APUSH Semester 1 Exam Flashcards
What impact did European Colonization have on the Western Hemisphere?
Native populations were often killed off or driven away by Europeans.
Which English Colony was established by proprietors that also had investments in the slave trade and therefore introduced slavery to their colony?
Virginia
What single cause was responsible for the death of so many Jamestown settlers?
j
The Mayflower Compact is significant because
It was a first step toward colonial self government.
All thirteen original colonies were founded in the seventeenth century except for
j
The colony of Georgia was established
by England as a penal colony
What was the single most important qualification for voting in the provincial governments of Massachusetts Bay Colony?
Land ownership
Bacon’s Rebellion was triggered by
j
What were some of the results of the Great Awakening? (4)
> Many new churches were established
a new wave of christian missionaries attempted to convert Indians and slaves
several colleges and universities were founded
a heightened sense of sectional and regional differences developed.
How did New England settles’ ideas about and differ from those of the Indians they encountered?
The Indians did not believe land could by privately owned
What was true about early slaves? (4)
> They were primarily men
initially worked on isolated farms
some were able to buy their own freedom
slaves had great social contact with each other
Why did New England leaders block women from retaining separate property and inheriting their husband’s estates the way southern women did?
j
Which idea were introduced by the Zenger Trial?
Freedom of the press
Who played a crucial role in developing the America character?
Benjamin Franklin
Who argued that “no thinking a thing wrong gives it a superficial appearance of being right and raises at first a formidable outcry in defense of custom” in support of the Revolutionary movement?
Thomas Paine
Which group was responsible for bringing the issue of slavery to the early Congress shortly after the ratification of the Constitution?
j
Which document is an example of Benjamin Franklin’s satirical talents?
“Rules by Which a Great Empire May Be Reduced to a Small One”
What did Abigail Adams argue in favor of?
j
The “Declaration of Independence” was written by
Thomas Jefferson
What was the “miracle of Philadelphia?”
The creation of the Constitution
Federalists favored placing power at what level of government?
Central government
Who served as Vice President under George Washington?
John Adams
What were the central ideas of George Washington’s “Farewell Address”? (4)
> limiting the nation’s participation in alliances
avoiding factionalism
the importance of religion and morality
cautions against a powerful military establishment
How was the “Farewell Address” given?
It was published in the Philadelphia newspaper
Who participated in a duel on July 11, 1804?
Alexander Hamilton and Aaron Burr
What foreign affair dominated Jon Adams’ Presidency?
j
John Adams stated, “During the whole time I sat with him in Congress, I never heard him utter three sentences together.” Who is Adams referring to?
j
The communication between John Adams and James Sullivan established Adam’s belief that women
j
Who were the “Hessians”?
German mercenaries
Which of the two Founding Brothers died on the same day, the 4th of July?
Thomas Jefferson and John Adams
(T/F) Settlers in Virginia were outnumbered by Indians and therefor could not enslave them.
True
(T/F) The regular Atlantic slave trade was started by the English.
False
(T/F) Most Africans were allowed to keep their language, culture, and religion in the English colonies.
False.
(T/F) Slavery existed in the African societies.
True
(T/F) The social division between whites and blacks was established in colonial Virginia by codes and court decisions.
True
(T/F) Slaveholders rarely feared that there would be a slave revolt.
False.
(T/F) The conditioning of the black slave was both physical and psychological.
True.
(T/F) Poor whites and slaves were treated the same by the laws of colonial Virginia.
False
(T/F) Nathaniel Bacon was a landless, poor immigrant.
False
(T/F) Bacon’s Rebellion was both anti-aristocratic and anti-Indian.
True.
(T/F) The economy of Virginia in 1676 was thriving.
False.
(T/F) The Virginia House of Burgesses was the first representative body in America.
True
(T/F) Indentured Servants were bought and told like slaves.
True
(T/F) By 1770, approximately 20% of the population of the colonies was black.
True
(T/F) In general, in the 1700s, the wealthy were prospering and the poor were suffering.
True
(T/F) Division between Indians, slaves and the poor helped the wealthy and middle class maintain their status.
