APUSH UNIT 5

Question 1

Manifest Destiny

Answer 1

Starting in the 1840s, the ideas behind American expansion, the belief that the US had a divine mission to extend its power and influence across North America, led to great western expansion but made the issue of slavery more prevalent

Question 2

“Spot Resolutions”

Answer 2

Abraham Lincoln (from the Whig Party at the time) requested that James Polk provide Congress with the exact location where American blood was spilled, the Resolutions were in opposition to going to war with Mexico

Question 3

Gadsden Purchase

Answer 3

December, 1853, treaty between the US and Mexico that gave the US a small portion of land in northern Mexico, allowed the South to claim building of the Transcontinental Railroad

Question 4

California Gold Rush

Answer 4

1848-49, large amounts of gold were discovered in California, led to the surge of the 49ers, California’s population grew large enough to request statehood, also led to surges in crime

Question 5

Ostend Manifesto

Answer 5

1854, the secret plan to either offer Spain $120 million for Cuba, but if they refused, forcefully taking Cuba, after the plan was leaked, President Franklin Pierce dropped the plan

Question 6

Political Issue of Slavery

Answer 6

slavery led to issues such as popular sovereignty, what to do with new territories, Republican Party originated on the platform of not allowing the extension of slavery, compromises based on slavery, etc.

Question 7

Compromise of 1850

Answer 7

Henry Clay, the North got California as a free state, the slave trade was banned in Washington D.C., and disputed land between Texas and New Mexico was given to NM and Oklahoma, the South got popular sovereignty in NM and Utah, Texas was paid $10 million from the federal government, and a stricter fugitive slave law was put in place, signed by Millard Fillmore after the death of Zachary Taylor, caused much debate and controversy

Question 8

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 8

Stephen Douglas, 1854, compromise that split Kansas territory into Kansas and Nebraska, gave them popular sovereignty, repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 since both states were north of the 36°30’ line

Question 9

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 9

the idea that states could choose if they wanted slavery or not, the sovereign people of a territory should determine the status of slavery themselves, liked by many groups

Question 10

Lewis Cass

Answer 10

the Father of Pop. Sov., Democratic nominee in the election of 1848, heavy supporter of pop. sov. which he built his platform on to gain support from both the North and the South

Question 11

William H. Seward

Answer 11

antislavery, ideas of “higher law” than the Constitution, believed that legislatures must follow God’s moral law, against the expansion of slavery in the territories, senator from New York

Question 12

“Seward’s Folly”

Answer 12

William Seward’s purchase of Alaska from Russia in 1867

Question 13

Stephen Douglas

Answer 13

senator from Illinois, part of the Democratic Party, the Little Giant, worked to create concessions for the North and the South during the Compromise of 1850, invested in a central Transcontinental RR plan, established the K-N Act, supporter of pop. sov., wanted to end the conflict over westward expansion

Question 14

The Wilmot Proviso

Answer 14

a bill proposed by David Wilmot after the Mexican-American War that stated that slavery should not exist from any territory gained from Mexico, Southerners in Congress shot down his proposal

Question 15

Fugitive Slave Law

Answer 15

part of the Comp. of 1850, slaves could not testify, they were denied trials, commissioners of cases dealing with fugitive slaves could earn a profit, the law required that fugitive slaves be returned to their owners even if they were in free states since slaves are technically private property, most Northerners disliked the law and sometimes did not cooperate

Question 16

“Bleeding Kansas”

Answer 16

fighting between proslavery and antislavery groups within the Kansas territory, in 1856, proslaveryites attacked the free-soil town of Lawrence, in revenge, John Brown would attack Pottawatomie Creek, mini civil war

Question 17

Lecompton Constitution

Answer 17

constitution created by the proslavery group in Kansas, when applying for statehood, this group made one constitution with slavery (Lecompton) and another without (Topeka), showed the idea of popular sovereignty may be ineffective, when voting time came, voters flooded in from other states to sway the results

Question 18

New England Immigrant Aid Society

Answer 18

northern abolitionists/free-soilers, this company aided 2000 people going to Kansas with breech-loading Sharps rifles (Beecher’s Bibles)

