APUSH Master Deck Flashcards
Lord George Grenville
Prime Minister of Great Britain between 1763-1765.
As Prime Minister, he was responsible for the Stamp Act, Sugar Act, and Quartering Act. Grenville believed that the colonists in the 13 colonies had an obligation to pay more in taxes because the government protected them during the French and Indian War.
John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton wrote a series of 85 newspaper articles advocating for the Constitution. Collectively, what are these documents known as?
The Federalist Papers
The Federalist Papers argued in favor of ratifying the consitituion.
Inequality
Definition: A process in a society in which certain groups are limited and hindered in their roles in society
Significance: Even though Americans wanted to have a society in which all individuals were treated equally, there was persistent inequality throughout the U.S. This was seen through the many privileges citizenship brought to white males while women remained subordinate to them, black slaves had no rights, and Native Americans were systematically exploited and displaced
Why did James II establish the Dominion of New England?
King James II established the Dominion of New England in response to continued defiance of the Navigation Acts.
Resistance to the Acts was particularly acute among the Dutch residents of New York and New Jersey.
AP Historical Theme:
America in the World
The interactions between nations that affected North American history in the colonial period and on the influence of the United States on world affairs.
In 1796, Washington announced that he would retire after two terms, setting a precedent for future American Presidents.
Q: What did Washington warn against in his Farewell Address?
First, Washington warned Americans against forming political parties, a process that was already well underway. More importantly, Washington warned against involvement in European affairs and “permanent alliances” with European powers.
It’s not that Washington didn’t have a problem with Asian or African powers, it’s just that during this time, they rarely, if ever, interacted with the United States. If anything was going to drag America into a conflict, Washington believed, it was going to be the drama of Europe.
Explain what happened during the Whiskey Rebellion.
To raise funds for the new federal government Alexander Hamilton had wanted to establish a high tariff, but Congress established a lower tariff and raised the rest by taxing various domestic products, including whiskey.
Farmers in Western Pennsylvania didn’t want to pay the tax on the whiskey, so they attacked the tax collectors.
In response, Washington raised 15,000 men, led by Alexander Hamilton, and sent them to Western Pennsylvania to squash the rebellion. By the time the army arrived, the rebellion had dispersed.
Complete the sentence:
The French government’s Ambassador to the United States, ______ _____ , violated diplomatic protocols by directly requesting that the American people support the French Revolution, despite Washington’s declaration of neutrality.
Citizen Genêt
Genêt’s conduct was a scandal and deeply offensive to the American government, and Washington asked the French to recall Genêt.
What two key provisions were part of the Land Ordinance of 1785, passed under the Articles of Confederation?
The Land Ordinance of 1785 determined:
How future land could be purchased by settlers as farmland
That each section of new “township” set aside land for public education
By establishing this system for settlers to purchase land, it provided the early US government with sorely needed funds, although it did not generate enough money to help solve the early financial problems of the USA.
How did the Navigation Acts of 1660 and 1663 restrict trade?
Passed by Parliament and justified under the principle of mercantilism, the Navigation Acts required that all trade with the American colonies take place in Britain.
All goods imported to the colonies and goods exported to Europe had to pass through English ports first. The purpose of the Acts was to give England control of trade, which meant that England could tax that trade.
What is a royal charter?
A royal charter was a grant from the King of England giving special privileges, such as self-government, to a colony, company, or individual person.
If you were given a royal charter, it would mean that you would be in charge of a piece of land that could be ruled however you wanted, so long as you were loyal to the King and managed the land well.
Although the Virginia Company had a royal charter to establish a colony at Jamestown in 1607, that Royal Charter was taken away by the King in 1624, which allowed the English government to have direct control over those lands.
How did the British government react to the actions of the First Continental Congress?
The British ignored the First Continental Congress.
Massachusetts was declared to be in an open state of rebellion, and troops under British General Gage were dispatched to Boston.
What was the Glorious Revolution of 1688?
During the Glorious Revolution of 1688, Catholic King James II was removed from power, and Parliament named Protestant King William and Queen Mary as the new King and Queen.
By deposing King James II and naming monarchs of their choosing, Parliament took new powers, making England’s government more Democratic and less Monarchical.
In the presidential election of 1800, which took place before the passage of the Twelfth Amendment, two Democratic-Republicans tied in the Electoral College. Who were they?
Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr
*Electors who cast their two votes for Jefferson and Burr thought they were electing Burr for Vice President, but when Burr realized that the tie gave him the chance at the Presidency, he attempted to convince the still Federalist House of Representatives to vote for him as opposed to Jefferson, their staunch political enemy.
