APUSH Test 4 Flashcards
William Lloyd Garrison
editor of The Liberator; one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society; also involved in women’s suffrage movement
Frederick Douglass
gained prominence for his antislavery writing; showed that African-Americans could function as normal citizens
Nat Turner Rebellion
slave rebellion in Virginia; caused fear in the South of more rebellions and further suppression of blacks through violence and laws
Grimke Sisters
Quakers and abolitionists; spoke out about their personal experiences with slavery on their family’s plantation; among first women to act publicly in reform movements
Sojourner Truth
abolitionist and women’s rights activist; most famous speech is “Ain’t I a Woman?”
Republic of Texas
gained independence from Mexico in 1836; annexed by the US in 1845; annexation triggered Mexican-American war in 1846-1848
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
treaty between US and Mexico that ended Mexican-American war; US paid $15 million to Mexico and $3.25 million in claims of American citizens against Mexico; US gained California, Texas and states in between them
Gadsden Purchase
Area of land purchased by US on which to construct a southern transcontinental railroad;
California Gold Rush
gold rush in 1849 that caused rapid growth of San Francisco and led to California growth and statehood
Wilmot Proviso
One of major events leading to Civil War; would have banned slavery in an territory to be acquired from Mexico
Compromise of 1850
drafted by Henry Clay, brokered by Clay and Douglas; stronger Fugitive Slave Act; remaining territories could decide on slavery by popular sovereignty; California admitted as a free state
Fugitive Slave Act
declared that all runaway slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters
Harriet Beecher Stowe
wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin, which led to increased support for abolition
Harriet Tubman
famous conductor of the underground railroad
Kansas-Nebraska Act
repealed the Missouri Compromise; created territories of Kansas and Nebraska; allowed popular sovereignty to decide issue of slavery
Bleeding Kansas
small civil war between pro and anti-slavery forces in Kansas caused by the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
Dred Scott case
court ruled that African-Americans could not be American citizens; federal government has not power to regulate slavery in federal territories acquired after creation of US
Battle of Fort Sumter
started the Civil War; Confederate attack on Fort Sumter and win; no loss of life; Union troops under Robert Anderson had agreed to evacuate the fort
Anaconda Plan
Union plan proposed by Winfield Scott; emphasized blockade of Southern ports and an advance down Misssissppi River to split the South
First Battle of Bull Run
first major land battle of Civil War; Confederate victory in Manassas, Virginia; Union expected it to be an easy battle that would end the southern “rebellion”
Second Battle of Bull Run
much larger scale battle than the First Battle of Bull Run; Confederate victory; lowered Union morale
Stonewall Jackson
On of the most prominent Confederate generals; known for standing his ground at Bull Run; also fought at Antietam and Fredericksburg
Ulysses S. Grant
Union Commanding General; seized Vicksburg, Mississippi, giving the Union control of the Mississippi
Antietam
first major battle of the Civil War to take place on Union soil; bloodiest battle in American history; ended in a draw, but strategically a Union victory; led Lincoln to give Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipation Proclamation
Emancipated slaves in rebelling areas during the Civil War; allowed blacks to be enlisted in the Union army; made eradication of slavery a goal of the war
Habeas Corpus
a legal action that requires a person under arrest to be brought before a judge or into court; Lincoln suspended the writ of Habeas Corpus at the beginning of the Civil War and ordered Winfield Scott to arrest Southern sympathizers
Conscription
Congress passed a conscript act that produced enacted a military draft; allowed people to buy their way out of serving or finding a substitute for them
Income Tax
first federal income tax was levied to help pay for the Union effort; the income tax bill passed in 1861 was never put into operation, but a similar bill came into effect in 1862
Clara Barton
founded the American Red Cross; worked to provide medical care and supplies to soldiers at Bull Run, Antietam, and Fredericksburg
Gettysburg
turning point of the Civil War; Lee attempted to invade the North at Gettysburg but was pushed back and forced to retreat; Lincoln issued Gettysburg Address afterwards
Vicksburg
General Ulysses S. Grant drove Pemberton’s army out of Vicksburg, Mississippi, gaining control of the Mississippi river and splitting the Confederacy in two
Gettysburg Address
speech given by Lincoln after the battle of Gettysburg to reassert the purpose of the war effort; drew on references to the Declaration of Independence and the principle of bringing true equality to all
William Tecumseh Sherman
Major General of the US Army during the Civil War; know for policies such as “scorched earth” and total war (destroyed South’s resources as well as winning on the battlefield); captured Atlanta; March to the Sea
March to the Sea
Sherman’s troops left Atlanta and ended with capture of Savannah; operated deep within enemy territory without supply lines; destroyed military targets as well as infrastructure, industry, and civilian property
Appomattox
Surrender of Robert E. Lee to Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865; generous terms of surrender to avoid Southern retaliation
Reconstruction
(1865-1877) Lincoln and Johnson too a moderate position designed to bring the South back as soon as possible; US military deployed in the South to oversee the process; Ten Percent Plan