Question 19

John Brown’s Pottawatomie Massacre and Raid of Harper’s Ferry

Answer 19

May 1856, John Brown’s radical revenge after the Lawrence incident killed five settlers on a proslavery farm settlement, in October 1859, Brown attacked a federal arsenal to try and begin a slave rebellion, he was unsuccessful, captured by Robert E. Lee, and hanged, his image was immortalized, and he was seen to some Northerners as a martyr who died for the just cause of abolitionism, to the South, he was seen as a violent murderer

Question 20

Dred Scott v. Sanford Supreme Court case

Answer 20

1857, Dred Scott was a slave who was declared property rather than a citizen, even though he was in free territory, he was still not free of his owner, declared the Missouri Comp. as unconstitutional, established that Congress could not exclude territory from any territory since slaves were property and could be taken anywhere, the chief justice of the Supreme Court case was a Southerner

Question 21

Lincoln-Douglas Debates

Answer 21

gave Abraham Lincoln popularity and allowed him to become a relevant figure, the next Republican nominee, and eventually the president, debates for a spot in the Senate, 7 meetings from August-October 1858, Douglas would win the seat in Senate

Question 22

Freeport Doctrine

Answer 22

Douglas’s reply to Lincoln’s question of if people of a territory should vote down slavery, Douglas said that if the people voted down slavery, then slavery would stay down, territorial legislatures would have to pass laws stopping slavery, it did not matter what the federal government said

Question 23

Preston Brooks vs. Charles Sumner (“Southern Chivalry”)

Answer 23

1856, Charles Sumner (Massachusetts Senator) was an abolitionist, he insulted the popular SC Senator, Andrew Butler, Preston Brooks, a Congressman from SC wanted to protect his Senator and state, he beat Sumner with a cane until it broke

Question 24

Lincoln’s Election and the Republican Party Platform

Answer 24

election of 1860, a platform against the extension of slavery, supportive of protective tariffs and the RR, advocated for internal improvements with federal aid, wanted to deliver free homesteads for the public, Lincoln won against Stephen Douglas and John C. Breckinridge

Question 25

The secession of South Carolina

Answer 25

December 1860, Lincoln’s election was the final straw for SC’s secession, the first state to leave the Union, unanimous vote among the state legislature to secede, ten other states would follow and create the Confederate States of America

Question 26

Civil War Causes

Answer 26

extension of the institution of slavery, debate over states’ rights, loss of political balance for the South, differences in economy (cotton/agriculture w/slavery vs. manufacturing)

Question 27

Civil War Effects

Answer 27

established that states could not legally secede, the end of slavery and eventual 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, reconstruction of the South, some opportunities open up for women, rise of America as a world power, extreme states’ rights supporters were stopped, nullification was put to an end, established the effectiveness of America’s democracy, resulted in the largest amount of casualties for the US in any war (700,000)

Question 28

Northern Advantages

Answer 28

involved a strong, established economy, most of the nation’s wealth, most RRs, factories, manufacturing, controlled the sea, strong navy, creation of a blockade, greater European trade, larger population immigrant labor, Ulysses Simpson Grant

Question 29

North Disadvantages

Answer 29

they needed to invade the vast Southern territory, they had to take back land for the Union, they were less prepared for military life, they suffered from incompetent generals/officers for the early stages of the war

Question 30

South Advantages

Answer 30

were that they could have defensive fighting, they did not need to win, just draw, so that they could win their independence, homeground advantage, began with higher morale, more talented military officers like Robert E. Lee and Thomas J. “Stonewall” Jackson, accustomed to military life (guns, horses, bearing arms), excellent cavalrymen and footsoldiers

Question 31

South Disadvantages

Answer 31

they did not have many factories/manufacturing, shortage of supplies, starvation and hunger, less RRs, limited transportation, Union blockade, no foreign aid

Question 32

Union Military Strategies

Answer 32

used total war, the exhaustion of the South, naval blockade (Anaconda Plan), freeing the slave to undermine the South’s economy (Emancipation Proclamation), suffocating their supplies, overwhelming the South and ravaging their lands (Sherman’s March), Peninsula Campaign,