Alexander Hamilton persuaded many Representatives that Jefferson was the safer choice, because he considered Burr a scoundrel. Later, Burr would shoot and kill Hamilton in a duel.*
AP Historical Theme:
American National Identity
How and why definitions of American and national identity and values have developed among the diverse and changing population of North America as well as on related topics, such as citizenship, constitutionalism, foreign policy, assimilation, and American exceptionalism.
“Resolved, 1st. That every form of government rightfully founded, originates from the consent of the people.
(…)
4th. That every tax imposed upon English subjects without consent is against the natural rights and the bounds prescribed by the English constitution.
5th. That the Stamp Act in special, is a tax imposed on the colonies without their consent.
6th. That it is the duty of every person in the colonies to oppose by every lawful means the execution of those acts imposed on them, and if they can in no other way be relieved, to reassume their natural rights and the authority the laws of nature and of God have vested them with.”
—From the Connecticut Resolutions on the Stamp Act: December 10, 1765
What colonial complaint following the Seven Years’ War is best reflected in this excerpt?
Taxation without direct representation in Parliament
omplete the sentence:
A loose alliance of Indian tribes in the Great Lakes region, allied to resist American expansion, was known as the ______ ______.
Western Confederacy
The allied group of Native Americans scored several victories over minor American forces in 1790 and 1791, prompting George Washington to dispatch a strong force under General Anthony Wayne to the Ohio Territory.
Explain the rationale for why the South wanted to have the three-fifths compromise written into the constitution.
The Convention passed the Three-Fifths Compromise.
For representation in the House of Representatives, each enslaved person counted as 3/5 of a person. This would only benefit southern states politically since enslaved peoples were relatively rare in the North. This “compromise” was to satisfy wealthy southern planters, who wanted to have greater political power to ensure the safety of their wealth and their continued subjugation of Black Americans.
As a “compromise”, the South also agreed to end the importation of enslaved peoples by 1808.
What happened when the British Army arrived in Concord?
When the British arrived in Concord, the arms and ammunition stored there were already gone. As the British Army marched back to Boston, they were attacked by the Minutemen from natural cover.
What was the first permanent English colony in the New World?
Jamestown, Virginia, established in 1607, was England’s first permanent colony in the New World.
The Virginia Company, a joint-stock company, received a charter from King James I. A previous colony at Roanoke mysteriously disappeared, but the Jamestown colony survived despite disease and poor planning.
Committees of Correspondence
groups organized in 1772, by Samuel Adams, in several Massachusetts towns to keep an eye on British activities.
Deism.
The belief that a god exists, but that he chooses not to intervene in actions or events in the universe.
For example, deists don’t pray, since they believe that God will not intervene in actions or events in the universe.
What religious group founded Pennsylvania?
Quakers established Pennsylvania.
Although designed as a refuge for Quakers, Penn established religious freedom in Pennsylvania.
What was the immediate effect of the Glorious Revolution on the American colonies?
In North America, the Glorious Revolution meant the end of the Dominion of New England.
What were the results of the Battles of Lexington and Concord?
After the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the British Army retreated to Boston. As a result of the battles, American militiamen swarmed to join the ragtag forces besieging General Gage’s army.
The defeat of British regulars by informal militia provided a morale boost to the Americans.
What was the Stono Rebellion?
On Sunday, September 9, 1739, 20 enslaved people got together near the Stono River to start a rebellion. They went into a store to get guns but in the process killed the gunshop owner and some of the workers who resisted. At their greatest, they numbered 100 freedmen.
Once armed, they went to several plantations:
- Freeing people from their enslavement
- Killing enslavers who had been cruel
- Sparing the ones who had been kind
What was the effect of the Great Awakening on American religion?
The Great Awakening led to splits among American religious groups between the Old Lights and the New Lights.
Several Christian groups, including Presbyterians and Methodists, formed their own congregations.
“[T]he spirit of party … opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.”
—George Washington, from Farewell Address, 1796
What important idea does George Washington want Americans to recognize, as described in this excerpt?
a) Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.
b) Creating an alliance with a foreign country is a commitment that never ends and can destroy the nation.
c) Factions are essential to the healthy development of liberty and republicanism and should be encouraged.
d) Creating an alliance with a foreign country or people helps secure one’s own sovereignty and peace.
a) Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.
Why did the Federalists pass the Naturalization Act in 1798?
