APUSH Flashcards
Period 1-5
Columbian exchange
the exchange of people, plants and animals between Europe, Africa, and North America that occured after Columbus arrived in the western hemisphere
feudalism
social and economic system structured around the ownership of land
capitalism
social and economic system structured around free exchange of goods and labor
encomienda system
spanish system to regulate and control Native Americans. the spanish crown granted spanish coloniets a specified number of natives for whom they were to take responsibility
puritans
english protestants who wanted to create a “community of saints” ir “city up on a hill” that would serve as a model of christianity
Chesapeake
common term for the two colonies of Maryland and Virginia, both if which border on chesapeake bay
indentured servitude
system of labor in which a company or individual paid a person’s passage to America in return for a contract of repayment through servitude (ususlly 7 years)
metocom”s war (king Philip’s war), 1675-1676
the last significant effort by the Indians of southern new England to drive away english settlers. the Indians were led by metacom, the pokunoket chief whom english settlers called “king Philip”
chattel slavery
system of labor in which one person is owned as the property of another person. the owner has absolute power over the life and liberty of the slave.
pueblo revolt
an uprising of Indians in santa fe against spanish colonization
the enlightenment (age of reason)
18th century philosophical movement in Europe that emphasized reason and individualism rather than tradition and faith
great awakening 1730s-1760s
evangelical religious revival that swept through Britain’s North American colonies. the great awakening strengthy beliefd in religious freedom and challenged the status of established churches.
French and Indian war (7 years war)
imperial war between Britain and France for control of north America (beginning in 1754) that became a larger-scale European war in 1756. american indians generally supported the French.
ben Franklin
american writer, scientist, inventor, and diplomat who was a significant leader of the American independence movement. Franklin negotiated the treaty of alliance with France during the American revolution. he also negotiated the treaty ending the American revolution and attended the constitutional convention in 1787
Republican form of government
free people govern themselves through elected representatives. a society with a king.
Thomas Paine, common sense 1776
common sense was pamphlet that attacked the British monarchy, calling for American independence from Britain.
declaration of independence 1776
a formal statement adopted by the secone continental Congress declaring the American colonies independent.
george Washington
commander in chief of the continental army during the American revolution
Republican motherhood
a view of womanhood after the American revolution that stressed the importance of women in raising children with republican virtues such as patriotism and honor
french revolution 1789
period of radical social and political change throughout europe that began with an uprising against the king of France
articles of confederation 1781-1789
first constitution of the United states. created a national government with limited powers
anti-federalists
people who opposed ratification of the U.S. constitution, anti-federalist arguments included the fear that the president of the U.S. might become a king, the federsl government would have to much power, and the constitution did not include bill of rights
federalist papers 1787-1788
85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the federalist who advocated ratification of the U.S. constitution
bill of rights 1791
during the ratification process for the U.S. constitiution, demands for greater guarantees of rights resulted in a promise for the additionof the bill of rights to the new constitution. a bill of rights was added to the constitution by 1791.
john adams
revolutionary leader who played an instrumental role in the vote for american independence. after the american revolution he served as U.S. minister to Great Britian, first vice-president the united states and second president of the united states.
washington’s farewell address 1796
president washington warned about the dangers of divisive political parties and permanent foreign alliances.
federalist party
poitical party associated with Alexander Hamilton. Federalists supported Britian in its war agianst france. (Domestically, federallists supported a strong federal government, a loose interpretation of the U.S. constitution, a bank of the united states, and revenue tariffs.)
Democratic republican party
political party associated with Thomas Jefferson. democratic republicans supported france in its war agianst britian. (domestically, federalists supported states’ rights and a strict interpretation of the U.S. constitution. they were opposed to a bank of the united states and revenue tariffs.)