True
How did slaves adapt the Christian religion to make it their own?
They infused their worship with singing and dancing.
The largest social group of white Virginians were
small farmers
What was the “middle passage”?
The transatlantic journey that brought slaves to the Americas
What attempt was made to maintain the devotion of the Puritan congregation after a clear decline in piety during the 17th Century?
Half Way Covenant
While slavery might have begun in America for economic reasons, what else powerfully molded the American slave system?
Racial discrimination
After 1680, reliance of slave labor in colonial American rapidly increased because? (4)
> higher wages in England reduced number of emigrating servants
planters feared the growing number of landless freemen in the colonies
the British Royal African company lost its monopoly on the slave trade in colonial America
americans rushed to cash in on slave trade
The slave culture that developed in America
was derived exclusively from African roots
Compared with most seventeenth century Europeans, Americans lived in
affluent abundance
Bacon’s Rebellion was supported mainly by
young men frustrated by their inability to acquire land.
For those Africans who were sold into slavery, the “middle passage” can best be described as
the gruesome ocean voyage to America
What did the Half-Way Covenant do?
admitted to baptism but not full membership to the unconverted children of existing members.
What were the consequences of the Half-Way Covenant? (4)
> weakened the distinction between the “elect” and others
conferred partial membership rights in the once-exclusive congregations
increased the numbers of church membership
women became the majority in the Puritan congregations
During the Salem witchcraft trials, most of the accused witches were
property-owning men
What caused many Scots to migrate to Northern Ireland and thence to America? (4)
> the poor quality of farmland in Scotland
the spread of commercial farming
extremely high rent increase
paying taxes to support the Anglican church
What was the Scots-Irish stance on religion?
advocated the policy of established churches
With regard to governmental authority the Scots-Irish colonists
cherished no love for the British of any other government
On the eve of the American Revolution, why did social and economic mobility decrease?
some merchants made huge profits as military suppliers.
What did the “new light” preachers of the Great Awakening oppose?
the emotionalism of the revivalists
What did the Great Awakening do? (4)
> undermined the prestige of the learned clergy in the colonies
split the colonial churches into several competing denominations
led to the founding of Princeton, Dartmouth, and Rutgers colleges
was the first spontaneous mass movement of the American people
Who was often called the “first civilized American”?
Benjamin Franklin
Which churches n 1775 were the only two established (tax supported) in America?
Congregational and Anglican
What was the largest non-English ethnic group in colonial America in 1775?
Africans
What was the population of the thirteen colonies in American like?
the most diverse in the world, although it remained predominantly Anglo-Saxon.
What did the triangular trade of the colonial American shipping industry involve?
the trading of rum for African slaves.
France was finally able to join in the scramble for colonies in the New World as a result of
the end of the religious wars
What was the one valuable resource in New France?
beavers
Who were the coureurs debois?
French Fur trappers
What were the French motives in the New World?
to compete with Spain for an empire in America
Where did the War of Jenkins’s Ear take place?
the Caribbean Sea and Georgia.
The clash between Britain and France for control of the North American continent sprang from their rivalry for control over
The Ohio River Valley
What was different about the Seven Years’ War that was unlike the first three Anglo-French wars?
it was fought initially on the North American continent
What did the Seven Years’ War end for the American colonies?
the myth of British invincibilty
Where did the Acadians go when the left Canada?
Lousianna
What did the Proclamation of 1763 do?
prohibited colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
(T/F) The French empire in North America rested on an economic foundation of forestry and sugar production.
False
(T/F) Native Americans were more likely to ally with the French over the British.
True
(T/F) George Washington was initially defeated at For Duquesne.
False
(T/F) The French and Indian War was part of a larger world war fought on at least three continents.
True
(T/F) The removal of the French threat made American colonists more secure and therefore less reliant on the mother country for protection.
True
(T/F) The War of Jenkins’s Ear was literally a war started over the cutting of an ear.
True.
(T/F) The American colonists were proud to return the captured Louisbourg to the French.
False
(T/F) The French American colonies included Detroit.
True
(T/F) “Join or Die” was a phase coined and promoted by George Washington.