Question 33

Confederacy Military Strategies

Answer 33

trying to gain a major northern victory, if they did so, foreign aid from Britain or France could have assisted them in an alliance treaty, this help never came and Britain was not as reliant on Southern cotton as they believed, the South also utilized a defensive style in order to outlast the North and bring the war to at least a draw to gain their independence

Question 34

Bull Run or Manassas

Answer 34

first battle of the war, July 21, 1861, near D.C, Confederate victory, inflated S. confidence, the N. realized the severity of the situation

Question 35

Antietam

Answer 35

single bloodiest day of the war, September 17, 1862, in Antietam Creek, Maryland, South desperately needs a northern victory in order to gain foreign intervention, the battle was a draw but was claimed as a Union victory, this victory allows Lincoln to launch the Emancipation Proclamation

Question 36

Shiloh

Answer 36

in the Western Theater of the war, April 6-7, 1862, in Tennessee, showed Ulysses S. Grant’s competence, gory battle but was ultimately a victory for the North

Question 37

Gettysburg

Answer 37

July 1-3, 1863, longest, bloodiest battle of the war, outside of Philadelphia, George G. Meade’s Union force vs. Lee and George Pickett’s futile charge, Lincoln would go on to deliver the Gettysburg Address

Question 38

Vicksburg

Answer 38

May-July 1863, a Union victory that ended one day after the victory at Gettysburg, battle was for the control of the Mississippi River on the Western front of the war, the N. won and completed their blockade, shutting off supplies to the S. coming down the Miss. R.

Question 39

Atlanta

Answer 39

Sherman’s March, September 1864, William Tecumseh Sherman burned all of Atlanta to the ground in a 60 mile path of destruction, he stole valuables, destroyed Confed. supplies, mangled RRs, burned all buildings, weakened S. morale, Sherman eventually captured Savannah

Question 40

Ex Parte Merryman and Ex Parte Milligan

Answer 40

Ex Parte Merryman was a court case that questioned Lincoln’s ability to suspend the writ of habeas corpus after an individual was imprisoned and held, the judge deemed that only Congress had the right to do so, Ex Parte Milligan was about an individual whose right to a trial was taken due to Lincoln’s emergency presidential acts

Question 41

Emergency War Powers

Answer 41

Lincoln extended some of his presidential powers due to the conflict of S. secession, he justified his acts by stating that all of his actions were to preserve the Union, he illegally declared a blockade without consulting Congress, increased the size of the army, directed the Secretary of Treasury to give $2 million to three citizens for military purposes, suspended the writ of habeas corpus (Lincoln could arrest anyone who supported the Confed. and hold them without trial), supervised voting in the Border States to intimidate voters, marital law in Maryland

Question 42

European Non-Intervention?

Answer 42

the S. was relying on European intervention to help them win the war, the aristocracy of France and Britain somewhat sympathized with the S. cause, however, most working people despised the cruelty of slavery, the S. never won a major battle that convinced a European nation to form an alliance treaty, S. cotton was not as valuable to Europe as the S. believed

Question 43

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 43

Lincoln delivered the Proclamation on September 23, 1862, after the victory at Antietam, he proclaimed that on January 1, 1863, all slaves in the rebel states would be free, he did not enforce this ruling in the Border States as to not lose their support, many slaves in the Confed. rebelled to the Union, many fought in war, the Eman. Proc. did not formally ban slavery, Northern antislaveryites were happy, but the S. was upset, the N. now had the stronger moral cause in the war, some N. did not want to support a war based on abolitionism and deserted

Question 44

Border States

Answer 44

Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware, these states were slave states but did not secede, they would have doubled the manufacturing power of the S., supply of horses and mules, greater population, extremely valuable, if the N. lost the B.S., the S. may have had stood a chance

Question 45

Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address

Answer 45

addressed the war, urged the nation to heal its wounds and move towards peace, spoke on the institution of slavery

Question 46

13th Amendment

Answer 46

1865, signed into law by Pres. Andrew Johnson, officially abolishes slavery

Question 47

14th Amendment

Answer 47

1868, made all people born in the US citizens

Question 48

15th Amendments

Answer 48

1870, gave all men the right to vote, people could not be denied the right to vote based on the race or color of skin

