APUSH 1-15 Flashcards
Popular term for pro-Jackson state banks that received the bulk of federal deposits when Andrew Jackson moved to dismantle the Bank of the United States in 1833
Pet Banks
requires a person to receive a majority of the electoral votes for vice president for that person to be elected vice president by the Electoral College.
12th Amendment
abolished slavery in the United States.
13th Amendment
All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.
14th Amendment
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
15th Amendment
A national federation of trade unions that included only skilled workers, founded in 1886
AFL
a set of four laws enacted in 1798 that applied restrictions to immigration and speech in the United States
Alien & sedition Acts
American Colonization Society
Reflecting the focus of early abolitionists on transporting freed blacks back to Africa, the organization established Liberia, a West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves.
American system
national economic plan put forth by Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky and the Whig party throughout the first half of the 19thcentury. The plan consisted of three major components: Pass high tariffs (taxes) on imports to protect American businesses and to increase revenues.
Bank of the United States
A national bank charted for a term of 20 years. by Congress in 1791. The establishment of the Bank was part of a three part expansion of Federal monetary power. It was commissioned by Alexander Hamilton who was the first Secretary of the Treasury.
Bank War
Battle between President Andrew Jackson and Congressional supporters of the Bank of the United States over the bank’s renewal in 1832. Jackson vetoed the Bank Bill, arguing that the bank favored moneyed interests at the expense of western farmers.
Battle of New Orleans
Resounding victory of American forces against the British, restoring American confidence and fueling an outpouring of nationalism. Final battle of the War of 1812.
Battle of Tippecanoe
Battle in which Native Americans united by Tecumseh and Prophet fought against General William Henry Harrison’s forces and lost. Americans on the frontier blamed Britain for initiating the rebellion (1811) Significance
Bill of Rights
first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Black Codes
laws passed by southern states after the Civil War denying ex-slaves the complete civil rights enjoyed by whites and intended to force blacks back to plantations and impoverished lifestyles.
Chesapeake incident
Conflict between Britain and the United States that precipitated the 1807 embargo. The conflict developed when a British ship, in search of deserters, fired on the American Chesapeake off the coast of Virginia.
Civil Rights Act
Federal law that banned racial discrimination in public facilities and strengthened the federal government’s power to fight segregation in schools.
Clermont
First full-sized U.S. commercial steamboat; invented by Robert Fulton and tested in 1807.
Commonwealth v. Hunt
the Massachusetts Supreme Court in 1842 ruled that labor unions were not illegal conspiracies in restraint of trade
Compromise of 1850
five laws passed in September of 1850 that dealt with the issue of slavery and territorial expansion. In 1849 California requested permission to enter the Union as a free state, potentially upsetting the balance between the free and slave states in the U.S. Senate.
Compromise of 1877
an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election; through it Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House on the understanding that he would remove the federal troops from South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana.
Crittenden Compromise
A plan proposed by Senator John J. Crittenden for a constitutional amendment to protect slavery from federal interference in any state where it already existed and for the westward extension of the Missouri Compromise line to the California border. Total war.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward
the Supreme Court ruled that the state of New Hampshire had violated the contract clause in its attempt to install a new board of trustees for Dartmouth College. This case also signaled the disestablishment of church and state in New Hampshire.
Dawes Act
An act that broke up Indian reservations and distributed land to individual households.
Dred Scott Decision
extended federal protection to slavery by ruling that Congress did not have the power to prohibit slavery in any territory. Also declared that slaves, as property, were not citizens of the US.
Emancipation Proclaimation
Declared all slaves in rebelling states to be free but did not affect slavery in non-rebelling Border States.
Embargo Act
Enacted in response to British and French mistreatment of American merchants, the Act banned the export of all goods from the United States to any foreign port.
Erie Canal
A canal between the New York cities of Albany and Buffalo, completed in 1825.
Farewell Address
A document by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office. It wasn’t given orally, but printed in newspapers. It did not concern foreign affairs; most of it was devoted to domestic problems.
Federalist Papers
a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison explaining how the new government/constitution would work. Their purpose was to convince the New York state legislature to ratify the constitution, which it did.
Free Soil Party
a compromise between abolitionists and pro-slavery Americans. Its platform was that slavery should not be expanded into the growing US west. It became a popular party and even got ex-president Martin Van Buren on board with its principles.
Freedmen’s Bureau
Created to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.
Freeport Doctrine
Stated that exclusion of slavery in a territory (where it was legal) could be determined by the refusal of the voters to enact any laws that would protect slave property.
Fugitive Slave Act
a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves
Great Awakening
a period of religious revival promoted by religious leaders such as George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards.
Gibons v. Ogden
Supreme Court decision reinforcing the “commerce clause’’ (the federal government’s right to regulate interstate commerce) of the Constitution; Chief Justice John Marshall ruled against the State of New York’s granting of steamboat monopolies.
Great Compromise
each state would be assigned a number of seats in proportion to its population.
Harpers Ferry
a small group of men attacked the small town of Harper’s Ferry in Virginia. They were intent on seizing weapons to give to slaves to start a rebellion. The group gained control of the arms but were surrounded by General Lee’s men.
Hartford Convention
The convention on December 14, 1814 was to oppose the war, which was hurting American industries and commerce.
Homestead Act
The 1862 act that gave 160 acres of free western land to any applicant who occupied and improved the property.
Independent Treasury Act
government would hold its revenues rather than deposit them in banks, thus keeping the funds away from private corporations
Indian Wars
multiple conflicts between American settlers or the United States government and the native peoples of North America from the time of earliest colonial settlement until 1890.
