APUSH Period 5 1844-1877

Question 1

John O’‘Sullivan

Answer 1

John O’Sullivan, a popular editor and columnist, articulated the long-standing American belief in the God-given mission of the United States to lead the world in the transition to democracy. He called this America’s “manifest destiny.”

Question 2

Treaty Fort Laramie

Answer 2

Established the Great Sioux Reservation including ownership of the Black Hills, and set aside additional lands as “unceded Indian territory” in the areas of South Dakota, Wyoming, and Nebraska, and possibly Montana.

Question 3

Reservation System

Answer 3

The Indian reservation system established tracts of land called reservations for Native Americans to live on as white settlers took over their land. … But many Native Americans were forced onto reservations with catastrophic results and devastating, long-lasting effects.

Question 4

James K. Polk

Answer 4

He was a champion of manifest destiny–and used this belief to justify and push-through legislation that allowed the United States to wage war on Mexico, thus fulfilling America’s expansion from east coast to west.

Question 5

Mexican-American War

Causes

Answer 5

• Mexican unwillingness to recognize Texas independence
• American desire for westward expansion

https://www.exploros.com/summary/causes-reasons-for-mexican-american-war

Question 6

The treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

Answer 6

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, that brought an official end to the Mexican-American War (1846-1848), was signed on February 2, 1848. The treaty effectively halved the size of Mexico and doubled the territory of the United States

Question 7

The Compromise of 1850

Answer 7

The compromise of 1850 nullified the actions of the Missouri Compromise. It made it so that all the states in the Louisiana purchase and westward would be able to decide on if slavery was allowed by using popular sovereignty. This led to a large unbalance between the amount of slave states and free states in the country.

Question 8

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 8

A system in which the actions of the state are decided by the votes of the people. It was implemented in the compromise of 1850 and most states were allowed to decide on slavery through the use of popular sovereignty.

Question 9

Free Soil Party

Answer 9

Political group that was against the expansion of slavery westward into the new territories. Their first nomination for president was Martin Van Buren and the ideas of this group foreshadowed the emergence of the Republican party.

Question 10

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Answer 10

1854 - The act that made both Kansas and Nebraska states and decided that each one of them would decide on slavery using popular sovereignty.

Question 11

Why did the Kansas-Nebraska Act enflame sectional tensions?

Answer 11

It allowed for the possible expansion of slavery in the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase, which the Missouri Compromise of 1820 had prohibited. This worried Northerners who wanted to expand into new western states themselves.

Question 12

Bleeding Kansas

Answer 12

Event in which pro-slavery activists (such as John Brown) from Missouri crossed the Kansas border and began killing those who were anti slavery. This war between the two sides continued for four years until the anti slavery side won.

Question 13

Sumner-Brooks Clash

Answer 13

Sumner verbally attacks slavery and Brooks’ uncle, which led to Brooks attacking Sumner with a cane on the floor of Congress. This action was supported by the pro-slavery people of the south but the north argued that this showed the difference of maturity between the two sides.

Question 14

Dred Scott versus Sanford

Answer 14

Dred Scott, a free man in the state where he is from, sued due to the fact that he was considered a slave in Missouri. He lost this lawsuit due to the fact that the court still saw him as property and not a true citizen so he had no right to actually sue. The Supreme Court essentially decided that African Americans were not citizens and were not protected by the Constitution.

Question 15

William Lloyd Garrison

Answer 15

Founder of the American anti slave society. He published his opinions in a newspaper known as “the liberator”. His most popular request is for the “immediate and uncompensated emancipation of slaves.”

Question 16

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

Answer 16

Book written by Harriet Beecher-Stove, which dramatised the cruelty of slavery. Was immensely popular due to its ability to touch the reader and led to widespread anti-slavery support in the north. To the north it highlighted the cruel treatment of slaves but in the south it was seen as yankee propaganda.

Question 17

John Brown at Harpers Ferry

Answer 17

John Brown was a violent abolitionist who sought out military methods to abolish slavery. He ended up raiding the federal armory at Harpers Ferry in hopes of citing a slave rebellion. He failed , was put on trial, and executed. He was important however because he became a white martyr for the cause of abolitionism.

Question 18

The Underground Railroad

Answer 18

The Underground Railroad was a network of people, African American as well as white, offering shelter and aid to escaped enslaved people from the South. It developed as a convergence of several different clandestine efforts. The exact dates of its existence are not known, but it operated from the late 18th century to the Civil War, at which point its efforts continued to undermine the Confederacy in a less-secretive fashion.

Question 19

Republican Party

Answer 19

Founded in the north in 1854 by those in favor of anti-slavery and free-soilers. They opposed the Kansas-Nebraska act and their first representative for President was John c Fremont but the first representative to win the presidency was Abraham Lincoln.

Question 20

Election of 1860

Answer 20

Election which led to a victory by Abraham Lincoln of the Republican Party. One of Lincoln’s main policies was the abolishment of slavery. The people of the south saw this as a threat to their way of life and multiple states seceded from the union to form the Confederacy.

