APUSH FALL FINAL

Question 1

About 40,000 years ago, migrants began arriving in the Americas over the _____ _____ _____.

Answer 1

Bering Land Bridge

Many archeologists believe that tribes of hunter-gatherers crossed over dry land which once connected Siberia with Alaska, as a result of a drop in sea levels during the Pleistocene Ice Age. This migration is estimated to have taken place between 40,000 and 20,000 years ago.

Question 2

How did Native American Societies respond to the climate of the Great Basin/Great Plains?

Answer 2

They became nomadic.

They moved from place to place in an effort to follow the animals they hunted.

Question 3

Where was Cahokia?

Answer 3

Cahokia was located on the banks of the Mississippi River, near modern-day St. Louis, and was characterized by massive burial mounds.

Cahokia was the largest urban concentration of Indians north of Mexico. Before it was abandoned in circa 1400 A.D., some 40,000 people were estimated to have lived there.

Question 4

What’s a similarity that Native Americans of the Northeast, Mississippi River Vally, and Atlantic Seaboard share?

Answer 4

They developed mixed economies that used agricultural and hunting/gathering.

These mixed economies favored the development of permenant villages, since farming required permenant settlement.

Question 5

Explain how maize impacted the development of Native American Societies.

Answer 5

The spread of maize from modern-day Mexico to other parts of the Americas supported:

Growth of economies
New settlements
Advanced irrigation
Increased social diversification
The reason why corn caused all of this to happen was because socities could focus less on food production and focus more on other tasks.

Question 6

How did the Native Americans of the Pacific coast support themselves?

Answer 6

If they weren’t hunting and gathering, they used the enormous resources of the ocean to collect their food.

Question 7

Explain how Native Americans responded to Europeans’ divergent worldviews.

Answer 7

Native Americans responded to Europeans’ divergent worldviews by:

Trying to adopt useful aspects of European culture.
Defending their way of life through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
Among the Europeans themselves, a debate emerged about how non-Europeans should be treated. It’s from this time period where the racial justifications for the enslavement and murder of Africans and Native Americans emerged.

Question 8

How did contact with Europeans affect the native inhabitants of the New World?

Answer 8

Indians had no resistance to European diseases, and roughly 90% of the Indian population died from diseases like smallpox.

Many of the remaining Indians were enslaved to work Spanish farms and mines under the Encomienda System.​ Without immunity to these diseases, it would have been impossible for the Europeans to conquer and enslave Native Americans.

Question 9

Explain the encomienda system.

Answer 9

Under the Encomienda System, the Spanish government provided grants of land and Indians to individual Spaniards who were supposed to care for the Indians and convert them to Catholicism.

The system resulted in virtual slavery for Native Americans, most of whom died from diseases and being overworked.

Question 10

Explain the circumstances that caused the Pueblo Revolt.

Answer 10

In 1680, a group of Pueblo natives in modern-day New Mexico, led by Popé, a Pueblo religious leader, revolted against Spain, driving the Spanish from the colony of Santa Fe de Nuevo México.

Among the reasons for the revolt, besides forcing Catholicism on the Pueblo people, was that the Spanish had been especially cruel to the natives.

For example, Spanish Conquistador Juan de Onate had ordered that one leg be chopped from every man over fifteen and the rest of the population be enslaved, setting a pattern of cruelty that lasted 80 years.

Question 11

Where did the French focus their colonial efforts?

Answer 11

The French colonial efforts focused on the area around the St. Lawrence River, where they founded the colony of Quebec in 1608. French exploration was dominated by the fur trade.

The French efforts were driven by fashion. Beaver skin proved easy to make into hats, and beaver skin hats were a staple of the fashionable French gentleman for two centuries.

Question 12

How did the French interact with the Native Americans?

Answer 12

Most contact between the Indians and the French was peaceful.

Relatively few French settlers arrived in the New World and their primary focus was on trade, mainly trading manufactured goods and weapons for furs.

Question 13

Explain who the Puritans were.

Answer 13

The Puritans sought to “purify” Christian religious practices and were a religious threat to the Church of England.

As a result, a smaller group of these Puritans, known as Separatists, sought to leave the Church of England entirely, and thus migrated to North America and settled in the New England Colonies.

English monarch Henry VIII founded the Church of England to divorce his wife, free from papal interference. As the religious embodiment of the King, any threat to the Church of England was a threat to the King himself, so he welcomed the idea of Puritan departure.

Question 14

How did the triangular trade system operate?

Answer 14

In the triangular trade system, rum was shipped from a North American port to Africa, where it was traded for slaves.

The slaves were then carried to British colonies in the Caribbean in what was known as the Middle Passage. In the Caribbean, the slaves were traded for sugar cane, which was in turn carried to North America to be made into rum.

Question 15

Compare the French and Indian war with the Seven Years War. What are the major differences?

Answer 15

They are the same war. They have two names that are often used interchangeably.

Question 16

Salutary neglect.

Answer 16

Salutary neglect describes the hands-off policy the British adopted towards the colonies prior to 1763. The British did not enforce parliamentary law or interfere in trade.

