APUSH

Question 1

What was the Missouri Crisis?

Answer 1

A crisis over slavery erupted with stunning suddenness. It was, Thomas Jefferson wrote, like “a firebell in the night.” The crisis was ignited by Missouri’s application for statehood and it involved the status of slavery west of the Mississippi River.

Question 2

What is Nationalism?

Answer 2

Identification with one’s own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.

Question 3

What is Sectionalism?

Answer 3

Restriction of interest to a narrow sphere; undue concern with local interests or petty distinctions at the expense of general well-being.

Question 4

What was the Second Bank of the United States?

Answer 4

It had much in common with its forerunner, including its functions and structure. It would act as fiscal agent for the federal government — holding its deposits, making its payments, and helping it issue debt to the public — and it would issue and redeem banknotes and keep state banks’ issuance of notes in check.

Question 5

Who was Francis Cabot Lowell, and what is the Lowell System?

Answer 5

A businessman from New England whose ideas changed the textile industry in the Northeast. He developed the Lowell system where textile mills would employ young unmarried women from local farms. The system included a loom that could both spin thread and weave cloth in the same mill.

Question 6

What are “Internal Improvements”?

Answer 6

A nineteenth-century term referring to investment in transportation projects such as roads, railroads, canals, harbors, and river navigation projects. They were generally restricted to facilitating the transportation of the post—a federal responsibility—by improving roads, bridges, ports, waterways, tunnels, dams, and similar transportation and common-use infrastructure.

Question 7

Who was John C. Calhoun?

Answer 7

He championed states’ rights and slavery and was a symbol of the Old South. He spent the last 20 years of his life in the U.S. Senate working to unite the South against the abolitionist attack on slavery. His efforts included opposing the admittance of Oregon and California to the Union as free states.

Question 8

What was the factory system?

Answer 8

A system of manufacturing that began in the 18th century and is based on the concentration of industry into specialized—and often large—establishments. The system arose in the course of the Industrial Revolution.

Question 9

What was the era of good feelings

Answer 9

James Monroe’s presidency (1817-1825) ushered in what became known as the Era of Good Feelings, based partly on the high level of morale and economic prosperity in the post-war period. After the War of 1812, patriotic feelings ran high in the United States, leading to the emergence of the Era of Good Feelings. During this time of one-party rule, American leaders worked to promote a stronger, self-sufficient United States.

Question 10

Who was John Quincy Adams?

Answer 10

Adams urged the United States to take a lead in the development of the arts and sciences through the establishment of a national university, the financing of scientific expeditions, and the erection of an observatory. His critics declared such measures transcended constitutional limitations.

Question 11

What was the Monroe Doctrine?

Answer 11

The three main concepts of the doctrine: separate spheres of influence for the Americas and Europe, non-colonization, and non-intervention: were designed to signify a clear break between the New World and the autocratic realm of Europe.
The European powers, according to Monroe, were obligated to respect the Western Hemisphere as the United States’ sphere of interest. President James Monroe’s 1823 annual message to Congress contained the Monroe Doctrine, which warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine is the best known U.S. policy toward the Western Hemisphere. Buried in a routine annual message delivered to Congress by President James Monroe in December 1823, the doctrine warns European nations that the United States would not tolerate further colonization or puppet monarchs.

Question 12

What was the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819?

Answer 12

Under the Onís-Adams Treaty of 1819 (also called the Transcontinental Treaty and ratified in 1821) the United States and Spain defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas.

Question 13

What was the Missouri COmpromise?

Answer 13

This legislation admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a non-slave state at the same time, so as not to upset the balance between slave and free states in the nation. It also outlawed slavery above the 36º 30’ latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.

Question 14

Who was Henry Clay?

Answer 14

Throughout his career, as senator, Speaker of the House, and secretary of state, Clay helped guide a fragile Union through several critical impasses. As senator, he forged the Compromise of 1850 to maintain the Union, but such compromises could not settle the fractious issues that ultimately resulted in Civil War.

Question 15

Who was John Marshall?

Answer 15

He served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court for more than three decades, during which time he helped increase the power and prestige of the Federal court system. Marshall is best known for two important contributions to modern U.S. government. First, he established the power and prestige of the judiciary department, so that it could claim equal status with Congress and the Executive in a balanced government of separated powers.

Question 16

What was Cohens v. Virginia?

Answer 16

In 1821, U.S. Supreme Court case in which the court reaffirmed its right to review all state court judgments in cases arising under the federal Constitution or a law of the United States.

Question 17

What was McCulloch v. Maryland?

Answer 17

The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government. Marshall ruled in favor of the Federal Government and concluded, “the power to tax involves the power to destroy.”

Question 18

What was Gibbons v. Ogden?

Answer 18

It established the precedent that Congress—not the states—has the authority to regulate interstate commerce. The court held that the federal government has the exclusive power to regulate interstate commerce with respect to the nation’s navigable waters.

Question 19

What was Cherokee Nation v. Georgia?

Answer 19

It is an important case in Native American law because of its implications for tribal sovereignty and how to legally define the relationship between federally recognized Native Amer- ican tribes and the U.S. government.

Question 20

What was Worcester v. Georgia?

Answer 20

Georgia, legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1832, held (5–1) that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land.

