answer 14

League of Nations

Question 15

German organization dedicated to winning workers over from socialism to nationalism; they started off with combined nationalism with anticapitalism and anti-Semitism.

Answer 15

Nazis

Question 16

The three aggressor states in WWII: Germany, Japan, and Italy.

Answer 16

Axis Powers

Question 17

International organization set up in 1949 to provide for the defense of western European countries and the United States from the perceived Soviet threat.

Answer 17

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Question 18

Term invented during the cold war to refer to the communist countries, as opposed to the West (or First World) and the former colonies (or Third World).

Answer 18

Second World

Question 19

Label applied to the United States and the Soviet Union after WWII because of their size, their possession of the atomic bomb, and the fact that each embodied a model of civilization (capitalism or communism) applicable to the whole world.

Answer 19

Superpowers

Question 20

Nations of the world, mostly in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, that were not highly industrialized like First World nations or tied to the Soviet Bloc (the Second World).

Answer 20

Third World

Question 21

Military alliance between the Soviet Union and other communist states that was established in response to the creation of the NATO alliance.

Answer 21

Warsaw Pact

Question 22

Term applied to countries collectively called the Third World during the cold war and seeking to develop viable nation-states and prosperous economies.

Answer 22

Developing world

Question 23

International body organized after WWII as an attempt at reconciliation between Germany and the rest of Europe. It initially aimed to forge closer industrial cooperation. Eventually, through various treaties, many European states relinquished some of their sovereignty, and the cooperation became a full-fledged union with a single currency, the euro, and with a somewhat less powerful common European parliament.

Answer 23

European Union

Question 24

Agency founded in 1944 to help restore financial order in Europe and the rest of the world, to revive international trade, and to support the financial concerns of Third World governments.

Answer 24

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Question 25

Term used to refer to private organizations like the Red Cross that play a large role in international affairs.

Answer 25

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

Question 26

International organizations such as NGOs, the World Bank, and the IMF.

Answer 26

Supranational organizations

Question 27

International agency established in 1944 to provide economic assistance to war-torn and poor countries. Its formal title is the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

Answer 27

World Bank

Question 28

Mass political movement founded by Benito Mussolini that emphasized nationalism, militarism, and the omnipotence of the state.

Answer 28

Fascism

Question 29

President Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s package of government reforms that were enacted during the 1930s to provide jobs for the unemployed, social welfare programs for the poor, and security to the financial markets.

Answer 29

New Deal

Question 30

Moral and political philosophy of resistance developed by Indian National Congress leader Mohandas Gandhi. Gandhi believed that if Indians pursued self-reliance and self-control in a nonviolent way, the British would eventually have to leave.

Answer 30

Nonviolent resistance

Question 31

Racial segregation policy of the Afrikaner-dominated South African government. Legislated in 1948 by the Afrikaner National Party, it had existed in South Africa for many years.

Answer 31

Apartheid

Question 32

End of empire and emergence of new independent nation-states in Asia and Africa as a result of the defeat of Japan in WWII and weakened European influence after the war.

Answer 32

Decolonization

Question 33

Increased freedom in sexual behavior, resulting in part from the advance in contraception, notably the introduction of oral contraception in 1960, which allowed men and women to limit childbearing and to have sex with less fear of pregnancy.

Answer 33

Sexual revolution

Question 34

Political movement advocating the reestablishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Answer 34

Zionism

Question 35

Movements that called for equal treatment for men and women—equal pay and equal opportunities for obtaining jobs and advancement. The movement arose mainly in Europe and in North America in the 1960s and then became global in the 1970s.

Answer 35

Feminist movements

Question 36

Worldwide depression following the U.S. stock market crash on October 29, 1929.

Answer 36

Great Depression

Question 37

A total War involving the armies of Britain, France, and Russia (the Allies) against those of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire (the Central Powers). Italy joined the Allied in 1915, and the United States joined them in 1917, helping tip the balance in favor of the Allies, who also drew upon the populations and material of their colonial possessions.

Answer 37

Great War (World War I)

Question 38

Increased purchasing power in the early-twentieth-century prosperous and mainly middle-class societies, stemming from mass production.

Answer 38

Mass consumption

Question 39

Distinctive form of popular culture that arose in the wake of the WWI. It reflected the tastes of the working and the middle classes, who now had more time and money to spend on entertainment, and relied on new technologies, especially film and radio, which could reach an entire nation’s population and consolidate their sense of being as single state.

Answer 39

Mass culture

Question 40

Conflict between Israeli and Arab armies that arose in the wake of a U.N. vote to partition Palestine into Arab and Jewish territories. The war shattered the legitimacy of Arab ruling elites.

Answer 40

Arab-Israeli War

Question 41

Wall built by the communists in Berlin in 1961 to prevent citizens of East Germany from fleeing to West Germany; torn down in 1989.

Answer 41

Berlin Wall

Question 42

Ideological conflict in which the Soviet Union and eastern Europe opposed the United States and western Europe.

Answer 42

Cold war

Question 43

Deliberate racial extermination of the Jews by the Nazis that claimed around 6 million European Jews.

Answer 43

Holocaust

Question 44

Cold war conflict between Soviet-backed North Korea and the U.S.- and UN-backed South Korea. The two sides seesawed back and forth over the same boundaries until 1953, when an armistice divided the country at roughly the same spot as at the start of the war. Nothing had been gained. Losses, however, included 33,000 Americans, at least 250,000 Chinese, and up to 3 million Koreans.

Answer 44

Korean War

Question 45

Program of liberalization under a new communist party in Czechoslovakia that strove to create a democratic and pluralist socialism.

Answer 45

Prague Spring

Question 46

Conflict that resulted from concern over the spread of communism in Southeast Asia. The United States intervened on the side of Southeast Asia. The United States intervened on the side of South Vietnam in its struggle against peasant-supported Viet Cong guerrilla forces, who wanted to reunite Vietnam under a communist regime. Faced with antiwar opposition at home and ferocious resistance from the Vietnamese, American troops withdrew in 1973; the puppet South Vietnamese government collapsed two years later.

Answer 46

Vietnam War

Question 47

Virus that compromises the ability of the infected person’s immune system to ward off disease. First detected in 1981, it was initially stigmatized as a “gay cancer,” but as it spread to heterosexuals, public awareness about it increased. In its first two decades, it killed 12 million people.

Answer 47

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome)

Question 48

Development of integrated worldwide cultural and economic structures.

Answer 48

Globalization

Question 49

Release into air of human-made carbons that contribute to rising temperatures worldwide.

Answer 49

Global warming

Question 50

Largest public square in the world and site of the pro-democracy movement in 1989 that resulted in the killing of as many as a thousand protesters by the Chinese army.

Answer 50

Tiananmen Square