This resulted in the colonists becoming more self-reliant and independent.

Question 17

What was the French and Indian War?

Answer 17

The war was fought by the British mainly for control of the colonial frontier.

The French and Indian War (1754-1763) was fought by the British against France and Indian tribes that were allied to the French. Victory in the war gave the English control of Canada and the entire Mississippi River valley, while limiting France to their small colony in present-day Haiti.

Question 18

What was the Stamp Act?

Answer 18

The Stamp Act required the purchase of a stamp for newspapers, advertisements, and legal documents.

Question 19

What was the Stamp Act?

Answer 19

The Stamp Act required the purchase of a stamp for newspapers, advertisements, and legal documents.

Question 20

The _____ _____ required that Americans house and feed British troops.

Answer 20

Quartering Act

Question 21

How did most Americans respond to the Stamp Act?

Answer 21

American outrage at the Stamp Act proved a unifying force throughout the colonies. People started to forget the things that made them different and started to focus on issues that concerned all of the 13 colonies.

Question 22

What’s unique about Phillis Wheatly’s upbringing?

Answer 22

She learned to read and write.

She was kidnapped and sold into slavery from the Gambia river region in Africa at age 8. The couple that enslaved her were still grieving over the daughter they had lost almost a decade earlier.

As a result, Phillis’s enslavers were kind to her, relative to how the average enslaved person was treated. As such, Phillis, despite still being enslaved, was able to learn to read and write, and within the first 4 years of her captivity, was educated enough to compose poetry and write letters.

Question 23

What organization was the first radical abolitionist group in the United States?

Answer 23

The American Anti-Slavery Society

Based in New York City and founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1833, the American Anti-Slavery Society demanded the immediate abolition of slavery.

The American Anti-Slavery Society issued pamphlets, petitions to Congress, and sponsored speeches, including many by Frederick Douglass.

Question 24

What was the Indian Removal Act (1830)?

Answer 24

The Indian Removal Act forcibly ejected Indians from lands east of the Mississippi.

Signed by Andrew Jackson and carried out during Martin Van Buren’s presidency, the Native Americans followed the 1,000-mile long Trail of Tears, forced to by the United States military, where 15,000 men, women, and children died, due to hunger, disease, and exhaustion.

Some Native American men had to walk with shackles on their hands and feet.

Question 25

Explain what the Nullification Crisis was about.

Answer 25

South Carolina told the US government that it didn’t have to follow federal law anymore, specifically, the Tariff of Abominations.

By doing this, South Carolina was, in effect, “nullifying” the law/tariff. According to the John Marshall Supreme Court, Federal power had always been favored over State power. So when South Carolina was still unwilling to follow the law, it caused a crisis since a state was being disloyal to the union by refusing to follow the federal law, which had already been upheld by the Supreme Court.

Question 26

What did Andrew Jackson call the “Hydra of Corruption”?

Answer 26

The Second Bank of the United States

Jackson felt that the Bank was unconstitutional, and only served the wealthy. Jackson declared war on the Bank, and on its President, Nicholas Biddle. It did not help the Bank’s public image that Biddle was arrogant and unpopular.

Question 27

What was Jacksonian Democracy?

Answer 27

Jacksonian Democracy centered upon the participation of the white male public in elections and the government. Under Jackson’s view, any white man could fill any office in the federal government. Jacksonian Democracy favored a strong Presidency and a weak Congress.

The era of Jacksonian Democracy lasted until the 1850s when slavery once more loomed large as a national political issue.

Question 28

What did the Seneca Falls Convention propose?

Answer 28

Prominent feminists, including Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, proposed equality for women, including legal, property, and voting rights. Though the Seneca Falls Convention and the women’s movement were overshadowed by abolitionism, the Convention marked the beginning of the women’s rights movement.

Question 29

In addition to banning further American immigration to Texas in the 1830s, Mexico enacted two laws that enraged American settlers. What were they?

Answer 29

First, Mexico required anyone already living within Mexican territory to convert to Roman Catholicism. Second, Mexico passed legislation banning the enslavement of people.

Americans simply ignored both laws. Most enslavers simply converted their slaves into “lifetime indentured servants”, a distinction without a difference that only served to irritate Mexican authorities.

Question 30

In 1848, the United States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. What were its key terms?

Answer 30

The US government, after forcing Mexico to sign the Treaty, gave them 15 million dollars in exchange for 1/3 of the entire country of Mexico.

Mexico would also recognize the Rio Grande River as Texas’ southern border, which was the initial American demand before the war.

Question 31

Gold was discovered in California in 1848, and by 1849 a large influx of settlers had arrived, hoping to strike it rich. What nickname applied to these settlers?

Answer 31

They were known as 49ers.

In their wake came thousands of more permanent settlers, who followed the overland trails that took them to California and Oregon.

Question 32

The South possessed two major military advantages during the Civil War. What were they?

Answer 32

The South’s two major military advantages were:

Interior lines: the South would be fighting a defensive war, allowing it to move troops to affected areas and offset in part the Union advantage in manpower.
Able commanders: the South had a distinct military tradition, and many of the Confederacy’s senior commanders had significant military experience.
Robert E. Lee was so highly regarded at the outset of the War that Lincoln offered him field command of the Union troops.

