APUSH Terms Semester 1 Part 2 Flashcards
Lowell System
This system developed in the textile mills of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1820s, in these factories as much machinery as possible was used, so that few skilled workers were needed in the production process; the workers were almost all young single farm woman.
Loyalists
American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence.
Manifest Destiny
This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from “sea to sea,” from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory.
Marbury v. Madison
The 1803 case in which Chief Justice John Marshall and his associates first asserted the Court’s power of judicial review over acts of Congress, (the Judiciary Act of 1789).
Massacre at Wounded Knee
December 28, 1890, battle that was the last military resistance of Native Americans of the Great Plains against American encroachment. 200+ Sioux indians killed.
Meat Inspection Act
1906 Act inspired by Upton Sinclair’s “The Jungle”. Laid down binding rules for sanitary meat packing and government inspection of meat products crossing state lines.
Mercantilism
Economic system practiced by more European states in the late 17th century to increase a nation’s wealth by government regulation of all of the nation’s commercial interests. Power depended largely on the nations wealth.
Mexican-American War
War fought over possession of Texas. Treaty ending war gave US the northern part of Texas territory and the territories of New Mexico and California.
Middle Passage
The voyage that brought enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to North America and the West Indies.
Missouri Compromise
Effort to maintain balance between free and slave states, Henry Clay proposed in 1820. Maine admitted to Union as free, Missouri to the Union as slave, and any part of Louisiana Territory north of 36 degrees, 30 minutes would be nonslave territory.
Battle of the Monitor and Merrimack/Virginia (Battle of Hampton Roads)
March 9, 1862, During Civil War, naval engagement at a harbour at the mouth of the James River, notable as history’s first duel between ironclad warships and the beginning of a new era of naval warfare.
Monroe Doctrine
President James Monroe’s statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility.
Morrill Land-Grant Act
An act that gave states public land that would allow them to finance land-grant colleges. State governments were given large amounts of land in the wester territories; this land was sold to individual settlers, land speculators, and others. All profits went to establish the colleges.
Muckrakers
Journalists of the Progressive era who attempted to expose the evils of government and big business.
National American Woman Suffrage Association
Founded in 1869 by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and fought for women to be able to vote, pushed suffrage at a state level, trying to gain support from each state so they can all come together and force the federal government to pass the amendment that allowed women to vote.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
Formed in 1909, this organization fought for and continues to fight for the rights of blacks in America. Originally went to court for the plaintiff in the Brown v. Board of Education case.
National Bank
Planned by Alexander Hamilton, who believed this would give economic security and confidence to the new nation.
National Consumers League
Formed in 1899, organization was concerned with improving the working and living conditions of women in the workplace.
National Security League
Organization founded in 1914 that preached patriotism and preparation for war; in 1915 they successfully lobbied government officials to set up camps to prepare men for military life and combat. In 1917 they lobbied Congress to greatly limit immigration into the country.
National Woman’s Party
Formed by Alice Paul after women got the vote, this group lobbied unsuccessfully in the 1920s to get an Equal Rights Amendment for women added to the Constitution.
Nativism
Belief that immigration should be greatly limited or banned altogether, since immigrants hurt the United States economically and also threaten the social well-being of the country. Especially strong in the 1920s.
Navigation Acts
Laws that required colonists to ship certain products exclusively to England. Made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.
New Immigrants
Immigrants who had come to the US after the 1880s from southern and eastern europe. Majority of immigrants coming to the U.S. after 1900.
New Jersey Plan
Opposite of the Virginia Plan, it proposed a single-chamber congress in which each state had one vote. This created a conflict with representation between bigger states, who wanted control befitting their population, and smaller states, who didn’t want to be bullied by larger states.
New Nationalism
Roosevelt’s progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice.
New South
The rise of a South after the Civil War which would no longer be dependent on now-outlawed slave labor or predominantly upon the raising of cotton, but rather a South which was also industrialized and part of a modern national economy
Non-Intercourse Act
1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon’s Bill No. 2.
Northwest Ordinances
Three bills (1784, 1785, 1787) that dealt with the sale of public lands in the Northwest Territory and established a plan for the admission of new states to the Union.
Nullification
The theory advanced by John Calhoun in response to the Tariff of 1828 (the Tariff of Abominations); states, acting through a popular convention, could declare a law passed by Congress “null and void” if believed to be unconstitutional.
Open Door Policy
A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.
Oregon Trail
Pioneer trail that began in Missouri and crossed the Great Plains into the Oregon Territory; main route across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains; after the coming of the railroad, the trail fell into disuse and was finally abandoned in the 1870s.
Oregon Treaty
Negotiation of the border between Oregon and Canada; Americans wanted it at 54º40’ (slogan became “Fifty-four forty or fight!”); eventually was put at the 49th parallel.
Treaty of Paris 1763
Treaty ending the Seven Years War.
Treaty of Paris 1783
Treaty signed in 1783 that officially ended the American Revolution. Great Britain recognized the United States as an independent country.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
1883 act that established a civil service system. Did away with the “spoils system” and made the hiring of federal employees merit based.
Pocket Veto
When a president kills a bill passed during the last 10 days Congress is in session by simply refusing to sign it.
Political Machine
Well organized political organization that controls election results by awarding jobs and other favors in exchange for votes.
Populist Party
U.S. political party formed in 1892 representing mainly farmers, favoring free coinage of silver and government control of railroads and other monopolies.
Progressivism
The movement in the late 1800s to increase democracy in America by curbing the power of the corporation. It fought to end corruption in government and business, bring better conditions for urban workers, education for new immagrants, and bring equal rights of women and other groups that had been left behind during the industrial revolution.
Proprietorships
Settlements in America that were given to individuals who could govern and regulate the territory in any manner they desire. Charles I, for example, gave the Maryland territory to Lord Baltimore.
Puritans
Protestant sect in England hoping to “purify” the Anglican church of Roman Catholic traces in practice and organization.
Putting-out System
The first textile production system in England, where merchants gave wool to families, who in their homes created yarn and then cloth; the merchants would then buy the cloth from the families and sell the finished product. Textile mills made this procedure more efficient.
Quartering Act
March 1765 act by British. Required the colonials to provide food, lodging, and supplies for the British troops in the colonies.
Radical Republicans
Group of Republicans after the Civil War who favored harsh treatment of the defeated South and a dramatic restructure of the economic and social systems in the South.