The Naturalization Act made new immigrants wait an extra 9 years before they were allowed to become a citizen. This had lengthened it from 5 years to 14 years.
The Federalists passed it because most new citizens tended to vote with the Democratic-Republican Party.
“It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act.”
—From Albany Plan of Union, 1754
**Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Albany Plan of Union?
**
a) It successfully united the colonies to provide support to the British in the Seven Years’ War.
b) Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.
c) American Indians joined the British cause because of promises made to them in the document.
d) Colonists did not want to support the war effort, which led to the document and resistance.
b) Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.
Mercantilism
Mercantilism is the idea that wealth cannot be created, it simply exists.
So in order for the mother country to get rich, they have to take that wealth from other areas. Those other areas are referred to as “colonies”. The purpose of “colonies” is to enrich the mother country.
This idea of Mercantilism was used as the justification for British Parliament passing unpopular laws such as the Navigation Acts.
Which of the following ideas eased Thomas Jefferson’s discomfort with the Louisiana Purchase? (5 points)
a) Congress ratified an amendment to authorize the sale.
b) Spain was no longer a threat to American expansion.
c) Obtaining land would protect the agrarian culture.
d) Few people from foreign nations lived there.
c) Obtaining land would protect the agrarian culture.
How did slavery develop in Virginia?
As Historian Edward T. O’Donnell puts it, Virginia transformed “from a society with slaves to a Slave Society in the 1660s”.
- By 1662, all enslaved mothers’ children were declared enslaved by the colonial government of Virginia.
- By 1667, baptism could no longer free an enslaved person
- By 1669, enslavers could legally kill an enslaved person since that person was their property
It took the Chesapeake region, and Virginia in particular, almost 100 years to legally implement full chattel slavery as we commonly understand it today.
3,000 enslaved peoples in the Chesapeake region in 1680. It increased to 16,000 by 1700, and 210,000 people were enslaved by 1775.
Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalists during the ratification debates?
a) Rural residents closely tied to the commercial marketplace
b) Merchants engaged in foreign commerce
c) State politicians fearful of a strong central government
d) Urban artisans, laborers, and sailors
c) State politicians fearful of a strong central government
AP US History Theme:
American and Regional Culture
How and why national, regional, and group cultures developed and changed as well as how culture has shaped government policy and the economy.
Although the Supreme Court had held a federal law unconstitutionally in Marbury v. Madison, in what case did the Supreme Court establish the principle that it could hold a state law unconstitutional?
Fletcher v. Peck (1810)
*In Fletcher, the Georgia state legislature had enacted a law that voided some land sales which a previous legislature had made and which were induced by corruption.
The Marshall Court held that the Georgia legislature’s law which voided the land sales were a violation of the U.S. Constitution, even if the land sales had been made by a corrupt process.*
Pontiac’s Rebellion
Pontiac’s Rebellion was an attack by a group of allied Native American tribes against British outposts who were protecting settlers who were flooding the area west of the Appalachian mountains.
In response, the British issued the Proclamation of 1763, which banned colonization west of the Appalachian Mountains. The British did this to save on the military costs of having to protect settlers.
Explain who the Puritans were.
The Puritans sought to “purify” Christian religious practices and were a religious threat to the Church of England.
As a result, a smaller group of these Puritans, known as Separatists, sought to leave the Church of England entirely, and thus migrated to North America and settled in the New England Colonies.
English monarch Henry VIII founded the Church of England to divorce his wife, free from papal interference. As the religious embodiment of the King, any threat to the Church of England was a threat to the King himself, so he welcomed the idea of Puritan departure.
In addition to the Federalists, New England merchants (many of whom were Federalists) opposed the War of 1812 for different reasons. Why?
Despite Britain’s blockades, the Embargo Act (1807), and the Non-Intercourse Act (1809), New England merchants made substantial profits off of both sides in the Napoleonic Wars, and were reluctant to sever trading with Britain.
What did Pinckney’s treaty establish?
Spain (which controlled New Orleans at the time), agreed that Americans could transfer cargo at New Orleans, without paying taxes to the Spanish government.
This change significantly increased transportation along the Mississippi River by Americans, which led to the growth of New Orleans as a large shipping port.
Articles of Confederation
The Articles of Confederation were established during the Revolutionary War by the Continental Congress. Due to fears of concentrated power, the Articles intentionally established a weak central government.
Proclamation of 1763
In response to Pontiac’s Rebellion, the Proclamation of 1763 banned colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains.