False
(T/F) The Huguenots were a group of French Protestants who traveled North American with the mission of converting Indians on behalf of the French crown.
False
Who was the soldier and explorer whose leadership earned him the title of “Father of New France”?
Samuel de Champlain
France was finally able to join in the scramble for colonies in the New World as a result of the
end of the religious wars
What was the government in New France (Canada)?
almost completely autocratic
What was the one valuable resource in New France?
beavers
Who were the coureurs de bois?
French fur trappers
Why did the population in Catholic New France grow very slowly?
the French government was more concerned with its Caribbean island colonies
What was the primary economic pursuit of the early settlers in New France?
fur trapping
Why did the French was control of Louisiana?
because they would then control the mouth of the Mississippi
What were the early wars between France and Britain in North America notable for?
they used guerrilla warfare
Where did the War of Jenkins’s Ear take place?
the Caribbean Sea and Georgia
Why were the New England colonists outraged when British diplomats returned Louisbourg to France in 1748?
it tarnished and minimized the victory of the colonists in battle
The clash between the British and France for control of the North America continent sprang from their rivalry for control of
the Ohio River Valley
What was the Seven Years’ War also known as?
The French and Indian War.
What did the colonial wars before 1754 demonstrate in the Americans?
an astonishing lack of unity
What was the immediate purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754?
to keep the Iroquois tribes loyal to the British
What was different about the Seven Years’ War that was unlike the first three Anglo-French wars?
was initially fought on the North American continent
What was the long range purpose of the Albany Congress of 1754?
achieve colonial unity and common defense against the French threat
What is significant about the 1759 Battle of Quebec?
It ranks as one of the most significant victories in British and American history
What was the result of the peace arrangements of the Seven Years’ War?
France surrendered all of its territorial claims to North America
What did the Seven Years’ War end for American colonists?
the myth of British invincibility
What stopped during the Seven Years’ War in America?
trade with Spain and France
The Seven Years’ War began to melt what that had long existed in the American colonies.
disunity, jealousy, and suspicion
The disunity that existed in the colonies before the Seven Years’ War can be attributed to? (4)
> the enormous distance between the colonies
geographical barriers like rivers
conflicting religions
varied nationalities
Where did the Acadians go when they left Canada?
Louisiana
What arose from the British and American victory in the Seven Years’ War?
a new spirit of independence as the French threat disappeared
In a sense, when did the history of the United States begin?
the fall of Quebec and Monreal
Why did Chief Pontiac decide to lead a rebellion?
because the French government had promised to help
Who took on a colonial leadership role as part of the Albany Congress?
Benjamin Franklin
What was the government like under the Articles of Confederation?
Very unorganized. Weak federal government because the people feared it would become a tyrant. The federal government was only allowed to respond to collective problems quickly, which led to a lack of common national currency and the federal government unable to collect federal taxes.
What was the difference between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan?
The Virginia Plan wanted the number of representatives in Congress to be based on population- benefited the large states because they would have more power in congress.
The New Jersey Plan wanted the number of representatives in Congress to be equal for every state- 2 representatives.
What was the major difference between the Federalists and the Republicans?
The Federalists wanted a strong central governments, while the Republicans wanted strong state governments.
What was the feud between Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson?
This feud existed because they were the leaders of different factions. Hamilton favored a strong central government and manufacturing economy. Jefferson favored strong states governments and a farming society.
What was the main idea of James Madison’s Federalist No. 10?
To convince the people that a stronger central government would be okay and that they would prevent it from becoming a tyrant.
How did the Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans present themselves? (4)
> strong supporters of state’s rights
strict constructionists
protectors of agrarian purity
believers of political and economic liberty
Where did Thomas Jefferson receive the bulk of his support from?
the South and West
Why was Thomas Jefferson’s “Revolution of 1800” remarkable?
it marked the peaceful and orderly transfer of power on the basis of election results accepted by all parties.
What did Thomas Jefferson believe his mission as president was? (4)
> halt the decay of virtue
check the growth of the republican party
restore the republic experiment
return to the original spirit of the revolution
As president, Thomas Jefferson’s stand on several political issues that he had previously championed
were reversed from his pre-president self.
