APUSH Period 1 Flashcards
Aristocratic
Members of the highest social class, typically nobility, who inherited their ranks and titles
Astrolabe
a tool invented by Greek astronomers and sailors for navigation and astrological problems
Atlantic World
The interactions between the people from the land bordering the Atlantic Ocean — Africa, The Americas, Western Europe — beginning in the late 15th century
Aztecs
Spanish term for the Mexica, indigenous people who built an empire in present day Mexico in the centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards
Capitalism
An economic system based on private ownership of property and the open exchange of goods between property owners
Caravels
a small and swift sailing ship invented by the Portuguese during the 15th century
Columbian Exchange
The biological exchange between the Americas and the rest of the world in 1492 and the end of the 16th century. Although its initial impact was strongest in the Americas and Europe, it soon felt globally.
Conquistadors
Also known as encomenderos, Spanish soldiers who were central to the conquest of the civilizations of the Americas. Once conquest was complete, conquistadors often extracted wealth from the people and lands they came to rule.
Encomienda
System first established by Christopher Columbus by which Spanish leaders in the Americas received land and labor of all American Indians residing on it. For American Indians the encomienda system amounted to enslavement.
Feudalism
A social and economic system organized by a hierarchy of hereditary classes. Lower social orders owed loyalty to the classes above them, and in return, received protection and land.
Franciscan
Member of a Catholic religious order founded by St. Francis of od Assis in the 13th century.
Horticulture
a form of agriculture where people worked small plots of land with simple tools.
Incas
Andean people who built an empire in the centuries before the arrival of the Spaniards amid the fertile land of the Andes mountains along the pacific coast. Reaching the height of their power in the 15th century, the Incas controlled around 16 million people.
Inquisition
A religious judicial institution designed to find and eliminate that did not align with official Catholic practices. The Spanish Inquisition was first established in 1478.
Mariners
a term for sailors
Maya
People who established large cities on the Yucatán peninsula with strong irrigation and agricultural techniques. The civilization was strongest between 300 and 800 C.E.
Missionaries
People who travel to foreign lands with the intention of converting natives to a new religion
Maya
People who established large cities on the Yucatán peninsula with strong irrigation and agricultural techniques. The civilization was strongest between 300 and 800 C.E.
Missionaries
People who travel to foreign lands with the intention of converting natives to a new religion
Mission System
The system established by the Spanish in 1573 in which missionaries, rather than soldiers, directed all new settlements in the Americas.
Pueblo
American Indians who lived in present day New Mexico and Arizona and built permanent multi-story adobe dwellings
Renaissance
The cultural and intellectual flowering that began in 15th century Italy and then spread north throughout the late 15th and 16th centuries. During this time European rulers pushed for greater political unification of their states.
Requerimiento
A legal document issued by the Spanish crown in 1513 to justify the Spanish conquest of territory in the Americas.
Spanish caste system
a system developed by the Spanish in the 26th century that defined the status of diverse populations based on a racial hierarchy that privileged Europeans.
Staple crops
Crops that are frequently planted and eaten, and therefore a central part of one’s diet.
Tenochtitlán
Capital City of the Aztec Empire.
Tribute
The exchange of goods or services in return for protection, frequently as a method of control or exploitations in colonies and territories.
Christopher Columbus
a European explorer who originally set out to find a quicker route to India in 1492 but instead found himself in the Americas and the New World. He brought permanent connection between the Old and New Worlds.
Hernán Cortés
Spanish conquistador who conquered the Aztecs in Mexico under Spanish control in 1519.
Francisco Pizarro
A Spanish conquistador who conquered the Incas in Peru in 1533
Ferdinand the II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile
Married in 1469, funded Christopher Columbus’s voyage to the Americas, by 1492 they removed the last Muslims from the Arabian peninsula to seal the religion of Christianity in Spain.
King Charles I
Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
Malintzin (Dona Marina)
a Nuhua woman from the Mexican coast of the Gulf of Mexico who played the role of the interpreter, advisor, lover, and intermediary for Hernán Cortes during the Spanish conquest of Mexico.
Montezuma
Aztec ruler who surrendered to Cortés invasion of Mexico
27,000 B.C.E
first group of people migrated from Asia to the Americas
8000 - 2000 B.C.E
Agricultural developments near the equator and in the Andes Mountains
500
farming of maize spreads to North America, the rise of settlements, such as the Pueblos and Mississippians, in North America
700-1100
the spread of maize continues in North America
1000
the Norse reach North America
1100
the peak of the Mississippian Cahokia population
1200
droughts and competition lead to the decline of native societies such as the Cahokia and Mandan
1325
the aztecs built their capital of Tenochtitlán
1420s
Portugal explorers set off on explorations of the West coast of Africa
1482
Portugal develops trading posts in West Africa
1492
Christopher Columbus sets of on his first voyage, the start of the Columbian Exchange
1500
Portugal claims Brazil as a colony
1500 - 1630
epidemics wipe out large populations of New World natives
1502
Enslaved African are brought to the New world and are put to work
1503
Encomienda system was first established
1513
Requerimiento statue was established
1519
Cortés led an attack on Tenochtitlán
1524
Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire
1550
the production of sugar in brazil begins
1573
missionaries direct all new settlements in Spanish colonies
1598
Spanish Massacre of Pueblo Indians