Land Ordinances of 1784, 1785
Definition: The Ordinance of 1784 divided the western territory into ten districts that could petition Congress for statehood when its population equaled the number of free inhabitants of the smallest existing state. The Ordinance of 1785 created a system for surveying and selling the western lands.
Significance: The Ordinance of 1784 established these provisions to avoid creating second-class citizens in territories, which was how many Americans had felt as former colonists under the British
The Ordinance of 1785 would serve to survey and mark off into rectangle townships the territory north of the Ohio River to be set aside for the U.S. to gain revenue from and to be sold to the people
Why did the Boston Tea Party take place?
To protest the British government’s actions in the Tea Act.
The Sons of Liberty, disguised as Indians boarded the ship carrying the tea on December 16, 1773, and threw 1.7 million dollars worth of tea (in today’s US dollars) overboard.
Many Anti-Federalists, led by Thomas Jefferson, opposed Hamilton’s plan to create a strong central government. Why?
Jefferson and his supporters had two main objections to Hamilton’s plan:
- They were concerned that as the federal government gained power, the states would lose it.
- They felt that it would benefit the rich and hurt poor farmers.
What was the Dominion of New England?
In 1686, King James II established the Dominion of New England, under the command of Edmund Andros. The Dominion of New England combined New York, New Jersey, and the New England colonies into one unit.
“[T]he Great Spirit bade him (Neolin) be seated, and thus addressed him: … The land on which you live I have made for you, and not for others. Why do you suffer the white men to dwell among you? My children, you have forgotten the customs and traditions of your forefathers. Why do you not clothe yourselves in skins, as they did, and use the blows and arrows, and the stonepointed lances, which they used? You have bought guns, knives, kettles, and blankets, from the white men, until you can no longer do without them … Fling all these things away; live as your wise forefathers lived before you. And as for these English, … you must lift the hatchet against them. Wipe them from the face of the earth, and then you will win my favor back again, and once more be happy and prosperous.”
—From the speeches of Pontiac, 1762–1763
**How is the excerpt related to the Proclamation of 1763? **
Pontiac led a rebellion that caused British officials to issue the law in an effort to stop further violence by protecting certain areas for the American Indians
What was the experience of women in the American colonies?
Women in the American colonies had few legal rights; most women could not own property and could not vote. Some 50% of colonial women died in childbirth.
In the South especially, marriage was looked upon as a business transaction; a woman’s father was approached regarding marriage and the woman (often as young as age 14) was rarely consulted.
What was the Hartford Convention?
The Hartford Convention was a meeting of New England Federalists opposed to the War of 1812, many of whom supported secession. Although a vote for secession failed, the Hartford Convention urged opposition to the War and amendment to the Constitution to stop the growth of Democratic-Republican power.
After the War and Jackson’s victory at the Battle of New Orleans, the Federalists were castigated as unpatriotic, and by 1820, the Federalists had disintegrated as a national political force.
How did tobacco influence the Chesapeake and North Carolina colonies?
The labor-intensive cultivation of tobacco led to the growth of slavery in the Chesapeake colonies.
Why did Madison ask Congress for a declaration of war against Britain in 1812?
Throughout his first term, Madison had done his best to stay neutral in the decades-long conflict between France and Britain. Continued impressment by the British Navy, the blockade of the American coast, and the pressure of the War Hawks led to Madison’s request that Congress declare war.
Ironically, after war was declared, Madison received word that the British had agreed to stop their blockade.
National Government
Definition: The body of the United States that governs the nation as a whole
Significance: The original national government of the United States was established by the Articles of Confederation, which were adopted in 1777. This national government had many limitations, such as how Congress was the only central power – without any real executive in place – and how it did not have the power to regulate trade, draft troops, or levy taxes on the people
During and after the Great Awakening, the American religious community was divided between “Old Lights” and “New Lights.” What was the difference between the two?
- Old Lights rejected the Great Awakening, preferring more staid and formalistic religious preaching, while the New Lights were more evangelical and embraced the principle of joy in one’s relationship with God.
- The New Lights believed that man himself could talk directly to God, without the intervention of a priest or pastor.
What was unique about the status of women in Pennsylvania?
As part of the Quaker ethos, William Penn insisted that women in the Pennsylvania colony be given equal rights with men.
In May 1775, the Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia. The Congress was divided into two factions.
Q: What were they?
The Second Continental Congress’ two factions:
- One group, mainly from New England, advocated for immediate independence.
- The other group, mainly from the Middle Colonies, sought to reconcile with the British: led by John Dickinson, this group convinced Congress to send the Olive Branch Petition.