What was the result Thomas Jefferson’s election to president on the Democratic-Republican party?
They grew less unified as the federalist party began to fade and lose power
What did Thomas Jefferson do to the major Federalist economic programs when he became president?
he left practically all of them intact.
Why did Thomas Jefferson and his followers oppose John Adams’ last minute appointment of new federal judges?
because it was an attempt by a defeated party to entrench itself in the government
Before he was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall’s service at Valley Forge helped convince him of?
the drawbacks of feeble central authority
As Chief justice of the United States, what did John Marshall help ensure?
that the political and economic systems were based on strong central government.
What question did the Marbury vs. Madison case involve?
who had the right to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional
Why did Thomas Jefferson distrust large standing armies?
because they could be used to establish a dictatorship
Why did Thomas Jefferson see navies as less dangerous than armies?
because they could not march inland and endanger liberties
When did Thomas Jefferson cease his opposition to the expansion of the navy?
when the Pasha of Tripoli declared war on the United States
Why did Thomas Jefferson decided to make an alliance with his old enemy, Britain?
in order to purchase New Orleans from France
Why was Thomas Jefferson conscience-srticken about the Louisiana Purchase from France?
he believed that the purchase was unconstitutional
What did the Lewis and Clark expedition through the Louisiana Territory yield? (4)
> knowledge of the Indians of the region
a rich harvest of scientific observations
maps
hair-raising adventure stories
What did Aaron Burr do after killing Alexander Hamilton?
he plotted to divide the United States
What was the British policy of impressment?
a kind of forced enlistment
What did the Chesapeake incident involve?
the flagrant use of impressment
What did President Jefferson’s foreign policy of economic coercion do?
stimulated manufacturing in the United States
What did Macon’s Bill No. 2 do?
permitted trade with all nations but promised that if either Britain of France lifted its commercial restrictions on American trade, the United States would stop trading with the other
What was President James Madison’s major foreign policy mistake?
he accepted Napoleon’s promise to recognize America’s rights
Why did the war hawks demand war with Britain? (4)
> they wanted to defend american rights
gain more territory
revenge the manhandling of American sailors
wipe out renewed Indian resistance
What did Tecumseh argue?
that Indians should not cede control of land to whites unless all Indians agreed
Why did James Madison turn to war in 1812?
to restore the confidence in the republican experiment
(T/F) Thomas Jefferson agreed that since the states had created the federal government, they should be able to challenge it.
True
(T/F) The strength of Thomas Jefferson’s and John Adams’ friendship is evident in their agreement on the U.S. Constitution and their unfailing support for each other politically?
False
(T/F) Thomas Jefferson thought of himself as a farmer scientist first and then a politician.
True
(T/F) In Thomas Jefferson’s inaugural address, he proudly recognized his anti-federalist supporters and offered them priority because he believed that their vision was what was best for the republic at the time.
True
Was the United States militarily prepared when it entered the War of 1812?
No.
What was the most devastating defeat suffered by the British during the War of 1812?
the Battle of New Orleans
What did the Battle of New Orleans unleash?
a wave of nationalism and self-confidence
What did the resolutions from the Hartford Convention cause?
the death of the Federalist party
The Era of Good Feelings
j
What was the one issue during the 1820s and 1830s that greatly raised the political stakes?
slavery
John Quincy Adams
j
Andrew Jackson’s inauguration
j
What did the spoils system under Andrew Jackson result in?
the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs
Andrew Jackson’s administration
j
What was one of the positive aspects of the Bank of the United States?
its promotion of economic expansion by making credit abundant
Who helped Texas gain it’s independence?
the Americans
Who was “Tippecanoe” in the Whigs’ 1840 campaign slogan?
William Harrison
Two political parties
j
people moved into the old northwest
j
What was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Territory?
Missouri
What were the results of the Missouri Compromise? (4)
> extremists in both the North and the South were not satisfied
Missouri entered the union as a slave state
Maine entered the union as a free state
the balance between the North and the South was kept even
in interpreting the constitution, John Marshall
j
the united states diplomat
j
Monroe Doctrine
j
Why did the election of Andrew Jackson mark a significant change in American social and political life?
there was a transformation from the aristocracy to the average man
What was the concept of the “spoils system” in the 1820s?
it was as simple expression of the idea that personnel should be replaced by supporters of the party that the public vote for
Who did Andrew Jackson more closely identify with when it came to the national banking system?
