APUSH Unit 1 Key Terms Flashcards
Tribute
Goods, services, or money paid to a ruler or nation as a kind of tax.
Matriarchy
A form of social organization in which a female is the family head and title is traced through the female line.
Animism
Native North Americans who believed that the natural world was suffused with spiritual power.
Patriarchy
A form of social organization in which males dominate females
Primogeniture
An English law in colonial times that said only the eldest son of the parents could inherit a landed estate. This left the wealthy but landless younger sons to seek their fortune elsewhere.
Peasants
Farmers with small farms
Republic
states that had no prince or king but instead were governed by merchant colonist.
Civic Humanism
An ideology that praised public virtue and service to the state and in the time profoundly influenced European and American conceptions of government.
Renaissance
-rebirth of art, culture, and intellect started in Italy
Guilds
association devoted to protecting the special interests of a particular trade or craft and to monopolize production and trade in the goods the guild produced.
Christianity
A monotheistic system of beliefs and practices based on the Old Testament and the teachings of Jesus as embodied in the New Testament and emphasizing the role of Jesus as savior.
Heresy
Doctrines that were inconsistent with the teachings of the church, were seen as the tools of Satan, and suppressing false doctrines became an obligation of Christian rulers .
Islam
A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Mohammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims.
Crusades
A series of military expansions led to get the holy land back., a series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims
Predestination
Doctrine of John Calvin that each person’s fate is predetermined by God.
Protestant Reformation
A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.
Counter-Reformation
Attempt by the Catholic Church to reform itself after the Protestant Reformation, in order to prevent more people from branching away from Catholicism.
Trans-Saharan Trade
route across the Sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading
Hiawatha
A Mohawk leader who called members of five groups together forming the Iroquis Confederacy around 1570.
Martin Luther
German theologian, writer of the 95 theses, and leader of the Reformation.
Mansa Musa
A strong king who died in 1337 and his followers began a slow decline after he died, gave away a lot of gold.
Vasco da Gama
was a Portuguese explorer. He was the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia for the first time by ocean route
Christopher Columbus
1492 - discovered America. Sailed under the Spanish flag and claimed multiple major islands in the Caribbean for Spain. Trying to find asia he found america, and he was looking for silk and spices.
Hernan Cortes
1485-1547, Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico
Moctezuma
1466-1520, Ruler of Tenochtitlan, killed during the initial stages of the Spanish conquest of Mexico, when Cortés fought to escape from Tenochtitlan.
Pedro Alvares Cabral
a Portuguese nobleman, military commander, navigator and explorer regarded as the discoverer of Brazil. Cabral conducted the first substantial exploration of the northeast coast of South America and claimed it for Portugal
Chattel Slavery
The ownership of human beings as property.
Neo-Europes
Colonists who sought to replicate economies and social structures that they knew at home.
Encomienda
Allowed leading conquistadors to claim tribute in labor and goods from Indian communities.
Columbian Exchange
Historical and biological transformation movement of diseases and peoples across the Atlantic.
Outwork
Bought raw materials (wool) and sent it “out” to peasants to use (spin and weave into cloth).
Mercantilism
The system of state-assisted manufacturing and trade.
House of Burgesses
A system of a representative government created by the Virginia Company.
Royal Colony
Ruled by a governor appointed by the monarch.
Freeholds
Farms of 30-50 acres owned and farmed by families and male partners.
Headright System
Guaranteed 50 acres of land to anyone who paid the passage of a new immigrant to the colony.
Indentured Servitude
Contracts that bound the men and the quarter of whom were women to work for a master for 4-5 years, after which they were free.
Pilgrims
Religious separatists.
Puritans
Protestants who did not separate from the Church of England but hoped to purify it of its ceremony and hierarchy- fled to America.
Joint-Stock Corporation
Commercial agreement that allows investors to pool their resources.
Predestination
Idea that God saved only a few chosen people.
Toleration
Argument that political magistrates only had authority over bodies, goods, and estates of men- not their spiritual lives.