Question 33

What military advantages did the North possess in the Civil War?

Answer 33

The North was in a strong position at the outset of the Civil War, with numerous advantages, including:

Large population: Northerners outnumbered Southerners 4 to 1, and an influx of new immigrants (many of whom joined the U.S. Army) added to the advantage.
Naval power: drawing primarily from the New England states, the U.S. Navy remained loyal, and was able to blockade the Confederacy.
Industry: most industry was based in the North, and Union factories churned out arms and ammunition.

Question 34

Explain what Radical Republicanism was about.

Answer 34

Radical Republicans themselves never completely existed as a united political group. The only thing that united all of them was their shared desire for the emancipation of Black people and issues of racial justice.

When it came to gold/silver, tariffs, or reform for workers, Radical Republicans were often very divided.

Question 35

What did the Homestead Act (1862) accomplish?

Answer 35

The Homestead Act offered 160 acres of free land upon the Great Plains to anyone who was willing to farm it for five years.

The goal of the Homestead Act was to increase the population of the Great Plains, as well as to stimulate agricultural production.

Question 36

What was the Freedman’s Bureau?

Answer 36

Active between 1865 and 1869, the Freedman’s Bureau was a federal agency that assisted newly freed blacks.

The Freedman’s Bureau provided food, clothing, and education, and over a four-year period, taught some 200,000 blacks to read, founded several black colleges, and built 3,000 schools.

Question 37

How did the first Indian reservation system develop?

Answer 37

In the 1830s, Indians had been relegated to the areas west of the Mississippi River, but were allowed freedom of movement. In the 1850s the Indians were assigned (“reserved”) to tracts of land with definite boundaries, a process which increased during the post-Civil War period.

Question 38

The process of pumping air through molten iron is known as the _____ _____.

Answer 38

Bessemer Process

By removing impurities, the Bessemer Process converts iron into steel, a stronger building material than iron alone. The Process revolutionized the making of steel by significantly lowering the cost of its production.

Question 39

Who was Andrew Carnegie?

Answer 39

Carnegie was the owner of the Carnegie Steel Company.
Supplied half of all steel used worldwide.
Made use of vertical integration.
Used the Bessemer process.
He also used the “Bessemer Process”, a technique to create cheap steel at a good quality, which he learned while in England, which made him enormously wealthy.

Question 40

New South

Answer 40

The New South refers to proposed changes in the Southern economy in the post-Civil War era.

As used by Henry Grady, a newspaper editor from Atlanta, proponents of the New South advocated for increased laissez-faire policies. Grady and New South advocates also emphasized economic diversity supporting greater industrialization and criticizing over-reliance on cotton as the South’s sole revenue-generating crop.

Question 41

Who were the Knights of Labor?

Answer 41

The Knights of Labor:

Was the second large-scale national labor union, reaching a million members in the 1880s.
Advocated for arbitration (rather than strikes) to:
end disputes between workers and employers
establish an eight-hour work day
end child labor
increase government regulation of business

Question 42

What was the Standard Oil Company?

Answer 42

The Standard Oil Company, under the control of John D. Rockefeller, was the largest oil producer in the United States in the late 1800s, with ownership of 95% of the market.

Rockefeller grew Standard Oil through the use of horizontal integration; stockholders of competitors sold their stock to Rockefeller, giving him control of their company. Using this tactic, Rockefeller then drove the price of oil down, forcing other competitors out of business.

Question 43

After the Civil War, there was an exponential increase in manufacturing in the United States. How did this increase affect the middle class?

Answer 43

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After the Civil War, there was an exponential increase in manufacturing in the United States. How did this increase affect the middle class?

The middle class grew, as the companies in new industries needed white-collar workers, such as clerks, bookkeepers and salesmen.

There was also an increase due to the need for professional men who worked with the new industries, such as lawyers and accountants.

Question 44

What type of working conditions prevailed in the new factories during the late nineteenth century?

Answer 44

By modern standards, working conditions were atrocious in the new factories. Workers toiled for ten hours per day, six days a week, often in dangerous conditions. Deaths at the workplace were common in the absence of worker safety laws.

Low pay and an increase in prices of basic goods during and after the Civil War led women into the workforce to supplement familial income. Most working women found employment in textile mills or garment factories.

Question 45

What did Andrew Carnegie argue in his essay Gospel of Wealth?

Answer 45

Carnegie argued that the wealthy had a duty to better society by aiding the poor. Carnegie did not, however, advocate merely providing the poor with money. Rather, Carnegie believed that it was the duty of the wealthy to provide means by which the poor could achieve success, such as by endowing free libraries, schools, and universities.

Question 46

During the 1870s, most immigrants to the United States arrived from the countries of Northern Europe. During the 1880s and 1890s, from where did most European immigrants arrive?

Answer 46

Most new immigrants were from Italy, or were Jews from Eastern Europe.

Increasingly, these immigrants clustered in their own neighborhoods, such as Little Italy in Manhattan, or University City in St. Louis.