Thomas Jefferson’s views
What did John Adams and Thomas Jefferson agree with each other on aristocracy?
that there is an aristocracy based on virtue and talents
What did the Adams and Jefferson letters exchanged in 1813 reveal?
that they did not necessarily believe in a government by the people.
Based on he letters exchanged between John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, what could one conclude?
that they would most likely support the Jacksonian Revolution of the 1820s and 1830s
How did Andrew Jackson justify his veto of the Veto of the Bank Renewal Bill?
that the bank is a government granted monopoly that does not benefit the whole of the American public
Which branch of government, according to Andrew Jackson, is ultimately responsible for the bank?
the executive branch
What does Andrew Jackson assert?
government abuses are evil
Based on the letters between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams, who would Andrew Jackson probably agree with most?
Thomas Jefferson because Jackson understands the artificial aristocracy based on wealth and birth which Jefferson mentions, while Adams mentions a natural aristocracy which Jackson discredits by moving up in society.
What was true about the American regular army on the eve of the War of 1812? (4)
> they were ill trained and ill disciplined
the were widely scattered
most of the generals were left over from the Revolutionary War and lacked vigor and vision
there was no burning national anger to unite them
What is the global perspective of the War of 1812?
of little importance
What were the diplomatic and economic terms of the War of 1812?
it bred greater American independence?
What was one of the most important by-products of the War of 1812?
a heightened spirit of nationalism
What did the Battle of New Orleans unleash?
a wave of nationalism and self-confidence
What was the Era of Good Feelings?
a misnomer because the period was a troubled one
What did the demise f the Federalist party result in?
the Democratic-Republicans established a one-party rule
What was one of the major causes of the panic of 1819?
overspeculation in frontier lands
What were the results of the Missouri Compromise? (4)
> extremists in both the North and the South were not satisfied
missouri entered the union as a slave state
maine entered the union as a free state
the balance between the north and south was kept even
How did John Marshall interpret the Constitution?
he favored a “look construction”
How did Chief Justice Marshall rule in McCulloch v. Maryland, Cohens v.Virginia, and Gibbons v. Ogden?
he limited the extent of the state’s rights
Who was the United States’ most successful diplomat during the Era of Good Feelings?
John Q. Adams
What did Andrew Jackson use his military exploits for?
to gain possession of Florida from the Spanish
Why did Britain oppose Spain reestablishing it’s authority in Latin American countries that had successfully revolted?
because the parts of the nations were now open to lucrative trade
What was the Monroe Doctrine?
an expression of the illusion of deepening American isolationism from world affaris
What was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase?
Missouri
What did Henry Clay’s American System call for?
protective tariffs
What was the rapid growth and development of the West after 1815 stimulated by? (4)
> the lure of cheap lands to easterners and european immigrants
construction of new roads through the mountains into the west
the subduing of the Indian tribes during the War of 1812
the spanish wanting american settlers to populate Texas
What did John Marshall’s decisions as Chief Justice reveal about his beliefs?
he believed in a strong central government
What was the Monroe Doctrine essentially intended to prevent?
new European colonies from being established in the western hemisphere
What did the Rush-Bagot agreement do?
limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes
What did the Russo-American Treaty of 1824 do?
fixed the southernmost limits of Russian occupation of North America at the forty second parallel
What was the great issue in the 1820s and 1830s that raised political stakes?
slavery
John Quincy Adams,elected 1825, was accused of having stuck a “corrupt bargain” when he appointed who to the secretary of state?