Wade-Davis Bill
Bill proposed by Radical Republicans for reconstruction of the South; called for a majority of the citizens in a former Confederate state to have to take the Ironclad oath for the state to be re-admitted into the union; pocket vetoed by Lincoln
Ten Percent Plan
Plan by Lincoln for re-admittance of Confederate states; 10% take vote of allegiance to the US and pledge to abide by emancipation; all southerners except for high-ranking Confederate army officers were pardoned
Radical Republicans
strongly opposed slavery; abolitionists; tried to impeach Johnson; supported Grant
Tenure of Office Act
Restricted the power of the President to remove office-holders without the approval of the Senate; passed to prevent Johnson from removing the Radical Republican Secretary of War, Edwin Stanton, from office
Freedmen’s Bureau
US government agency that aided freedmen during the Reconstruction era; Freedmen’s Bureau bill created it
Black Codes
laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War (1865-1866) to restrict African Americans freedom and compelling them to work in a labor economy based on low wages or debt; vagrancy law allowed authorities to arrest freed people and commit them to involuntary labor
Impeachment
impeached for violating the Tenure of Office act by removing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton from office and seeking a replacement; missed being removed from office by one vote in the Senate
13th Amendment
(1865) abolished slavery and involuntary servitude except as punishment for a crime
14th Amendment
(1868) addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws; Southern states forced to ratify it to regain representation in Congress
15th Amendment
(1870) prohibits federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote “based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude”
Carpetbaggers
term southern Democrats gave to Northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction
Rutherford B. Hayes
oversaw the end of Reconstruction; attempted to reconcile division left over from the Civil War
Compromise of 1877
Democrats acquiesced to Haye’s election; Hayes ended all federal army intervention in Southern politics; caused collapse of Republican state governments and a solidly Democratic South
Panic of 1873
finanicial crisis that triggered a depression in Europe and the United States from 1873-1879; 50% of railroad companies defaulted; post-war inflation (greenbacks) had an effect
Greenbacks
legal tender issued by the US during the Civil War that was not backed by gold or silver but by the credibility of the US government
Jim Crow Laws
State and local laws (1876-1965) that mandated racial segregation in all public facilities
Seward’s Folly
Alaska purchased by a treaty with Russia, who wanted to sell Alaska for fear of it being seized by the British
“54-40 of Fight”
Oregon boundary dispute; competing British and American claims to the Pacific Northwest; Democrats wanted parallel 54°40′ north to be northern boundary of Oregon territory; President Polk compromised with British by declaring the boundary to be the 49th parallel; tensions mounted and almost lead to war before compromised was reached
Freeport Doctrine
by Stephen A. Douglas; stated that slavery could be prevented from any territory by the refusal of the people living in that territory to pass laws favorable to slavery; popular sovereignty work around after Dred Scott decision that said slavery could not be excluded from US territories
Webster Ashburton treaty
resolved border issues between US and British colonies in North America; resolved the Aroostock “Lumberjack” War over the Maine-New Brunswick border; established border between Lake Superior and Lake of the Woods; defined seven crimes subject to extradition; called for final end to slave trade on high seas; agreed to shared use of Great Lakes
Know Nothing Party
(1854-1856) promised to purify American politics by limiting or ending the influence of Irish Catholics and other immigrants; nativist and anti-Catholic
Hudson River School
American art movement that was influenced by romanticism; its paintings depict the Hudson River Valley
Trent Affair
Union ship intercepted the British RMS Trent and removed two Confederate diplomats; briefly increased tensions between the US and Britain and some calls for war, which would support the South; Lincoln released the diplomats and let them continue their voyage and the issue was resolved
Booker T Washington
made the Atlanta Compromise; an agreement between African-American leaders and Southern white leaders that Southern black would submit to white political rule and work meekly, while Southern whites guaranteed that blacks would receive basic education and due process; blacks would not fight for equality, integration, or justice and Northern whites would fund black educational charities
Plessy v Ferguson
upheld the constitutionality of state laws that required racial segregation in public facilities under “separate but equal”
Gag rule
(1836-1844) rule that attempted to prohibit Congress from receiving or discussing antislavery petitions
Confiscation Acts
(1861) permitted court proceedings for confiscation of an property being used to support the Confederate independence effort, including slaves; not enforced
Great Triumvirate
Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and Daniel Webster; dominated US Senate in the 1830s and 1840s; many compromises
Aroostook War
Lumberjack’s War; confrontation between the US and Britain over the boundary between New Brunswick and Maine; no fighting actually occurred
Election of 1866
Ulysses S. Grant (Republican) vs. Horatio Seymour (Democrat); first election in which African-Americans could vote
Slave states loyal to the Union
Missouri, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Kentucky