Question 49

Reconstruction Plans

Answer 49

two Presidential plans vs. the plan of Congress, controlled by the Radical Republicans

Question 50

President Lincoln

Answer 50

President Lincoln would have been lenient to the South, his assassination was bad for the South, only made 10% of Confederate, Southern whites give official oaths of loyalty

Question 51

President Johnson

Answer 51

Pres. after Lincoln was assassinated, very unpopular, Johnson was still more lenient to the South compared to Congress, but harsher than Lincoln, Johnson made the elite white, Confed. leaders get official presidential pardons, Johnson hated the rich elites, in general, presidential Reconstruction was lenient and focused on forgiving the S. and rebuilding the Union, Congressional Reconstruction was more extreme and focused on treating the S. as conquered provinces, Johnson did not care for blacks 1st Pres. to be impeached, Johnson violated the Tenure of Office Act (limited the Pres.’s power to fire a member of Congress without approval from Senate) by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, another law created by the rad. Reps. was the Army Appropriation Act which forced the Pres. to issue military laws only through generals, which gave Congress more power over the Pres.

Question 52

Radical/Congressional Plan

Answer 52

Congress was controlled by radical Republicans, they treated the South as conquered provinces to punish them, there was a power struggle between Congress and President Johnson, wanted to help blacks the most, empowered them with voting rights and tried to gain more equality, started martial law and separated the South into five military districts, declared current S. state govts. as illegal, S. states were required to rewrite their constitutions and guarantee black suffrage (had to ratify the 14th Amend.)

Question 53

Radical Republicans

Answer 53

extreme Republicans were in control of Congress, wanted to give blacks more power, prominent rads. were Charles Sumner (Senate) and Thaddeus Stevens (House of Reps), they tried to punish the S.

Question 54

African Americans in Public Office

Answer 54

during Recon., some blacks were even elected, Hiram Revels became the 1st black Congressman in the US Senate for Mississippi, replacing Jefferson Davis in 1870, Blanche K. Bruce, Joseph Rainey elected to the House, some were upset about the negro rule in the S., argued that they were incompetent, however, at the time, all the Congressmen, black or white, were generally corrupt and incompetent, the black rule was not really happening since no black governors were in charge

Question 55

Freedmen’s Bureau

Answer 55

largest organization that provided shelter, food, education, etc., it was a welfare agency helping blacks transition from slavery to freedom, Johnson vetoed the expansion of the agency but failed, the Civil Rights Act was passed in 1866 over his veto and would evolve into the 14th Amendment

Question 56

Compromise of 1877

Answer 56

the election of 1876 would be given to the Republican Party (Rutherford B. Hayes) if Recon. was ended, Hayes won and removed the troops from the S., ended the military districts, allowed the KKK to come to prominence since no Union soldiers remained to help blacks, the issue of black equality was largely ignored for the foreseeable future

Question 57

Redeemer governments

Answer 57

the Southern state governments controlled by the Democrats, they were trying to redeem the S. to how it was before the end of the CW, issues surrounding the economy were more significant after the Comp. of 1877, so the S. tried to revert back to its old ways

Question 58

Blacks Codes and Jim Crow Laws

Answer 58

laws limiting the rights of blacks, called Black Codes during the Recon. Period (1865-1877), are called Jim Crow Laws after Recon., many of these laws simply replaced the word “slave” with “black,” kept blacks from earning more rights, absurd laws were put in place such as making it illegal for blacks to be unemployed, this allowed them to be arrested and be put to forced labor since they had committed a crime

Question 59

Sharecropping

Answer 59

the system of labor where tenants would be under landlords and paid rent with their labor and about half of their crops, used by white landowners (former slave owners) to keep exploitative black labor, kept plantations running and gave blacks who did not have much experience outside of farming a “job”

Question 60

“Exodusters”

Answer 60

the Homestead Act of 1862 was still very relevant, the group of blacks who flooded westward to Kansas were called the Exodusters in reference to the Book of Exodus in the Bible

Question 61

Wade-Davis Bill

Answer 61

the proposal that 50% of white Confed. leaders have to take an oath of loyalty rather than just 10%, promise that they would never secede again, the bill was not passed