apush unit 4 Flashcards
Hartford Convention (1814-1815)
New England Federalists met to discuss grievances over the War of 1812 and opposition to the Democratic-Republican government.
Proposed constitutional amendments to limit federal power but were labeled as unpatriotic after the war ended.
Contributed to the decline of the Federalist Party by associating them with disloyalty.
Bonus Bill of 1816
Proposed by John C. Calhoun to fund infrastructure improvements using surplus federal bank funds.
Vetoed by President Madison, who argued it exceeded the federal government’s constitutional authority.
Sparked debate on federal vs. state responsibility for internal improvements
Internal Improvements
National Road (1811) was the first major federally funded highway, promoting westward expansion and commerce.
Erie Canal (completed in 1825) connected the Great Lakes to the Atlantic, boosting New York City’s economy and western trade.
Part of the American System advocating for infrastructure to support national growth.
Limited Liability & Eminent Domain
Limited Liability allowed investors to risk only their investment, encouraging business growth and innovation.
Eminent Domain permitted government to take private land for public use with compensation, facilitating projects like railroads.
Both concepts supported the rise of capitalism and market economy.
British Common Law
Legal tradition based on precedent and judicial decisions, forming the basis of American law.
Emphasized property rights and individual liberties, influencing U.S. legal and economic systems.
Adapted to American context, supporting commercial growth and contract enforcement
John Marshall
Strengthened the power of the federal government through landmark Supreme Court decisions.
Advocated for judicial review (Marbury v. Madison) and promoted federal authority over states.
Decisions supported a pro-business, pro-nationalist interpretation of the Constitution.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)
Supreme Court ruled that states could not alter private contracts, upholding corporate charters as protected.
Strengthened contract clause in the Constitution, protecting businesses and encouraging economic investment.
Decision reinforced the sanctity of contracts and limited state interference in business.
Monroe Doctrine (1823)
Declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to new European colonization, asserting U.S. influence in the Americas.
Established U.S. foreign policy of non-interference in European affairs, while expecting the same in the Americas.
Asserted U.S. opposition to European intervention in Latin America, shaping future foreign policy.
Francis Cabot Lowell & Waltham Plan
Lowell developed textile mills in Massachusetts that centralized all steps of production, pioneering industrialization.
Waltham Plan employed young women (“Lowell girls”) with strict work schedules and boarding houses.
Transformed American industry and introduced the factory system as a labor and production model.
Corrupt Bargain (1824)
Term used to describe the alleged deal between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay to secure Adams’s presidency.
Jackson’s supporters claimed Clay was given Secretary of State in exchange for supporting Adams.
Led to distrust in politics and fueled Andrew Jackson’s populist movement.
Henry Clay & The American System
Advocated for protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements to unify the U.S. economy.
Intended to promote industrial growth and reduce dependence on foreign goods.
Shaped the policies of the Whig Party, emphasizing national development and self-sufficiency.
John C. Calhoun
Southern political leader advocating for states’ rights and nullification in defense of Southern interests.
Supported slavery as essential to the Southern economy and opposed the Tariff of Abominations.
His beliefs in state sovereignty and sectionalism foreshadowed Civil War divisions.
Democratic Party
Formed in the 1820s with Andrew Jackson as a leader, promoting populism and states’ rights.
Opposed the national bank and embraced a “common man” approach, appealing to working-class Americans.
Advocated for expansion and limited federal government intervention, contrasting with Whig ideals
Whig Party
Established in the 1830s in opposition to Jackson’s policies, especially his veto of the national bank.
Supported American System ideals: tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and a strong Congress.
Attracted Northern industrialists and those favoring economic modernization.
Lydia Maria Child
Abolitionist and advocate for women’s rights, wrote “An Appeal in Favor of That Class of Americans Called Africans” (1833).
Challenged racial and gender inequalities and worked for Native American rights.
Her writings inspired reform movements, highlighting the moral arguments against slavery and societal injustice.