Question 21

What was the “New Two-Party System”?

Answer 21

There were two main political parties during this time period. One was the Democratic Party, led by Andrew Jackson. The other was the Whig Party, started by Henry Clay. The Whig party was made up of members of the National Republican Party and other people who opposed Jackson.

Question 22

What was the Tariff of Abominations?

Answer 22

The tariff of 1828 raised taxes on imported manufactures so as to reduce foreign competition with American manufacturing. Southerners, arguing that the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense, referred to it as the Tariff of Abominations.

Question 23

What was the Corrupt Bargain?

Answer 23

The Presidential election of 1824 is significant for being the only election since the passage of the 12th Amendment to have been decided by the House of Representatives. The 12th Amendment, passed in 1804, addressed concerns that had emerged in the election of 1796 and election of 1800.

Question 24

What was the Jeffersonian Vision?

Answer 24

Jefferson envisioned a largely autarkic nation with yeoman farmers serving as its economic and political backbone. That notion was at odds with an America whose wealth was increasingly gleaned from foreign markets.farms and farmers

Question 25

Who was Samuel Slater?

Answer 25

He is known as the “Father of the American Industrial Revolution.” His first mill, Slater Mill, in Pawtucket remains an important historic site that tells the story of the birth of the American Industrial Revolution.

Question 26

Who was Eli Whitney?

Answer 26

The inventor of the cotton gin, he was also the father of the mass production method. In 1798, he figured out how to manufacture muskets by machine so that the parts were interchangeable. It was as a manufacturer of muskets that Whitney finally became rich.

Question 27

What are Interchangeable parts?

Answer 27

These are identical components that can be substituted one for another, particularly important in the history of manufacturing. Mass production, which transformed the organization of work, came about by the development of the machine-tool industry by a series of 19th-century innovators.

Question 28

What was the Revolution of 1800?

Answer 28

The Democratic-Republican Party candidate, Vice President Thomas Jefferson, defeated the Federalist Party candidate, incumbent president John Adams. The election was a political realignment that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership.

Question 29

What was Marbury v. Madison?

Answer 29

The U.S. Supreme Court case Marbury v. Madison (1803) established the principle of judicial review—the power of the federal courts to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional. The unanimous opinion was written by Chief Justice John Marshall.

Question 30

What were the Midnight Appointments?

Answer 30

The midnight judges were appointed by Adams to quickly fill any of the vacant judicial positions with people who supported Adams and the Federalist Party. The Federalist Party and their supporters in Congress wanted to pass the act quickly, so that they could fill the judiciary with political allies.

Question 31

What is Judicial Review?

Answer 31

Judicial review is the power of an independent judiciary, or courts of law, to determine whether the acts of other components of the government are in accordance with the constitution. Any action that conflicts with the constitution is declared unconstitutional and therefore nullified.increased power of federal courts and government

Question 32

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

Answer 32

In this transaction with France, signed on April 30, 1803, the United States purchased 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. For roughly 4 cents an acre, the United States doubled its size, expanding the nation westward.

Question 33

Who were Lewis and Clark?

Answer 33

Among these men were Meriwether Lewis and William Clark, co-leaders of an expedition tasked with exploring land that the United States had recently acquired. Their trip would turn into an epic 8,000-mile-long trek—and the first big step in the United States’ westward expansion.

Question 34

What is Impressment?

Answer 34

Impressment, also called crimping, enforcement of military or naval service on able-bodied but unwilling men through crude and violent methods. Until the early 19th century this practice flourished in port towns throughout the world.

Question 35

What was the Embargo?

Answer 35

The Embargo of 1813 was the nation’s last great trade restriction. Never again would the US government cut off all trade to achieve a foreign policy objective. The Act particularly hurt the Northeast since the British kept a tighter blockade on the South and thus encouraged American opposition to the administration.

Question 36

What was the Non-Intercourse Act/ Macon’s Bill No.2?

Answer 36

“An Act concerning the commercial intercourse between the United States and Great Britain and France” became law on 1 May 1810. The statute, which became known as Macon’s Bill No. 2, prohibited British or French warships from entering American harbors or territorial waters.

Question 37

Who were the “War Hawks”?

Answer 37

They were mostly young politicians hailing from the West and South. Led by new Speaker of the House Henry Clay, this small group of Jeffersonian Republicans pressed for a military confrontation to redress American grievances.

Question 38

Who was Andrew Jackson, and what was the Battle of New Orleans?

Answer 38

Major General Andrew Jackson, commander of the Seventh Military District, led United States forces in the Gulf campaign against Britain. An ardent expansionist and charismatic leader, Jackson inspired his men and the local populace to fight and defeat the British.

Question 39

What was the Hartford Convention?

Answer 39

The New England states did not support the war. They feared a land invasion and refused to place their militias under federal control. The Hartford Convention resulted in a declaration calling on the Federal Government to protect New England and to supply financial aid to New England’s badly battered trade economy.

Question 40

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

Answer 40

This “Treaty of Peace and Amity Between the United States and Great Britain” was signed on December 24, 1814. It ended the War of 1812, fought between Great Britain and the United States. For the early decades of the nation’s history, relations between the United States and Great Britain remained strained.