Henry Clay
What did John Quincy Adams do as president?
was one of the least successful presidents in American history
What did the spoils system in America under Andrew Jackson result in?
the appointment of many corrupt and incompetent officials to federal jobs
What did Southerners fear the Tariff of 1828 (Tariff of Abominations/The Black Tariff)?
because this same power could be used to suppress slavery
What did the “nullification crisis” of 1832-1833 erupt over?
tariff policy
Where did the strong regional support for the Tariff of 1833 come from?
the South
What did the Force Bill of 1833 state?
that the president could use the army and navy to collect federal tariff duties
Why did Andrew Jackson’s administration support the removal of Native Americans from the eastern states?
because whites wanted the Indians’ land
What was the policy of the Jackson administration toward the eastern Indian tribes?
forced removal
What charges did Andrew Jackson make against the Bank of the United States? (4)
> the bank was anti-western
it was controlled by an elite moneyed aristocracy
the bank was autocratic and tyrannical
profit, not public service, was the first priority
Who did the Anti-Masonic party of 1832 appeal to?
American suspicions of secret societies
When did Americans move into Texas?
after an agreement was concluded between Mexican authorities and Stephen Austin
Who helped Texas gain its independence?
Americans
What did the Democratic and Whigs party have in common?
they were both mass-based political parties
his resistance was crushed in 1832 by US armed forces including Abraham Lincoln and Jefferson Davis
Black Hawk
Site of the defeat of the Texas rebels
Alamo
site of General Sam Houston’s defeat of Santa Ana
San Jacinto
his support for a national university and astronomical observatory was ill received
John Q. Adams
authored the Star Spangled Banner
Francis Scott Key
president of the Bank of the United States
Nicholas Biddle
conflict which began when Daniel Webster and Henry Clay proposed a renewal of the Bank of the United States’ charter four years before its expiration
Bank War
What was the Manifest Destiny belief?
God had destined the United States to expand across the whole North American continent
What American ship that supplied Canadian rebels, was sunk by British forces, sparking an international crisis between Britain and the US?
the Carolina
Why did the British finally agree to concede to the US the disputed Oregon territory between the Columbia River and the forty-ninth parallel?
they did not really want to fight a war over territory that American settles might overrun
What was the Aroostook War?
a battle between American and Canadian lumberjacks over the northern Maine boundary
Why did Britain support an independent Texas?
j
Why did Henry Clay lose the 1844 election to James K. Polk?
his attempt to straddle the Texas annexation issue lost him votes to the antislavery Liberty party in New York
What were some of James K. Polk’s goals? (4)
> lower tariff
restoring an independent treasury
settle the land dispute in Oregon
acquire California
What was the direct cause of the Mexican War?
mexico’s refusal to sell California to the United States
What did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (ending the Mexican War) provide for?
j
What was the major domestic cause of the Mexican War?
a sharp revival of the issue of slavery
What did the Wilmot Proviso declare?
slavery would be banned from all territories that Mexico ceded to the United States
What was the largest single addition to American territory?
the Mexican Cession
What does “spot resolutions” refer to?
Congressmen Abraham Lincoln’s resolution demanding that President Polk specify the exact spot, on American soil, where American blood had supposedly been shed
How did the Second Great Awakening impact the Christian church and American society?
revived the christian church and caused many people to convert because christian reigns were loosened so that more could join. methodists and babtists became more popular and was a shift away from the anglican church
(T/F) Almost all of the oral history of slaves in America was lost by the 1940s
False
(T/F) By 1860, most northerners had come to agree with the abolitionists that slavery was an evil to be immediately abolished.
False
(T/F) After about 1830, all criticism of slavery was suppressed in the South, including a prohibition of delivery of abolitionist material through U.S mail
true
(T/F) Despite outlawing the international slave trade in 1807-1808, African slaves continued to be smuggled into the United States as well as Brazil and the West Indies
True
(T/F) The greatest opposition to abolitionism in the North and Britain came from evangelical Christians.