Question 21

Crittenden Compromise

Answer 21

Compromise proposed which planned to extend the Missouri Compromise all the way to the Pacific coast and allow slavery in all areas below it. It was proposed in hopes of preventing civil war but didn’t pass due to the fact that the north believed it went against their beliefs of slavery.

Question 22

Border States

Answer 22

Four states being Maryland, Missouri, Delaware and Kentucky who bordered the union and the south. They were all slave states but stayed with the union because they wanted to preserve the union rather than end slavery. Later, many “Scalawags” were from these states.

Question 23

Copperheads

Answer 23

A Copperhead is a type of snake, but the name was also used to refer to people in the north who ended up siding with the south. These groups of people posed a threat to Lincoln’s reelection because it dwindled his amount of support he would gain in the north

Question 24

New York Draft Riots

Answer 24

Riots that emerged in 1863 where groups of immigrants roamed the streets until they were suppressed by the military. They rioted due tot the fact that they did not want to fight for freedom of slaves as these slaves would compete with them for their jobs.

Question 25

Emancipation Proclamation

Answer 25

Claim put out by Abraham Lincoln, which emancipated all of the slaves that were in states of rebellion. This however could not physically be applied since the Confederacy was no part of the US so any laws made would not apply. This did however help the north when it came to the war effort. The proclamation boosted the morale of the people of the north and gave them a reason to fight. It also led Britain to not support the south since they didn’t want to be seen supporting slavery which they had already abolished.

Question 26

Massachusetts 54th Regiment

Answer 26

An all-black regiment, which was one of the examples of the amount of African Americans who enlisted in the Union army. They are most known for being the first to run into a battle at which they were going to lose. This led the government to gain more respect for African Americans and notice the applications they had in the war.

Question 27

Gettysburg Address

Answer 27

Speech given by Abraham Lincoln in 1864 towards the the people of America. It marked a major turning point of the war as it led to Lincoln addressing both sides of the war and acknowledging them equally as fighting for what they believe in. It was important because Lincoln fell back to the fact that both sides should come together again for the reason that we are all fighting for freedom and liberty in the first place, as outlined in the Declaration of Independence. Read it here: http://www.abrahamlincolnonline.org/lincoln/speeches/gettysburg.htm

Question 28

Ulysses S. Grant

Answer 28

General during the civil war who ended up leading the north to most of its victories. He had a very straightforward and unforgiving style if fighting in which he did not care about the costs it took to win as long as a win was achieved. Becomes 18th President of the United States (1869-1877).

Question 29

Sherman’s March to the Sea

Answer 29

A Union army push westward by William Tecumseh Sherman and his men to take control of Georgia. In their path they left nothing untouched and burned cities and villages in the process. They marched to Georgia with a “scorched earth” style in order to prevent those that followed and people in the south from utilizing anything that they had left behind. A very aggressive and destructive tactic.

Question 30

Wade Davis Bill

Answer 30

Bill proposed in 1864 by Wade Davis who said that 50% of people on a southern state had to sign a loyalty oath and that only non-confederates could vote for the states Constitution but however this bill was not passed by Lincoln, who preferred the more tolerant approach of the 10% plan, in order to ensure a smooth reunification.

Question 31

Thirteenth Amendment

Answer 31

Amendment passed in 1865 which permanently led to the abolishment of slavery in all of the U.S.

Question 32

Fourteenth Amendment

Answer 32

Amendment passed in 1868 which gave ex slaves their citizenship. This amendment also abolished the 3/5 Compromise given all African Americans equal say.

Question 33

15th Amendment

Answer 33

Amendment passed in 1870 which gave suffrage to all black men in the U.S.

Question 34

Freedman’s Bureau

Answer 34

Welfare agency that provided food, care, and education to freed men and white refugees. It was the first place to offer education to freedpeople.

Question 35

Forty Acres and a Mule

Answer 35

Slogan started after the civil war due to the fact that freed slaves and their families were placed on abandoned plantations and were given a single mule to start off their new lives.

Question 36

Civil Rights Bill 1866

Answer 36

The bill mandated that “all persons born in the United States,” with the exception of American Indians, were “hereby declared to be citizens of the United States.” The legislation granted all citizens the “full and equal benefit of all laws and proceedings for the security of person and property.” To Radical Republicans, who believed the federal government had a role in shaping a multiracial society in the postwar South, the measure seemed the next logical step after the ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment on December 18, 1865.

Question 37

Carpetbaggers and Scalawags

Answer 37

Carpetbaggers were people from the north who migrated to the south in order to profit from the reconstruction going on (economic migrants). Scalawags were white southerners who cooperated with the North and freedmen in their efforts of reconstruction.

Question 38

Black Codes and Jim Crow Laws

Answer 38

Black codes were laws put in place by local governments in the south in order to limit the rights of blacks and keep them under the rule of whites. Refer to your notes for specific examples.