What was the Halfway Covenant?
As the children of Puritans increasingly displayed more concern with making money than with creating a god-fearing society, some Puritans established the Halfway Covenant, which allowed for a more limited church membership with minimal Puritan restrictions.
The establishment of the Halfway Covenant represented an end to the Puritans’ near-monopoly on religious worship in the New England colonies. In part, the decline of the Puritan churches paved the way for the Great Awakening.
Writs of Assistance
general search warrants designed to stop smuggling.
They allowed British customs agents to search wherever they pleased and without having to pay for any damages. So if you were walking down the street, one of these British customs agents could go to you and search your belongings without your consent, damaging some of them, and it was 100% legal, so long as they showed that they have a Writ of Assistance. So it’s basically a vague warrant.
James Otis argued that the writs violated natural law, and many Americans felt that Writs of Assistance infringed upon their rights as British subjects.
What was the Great Awakening?
The Great Awakening was a religious revival that lasted from the 1720s to the 1740s.
Led by speakers such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards, preaching during the Great Awakening focused on an individual’s personal religious experience, and declared that all men were equal before God.
What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763?
Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands
AP US Historical Theme:
Work, Technology and Exchange
the factors behind the development of systems of economic exchange, particularly the role of technology, economic markets, and government.
Unicameral
Unicameral is a legislature with one chamber. The Articles of Confederation established a unicameral legislature.
What is a joint-stock company?
In a joint-stock company, funds are contributed into a common pool by investors who share in the company’s profits and losses. Without joint-stock companies, English colonization would have been far more difficult. These joint-stock companies provided the money for the early colonization of North America by the English because the investors in the company were eager to discover gold, just like the Spanish had done in modern-day Mexico (Aztecs) and Peru (Inca).
“To judge from the conduct of the opposite parties, we shall be led to conclude that they will mutually hope to evince the justness of their opinions, and to increase the number of their converts by the loudness of their declamations and the bitterness of their invectives. An enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the fault of the head than of the heart, will be represented as mere pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense of the public good.”
—Alexander Hamilton, 1787
Which of the following accurately reflects the excerpt?
a) Hamilton is an Anti-Federalist arguing that the Articles of
Confederation merely need some amendments.
b) Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that the Constitution is necessary to quiet the radical elements in society.
c) Hamilton is an Anti-Federalist arguing that the Constitution endangers the individual liberties of citizens.
d) Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.
d) Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.
How did Federalists react to the declaration of war against Britain?
Centered in New England, New York, and New Jersey, Federalists denounced the war as an attempt by the Democratic-Republicans to conquer Canada and Florida in an effort to increase the number of Democratic-Republican voters.
In 1798, the Federalists won a majority of seats in the Senate and House due to anti-French sentiments after the XYZ affair. What three laws did they pass?
With their new majorities, the Federalists attempted to silence the Democratic-Republicans and passed:
- the Alien Act
- the Sedition Act
- the Naturalization Act
With which two countries did the early United States have boundary disputes to settle following the Revolutionary War?
a) France and Great Britain
b) France and Mexico
c) Spain and Great Britain
d) Spain and Mexico
c) Spain and Great Britain
Between 1764-1765, the British government passed the Sugar Act, the Quartering Act, and the Stamp Act, which met with hostility in the American colonies.
Why did the British government pass these acts?
The three acts were passed to increase revenue from and decrease costs of the North American colonies to the British government after the British amassed a large debt from the French and Indian War.
The Sugar Act and the Stamp Act increased colonial taxes (revenues). The Quartering Act, which required colonists to house and feed British soldiers, decreased costs.
Which statement best describes the position of the Jeffersonians, or Democratic-Republicans?
a) They wanted to compensate American Indians for lost lands and establish a monarchy.
b) They wanted to return American Indian lands near the frontier and abolish the presidency.
c) They supported a national bank, a strong central government, and the prevention of internal dissent.
d) They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.
d) They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.
How did the 1798 Sedition Act violate principles of free speech?
The Sedition Act allowed for fines against newspaper editors who criticized the President or Congress.
The European intellectual movement known as the __________ emphasized rationalism.
Enlightenment
Instead of explaining human problems through religion, rationalism was a belief that all problems could be solved through deductive reasoning and scientific inquiry.
AP Historical Theme:
Politics and Power
How different social and political groups have influenced society and government in the United States as well as how political beliefs and institutions have changed over time.