Covenant of Works
Salvation could be earned through good deeds.
Covenant of Grace
God saved those he predestined for salvation.
Town Meeting
Main institution of local government.
Phillip II
King of Spain; an ardent Catholic- determined to root out challenges to the Catholic Church.
Francis Drake
Protestant farmer’s son; his fleet was first English fleet to circumnavigate; fleet captured two Spanish treasure ships.
Opechancanough
Powhatan’s younger brother and successor.
Lord Baltimore
Catholic aristocrat; was granted Maryland; persuaded assembly to enact the Toleration Act (1649).
John Winthrop
First governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
Roger Williams
Puritan minister of Salem; opposed decision to establish an official religion and advocated toleration.
Anne Hutchinson
Denied covenant of deeds; declared God “revealed” divine truth directly to individual believers. Banished to Rhode Island.
Metacom
(King Phillip)- Wampanoag leader; forged military alliance with Narragansetts and Nipmucks and attacked white settlements throughout New England.
proprietorship
a colony created through the grant of a land from the English monarch to an individual or group
Quakers
members of the Society of Friends, their belief that God spoke directly to each individual through an “inner light” and that neither ministers nor the Bible was essential to discovering God’s Word put them in conflict with both the Church of England and orthodox Puritans
Navigation Acts
English laws passed, beginning in the 1650’s and 1660’s, requiring that certain English colonial goods be shipped through English ports by English ships
Dominion of New England
a royal province created by King James II in 1686 that would have absorbed Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, New York, and New Jersey into a single colony
Glorious Revolution
a quick and nearly bloodless coup in 1688 in which James II of England was overthrown by William of Orange, whig politicians forced the new King William & Queen Mary to accept the Declaration of Rights, creating a constitutional monarchy that enhanced the powers of the House of Commons at the expense of the crown
constitutional monarchy
a monarchy limited in its rule by a constitution
Second Hundred Years’ War
an era of warfare beginning with the War of the League of Augsburg in 1689 and lasting until the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo in 1815; England fought in 7 major wars with longest era of peace lasted 26 years
tribalization
the adaptation of stateless people to the demands imposed on them by neighboring peoples
Covenant Chain
the alliance of Iroquois, first with the colony of New York, then with the British Empire and its other colonies
South Atlantic System
a new agricultural and commercial order that produced sugar, tobacco, rice, and other tropical products for an international market
Middle Passage
the brutal sea voyage from Africa to the Americas that took the lives of many Africans as they were brought over enslaved
Stono Rebellion
slave uprising in 1739 along the Stono River in South Carolina in which a group of slaves armed themselves, plundered 6 plantations, and killed more than 20 colonists
gentility
a refined style of living and elaborate manners that came to be highly prized among well-to-do English families after 1600
salutary neglect
a term used to describe British colonial policy during the reigns of George I and George II
patronage
the power of elected officials to grant government jobs and favors to their supporters; also the jobs and favors themselves
land banks
an institution, established by a colonial legislature, that printed paper money and lent it to farmers, taking a lien on their land to ensure repayment
William Penn
Founder of Pennsylvania Quaker colony; purpose was to create a Neo-Europe settlement
Edmund Andros
appointed as governor of the Dominion of New England; banned town meetings, established new laws, taxation
William of Orange
Protestant Dutch prince who led the Glorious Revolution; ruled as constitutional monarch
John Locke
English political philosopher; “celebration of life, liberty, and property”; Parliament relied on him to justify the coup in the Glorious Revolution
Jacob Leisler
Dutchman that led rebellion against Dominion of New England; hung for treason; alienated wealthy New Yorkers and Dutchmen
William Byrd II
successful Virginian planter-merchant’s son who assisted in cultivating southern gentry
Robert Walpole
Whig leader in the House of Commons 1720-1742; (charged for patronage and bribery; high taxes and bloated royal bureaucracy); Provided a parliamentary subsidy for the new colony of Georgia