False
(T/F) Slave traders would not separate mothers from children
False
(T/F) The most prominent black abolitionist, Frederick Douglas, supported William Llyod Garrison’s absolutist principles and refusal to seek a political solution to the sin of slavery
False
(T/F) The “Gag Resolution” was passed in the House of Representatives in order to promote debate on the abolition of slavery
False
(T/F) The growing of cotton on large plantations was economically efficient and agriculturally sound
False
(T/F) In the 1820s, there were more anti-slavery organizations south of the Mason-Dixon line than north of it
True
What was popular sovereignty?
created by General Lewis Cass, was the idea that issues should be decided by the people of their specific state. specifically, slavery
Who were the “free soilers”?
a group of people and a political party that supported the Wilmot Proviso, opposed the Mexican-American War from the beginning, and opposed slavery
What was the Underground Railroad?
a secret organizations that led slaves to freedom in the north
Why was the Gadsden Purchase significant?
this area of land was needed to build the transcontinental railroad to connect the east to the west. it was just south of the Rocky Mountains and the land was organized, meaning that Indian attacks could be diffused by the US army
What were most white southerners?
subsistence farmers
About how many white southerners owned slaves or belonged to slave holding families?
1/4
Why did the majority of southern whites not own slaves?
the could not afford the purchase price
Who were most slaves in the south owned by?
plantation owners
What was the result of the introduction of the cotton gin?
slavery was reinvigorated
Why was German and Irish immigration to the south discouraged?
competition with slave labor
What was the theme of Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin?
the enforced separation of slave families
How did slaves fight the system of slavery? (4)
> slowing down the work pace
sabotaging expensive equipment
pilfering goods that their labor had produced
running away when possible
How was the theory of biological racial superiority developed?
the white southerners’ treated the slaves brutally and feared potential slave rebellions
In pre-Civil War South, what was the most uncommon and least successful form of slave resistance?
armed insurrection
What was the result of the United States’ victory in the Mexican War? (4)
> renewed controversy over the issue of extending slavery into the territories
a possible split in the whig and democratic parties over slavery
the cession by Mexico of an enormous amount of land to the United States
a rush of settlers to the new American territory in California
What would have happened had the Wilmot Proviso been adopted?
it would have prohibited slavery in any territory acquired in the Mexican War
What kind of people were going to California during the gold rush?
the majority of them were lawless men
What helped cause the Compromise of 1850?
President Zachary Taylor died suddenly and Millard Fillmore became president
What did Congress determine in the Compromise of 1850?
slavery in the New Mexico and Utah territories was to be decided by popular sovereignty
What was the most alarming aspect of the Compromise of 1850, according to northerners?
the new Fugitive Slave Law
Why did many northern states pass “personal liberty laws”?
it was a response to the Compromise of 1850’s provision regarding runaway slaves
Who opened Japan to the United States?
Matthew Perry
What was the scheme to acquire Cuba from Spain in the 1850’s called?
Ostend Manifesto
What act needed to be repealed for Stephen A. Douglas’s plan to decide the slavery question in the Kansas-Nebraska scheme?
j
(T/F) The election of 1860 was a decisive, national victory for Abraham Lincoln.
False
(T/F) Democratic party politicians and others attempted to avoid the issue of slavery in the territories by saying it should be left up to “popular sovereignty”.
True
(T/F) Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin proved to be the most influential publication in arousing the northern and european publics against the evils of slavery.
True
(T/F) The Dred Scott decision upheld the doctrine of “popular sovereignty”.
False
(T/F) Pro-southern Kansas pioneers brought dozens of slaves with them in order to guarantee that Kansas would not become a “free” state.
True
What was the Lecompton Constitution designed to do?
bring Kansas into the Union as a slave state
What was the election of 1856 most notable for?
j
Why were Southerners particularly enraged by the John Brown affair?
northerners’ celebration of Brown as a martyr seemed to indicate their support for slave insurrection
What was the chronological order of the major battles in the Civil War?
j
What was the result of the South’s victory at Bull Run in 1861?
reinforced the South’s strategy of homeland defense
Why was it better for the North to have been defeated at the Battle of Bull Run in 1861?
j
How can George B. McClellan best be described?
cautious
What was General George McClellan’s biggest mistake after assuming command of the Army of the Potomac?
he consistently believed that the enemy outnumbered him and proceeded with hesitation
What was the result of the Union loss in the Peninsula Campaign?
Lincoln relieved McClellan of his command
What was the most alarming Confederate threat to the Union blockade?
the ironclad Merrimack (the Virginia)
What happened to the Confederate Merrimack?
j