Thomas Jefferson
chief author of the declaration of independence, govenor of Virginia during the american revolution, U.S. minister to France after the Revolution, second vice-president, and third president of the united states. leader of the democratic repbulican party
James madison
virginia planter, political theorist, delegate to the constitutional convention, and co-author of the Federalist papers. his work in creating the U.S. constitution and the bill of rights has earned him the title “father of the constitution.” Leader of the democratic-republican party
Alexander Hamilton
first secretary of the treasury who funded the national debt through excise taxes, tariffs, and the sale of western land. as secretary of treasury he also used the power of the national government to assume state debts and create a bank of the united states. leader of the federalist party
northwest ordinances
as settlers moved westward in the 178.s, the U.S. congress under the articles of confederation enacted the Northwest ordinance for admitting new states and sought to promote public education, the protection of private property, and the restriction of slavery in the northwest territory.
federalists
political party created in the 1790s. led by alexander hamilton, the federalists favored a stronger national government. supported primarily by the bankers and moneyed interests.
democratic-republicans
political party created in the 1790s. led by thomas jefferson, the democratic-republican favored limited government and states rights. supported primarily by the “comman man”
whig party
political party created in 184 as a coalation of anti-jackson political leaders.
andrew jackson
Leader of the democrats who became the seventh president of the united states (1829-1837)
henry clay
leader of the whig party who proposed an “american system” to make the united states economically self-sufficient. clay worked to keep the union together through politcal compromise.
market economy
economic system based on the unregulated buying and selling of goods and services. prices are determined by the forces fo suppy and demand
american system 1815
henry clay’s proposal to make the U.S. economically self-sufficient. the american system called for protective tariffs, internal improvements at federal expense, and the creation of the second bank of the united states.
second great awakening
an upsurge in religious activity that began around 1800 and was characterized by emotional revival meetings. the second great awakening led to several reform movements designed to make life better in this world.
Seneca Falls Convention 1848
the first convention in the United States advocation women’s rights. held in seneca falls NY
Louisiana purchase 1803
the U.S. purchased the Louisiana territory from the France for $15 milion, doubling the size of the U.S. and giving the U.S. full control of the Mississippi River.
Monroe Doctrine 1823
president monroe’s unilateral declaration that the americas would be closed to further european colonization. the doctrine also stated the U.S. would not allow European interference in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.
Missouri Compromise 1820
Law proposed by Heny Clay admitting Missouri to the U.S. as a slave state and main as a free state. the law also banned slavery int he Louisiana territory north of latitude 36degrees by 30degrees
manifest destiny
belief that the U.S. was destined to expand across the North American continent
mexican-american war 1846-48
war caused by a territorial dispute between the U.S. and mexico that led to mexico ceding land to the U.S.
Mexican Cession 1848
the region of the present day southwestern united states that mexico ceded to the U.S. in the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo
gadsden purchase 1853
strip of land in present day Arizona and New Mexico that the U.S. purchased from Mexico as a route for building a southern transcontinental railroad. (the southern railroad was completed in 1882.)
compromise of 1850
attempt ot reconxile norherners and southerners over the issue of slavery. the compromise, written by Henry Clay, admitted California as a free state and called for popular sovereignty in New Mexico and Utah. the compromise also inclded a strong fugitive slave law and the end of the slave trade in D.C.
Kansas-Nebraska Act 1854
Law that allowed the Kansas and Nebraska territories to decide the issue of slave through popular sovereignty. the law led to civil war in kansas, creating what many called “bleeding kansas”
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 1857
after ruling that people of African descent were not citizens and could not sue in court, the supreme court under chief justice roger taney affirmed the right of slave owners to take their slaves into the western territories, negating the doctrine of popular sovereignty and repealing the Missouri Compromise.
republican party 1854
political party formed after the whig party split over the kansas nebraska act. the republican party, which was a northern and western party, opposed the extension of slavery into the western territories.
abraham lincoln
illinois republican elected president of the unitd states in 1860 oon a platform calling for not slavery in the territories. his election prompted southern states to secede, leading to the civil war.
emancipation proclamtion 1863
lincoln’s executive order abolishing slavery in all states rebelling agianst the united states. Lincoln issued the proclamation as a military necessity
gettysburg address 1863
president Lincoln’s short speech to dedicate a cemetery after the battle of gettysburg. Lincoln used the speech to define th United States as a nation based on the principle of equality found in the declaration of independence.
13th amendment 1865
constitutional amendment that abolished slavery in the united states and its territories.
14th amendment 1868
constitutional amendment that made former slaves citizens and guaranteed them equal protection of the laws.
15th amendment 1870
constitutional amendment that prohibited states from denying anyone the right to vote due to race or whether the person had once been a slave. a provision to allow women the right to vote was debated but not added to the amendment
Radical Republicans
faction of the republicans party that opposed moderation or conciliation toward the south. radical republicans opposed slavery and supported civil rights for freed slaves. after the civil war they tried to limit presidential power and increase congressional power.