Apart from “liberty,” ____________ was the word most used in the late 18th century in legal and political literature. (5 points)
a) tolerance
b) slavery
c) equality
d) suffrage
b) slavery
John Jay signed a treaty with Great Britain, which was narrowly approved by the Senate. The Jay Treaty provoked an outcry. Why?
John Jay had been sent to negotiate a treaty regarding the British policy of impressment, which was the practice of British sailors kidnapping American sailors whom the British claimed weren’t really American.
When John Jay returned to the USA, his treaty said nothing about impressment.
Instead, it was an agreement by the British to abandon their forts on the western frontier, which the British had already agreed to do at the end of the Revolutionary War.
In addition, Washington’s willingness to negotiate with the British irritated pro-French Democratic-Republicans.
Where did the French focus their colonial efforts?
The French colonial efforts focused on the area around the St. Lawrence River, where they founded the colony of Quebec in 1608. French exploration was dominated by the fur trade.
Small Freeholders
Definition: Independent landowners
Significance: The small freeholder was seen as the model individual that would have civic virtues and would perform actions in the nation’s best interests. The ideal of the small freeholder was basic to American political ideology
AP Historical Theme:
Migration & Settlement
Why and how the various people who moved to and within the United States both adapted to and transformed their new social and physical environments
In 1794, General Anthony Wayne defeated the Western Confederacy, a loose alliance of Indian tribes, at which battle?
The Battle of Fallen Timbers
After the battle, the Western Confederacy signed the Treaty of Greenville, whereby the Native Americans agreed to give up much of present-day Ohio to the United States, and opened the land for white settlement.
The South Carolina Security Act
n response to being outnumbered by enslaved people 2 to 1, South Carolina’s colonial government passed the Security Act, which required all white men to carry firearms to church each Sunday.
How did most of the American public respond to news of the XYZ Affair?
Most Americans were outraged at the insult, and although popular support for war against Britain had been strong for a few months, now most Americans advocated for war against France.
Although national sentiment, voiced in the expression “Millions for defense, but not one cent for tribute,” argued strongly for war against France, Adams did not ask Congress to declare war, concerned that the U.S. Army and Navy was still too weak to fight a European power.
How did democracy function in colonial Massachusetts?
All male members of the Puritan church had the right to elect the governor, the governor’s assistants, and a representative assembly.
How did most Americans respond to the Stamp Act?
American outrage at the Stamp Act proved a unifying force throughout the colonies. People started to forget the things that made them different and started to focus on issues that concerned all of the 13 colonies.
Why did Parliament pass the Tea Act of 1773?
It made the price of British tea, plus tax, cheaper than Dutch tea.
Tea was an important component of the British economy. After the American colonies began boycotting tea from Britain (instead using smuggled Dutch tea), the British East India Company suffered a financial crisis.
Hoping to ease the crisis, the British government passed the Tea Act, which made the price of British tea, plus the tax, cheaper than Dutch tea.
How did the American Colonization Society propose to solve the issue of slavery?
The American Colonization Society suggested that the government purchase enslaved people and have them transported back to Africa.
The country of Liberia, Africa was founded by the American Colonization Society. Although men such as Lincoln supported the idea, it never caught on and only 12,000 Black Americans returned to Africa.
What was the target of the initial American attack during the War of 1812?
American forces launched a three-prong attack into Canada. Poorly equipped and poorly led, American troops were defeated, achieving only one notable success by burning York (modern-day Toronto).
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How did Thomas Jefferson respond to the continued British impressment of American sailors?
Jefferson convinced Congress to pass the Embargo Act in 1807, which barred American ships from sailing to any non-American port.
Jefferson hoped that Britain, cut off from American supplies, would cease violating American rights. Britain simply began importing more goods from South America and continued her impressment of Americans.
Which of the following addressed the issue of counting enslaved persons in the population as part of determining representation in the national government?
a) Great Compromise
b) Commerce Compromise
c) Presidential Compromise
d) Three-Fifths Compromise
d) Three-Fifths Compromise
Explain the encomienda system
Under the Encomienda System, the Spanish government provided grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards who were supposed to care for the Indians and convert them to Catholicism.
The system resulted in virtual slavery for Native Americans, most of whom died from diseases and being overworked.
Why were the English able to colonize the New England colonies so easily?
Disease wiped out 90% of the Native Americans from the heavily wooded New England area.
So as English settlers spread inland, they would find large areas of cleared land that had been previously used for planting by the deceased Native Americans.
So, in effect, all the English had to do was remove the weeds and plant their crops on the cleared land.