Jay’s Treaty
The treaty was meant to prevent a war between the two nations by not allowing the US to trade with “hostile nations,” such as France.
judiciary act of 1789
Act that established a federal district court in each state and three circuit courts to hear appeals from the districts, with the Supreme Court having the final say
Judiciary Act of 1801
expanded federal jurisdiction, eliminated Supreme Court justices’ circuit court duties, and created 16 federal circuit court judgeships.
Kansas Nebraska Act
Act repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas
Kentucky and Virginia Resolves
political statements drafted in 1798 and 1799, in which the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.
Knights of Labor
The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. The Knights were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race.
Lecompton Constitution
Proposed Kansas constitution, whose ratification was unfairly rigged so as to guarantee slavery in the territory.
Liberty Party
Antislavery party that ran candidates in the 1840 and 1844 elections before merging with the Free Soil party.
Lincoln-Douglas Debates
A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln’s position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election.
Louisiana Purchase
a land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million dollars.
Marbury v. Madison
a landmark U.S. Supreme Court decision that established for the first time that federal courts had the power to overturn an act of Congress on the ground that it violated the U.S. Constitution.
McCulloch v. Maryland
This court case resulted in the decision that established the supremacy of the Constitution, the expansion of Congress’ powers beyond those enumerated, and the inferior status of state laws in relation to federal laws.
Missouri Compromise
an agreement between Northern and Southern states about which western territories could be admitted into the Union as slave states
Monroe Doctrine
asserted the principle that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization. (1823)
Morrill Land Grant Act
Act of 1862 set aside federal lands to create colleges to “benefit the agricultural and mechanical arts.”
national bank act
United States federal law that established a system of national charters for banks.
New York Draft Riots
a series of violent disturbances in New York City that were the culmination of discontent with new laws passed by Congress to draft men to fight in the ongoing American Civil War.
Nullifictaion Crisis
a movement that campaigned against the Tariff of 1828.
Panic of 1819
Severe financial crisis brought on primarily by the effort of the Bank of the United States to curb over-speculation on western lands.
Panic of 1837
Economic crisis triggered by bank failures, elevated grain prices, and Andrew Jackson’s efforts to curb over-speculation on western lands and transportation improvements.
Panic of 1857
Financial crash brought on by gold-fueled inflation, over-speculation, and excess grain production.
Peggy Eaton affair
A social scandal where many wealthy cabinet member’s wives snubbed the socially unacceptable Peggy Eaton, wife of John Eaton
Philadelphia Convention
The meeting of state delegates in 1787 in Philadelphia called to revise the Articles of Confederation.
Pinckney’s Treaty
Treaty between the U.S. and Spain which gave the U.S. the right to transport goods on the Mississippi river and to store goods in the Spanish port of New Orleans.
Plessy v. Ferguson
a United States Supreme Court case that established the precedent of “separate but equal” and provided the legal justification for the expansion of segregation in America.
Reconstruction Acts
it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment
Report on Manufacturing
First secretary of the treasury Alexander Hamilton’s 1791 analysis that accurately foretold the future of American industry and proposed tariffs and subsidies to promote it.
Report on Public Credit
This document suggested that America was too heavily dependent on Dutch and British loans and that it was important for America to achieve good credit.
Rush-Bagot Treaty
an agreement between the US and Great Britain concerning the Canadian border in 1817
Second Bank
national bank organized in 1816; closely modeled after the first Bank of the United States, it held federal tax receipts and regulated the amount of money circulating in the economy.
Second Great Awakening
a religious revival that took place after the American Revolution between 1790 and 1840 in an effort to restore a simpler form of Christianity.
Seneca Falls Convention
the first women’s rights convention in the United States (July 1848)
Shay’s Rebellion
a series of uprisings that occurred in western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. Financial strain from government debt and economic decline occurred throughout the young United States at this time, leading citizens to rebel against the government
Sherman’s March to the Sea
the campaign of total war waged by General William Tecumseh Sherman following the capture and burning of Atlanta.
Specie Circular
in U.S. history, an executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver.
Tariff of Abominations
a protective tariff passed by the Congress of the United States on May 19, 1828, designed to protect industry in the northern United States.
10% plan
proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.
Tenure of Office At
a controversial federal law meant to restrict the ability of the U.S. president to remove certain officials that Congress had already approved.
Three-Fifths Compromise
It determined that three out of every five slaves was counted when determining a state’s total population for legislative representation and taxation.
Trail of tears
During the fall and winter of 1838 and 1839, the Cherokees were forcibly moved west by the United States government. Approximately 4,000 Cherokees died on this forced march,
Transcontinental Railroad
A train route across the United States, finished in 1869
Transcontinental Treaty
the United States paid Spain $5 million for Florida, Spain recognized America’s claims to the Oregon Country, and the United States surrendered its claim to northern Mexico (Texas
Treaty of Ghent
an agreement between the United States and Great Britain, in Belgium, on December 24, 1814. This treaty ended the War of 1812, and provided that all territory captured would be returned to the rightful owner
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo
ended the war between the United States and Mexico. By its terms, Mexico ceded 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states California, Nevada, Utah, New Mexico, most of Arizona and Colorado, and parts of Oklahoma, Kansas, and Wyoming.
Virginia Plan
called for a legislature divided into two bodies (the Senate and the House of Representatives) with proportional representation. That is, each state’s representation in Congress would be based on its population.
New Jersey Plan
wanted one vote for each state, regardless of population.
Wade-Davis Bill
A bill proposed by Radical Republican senators Benjamin Wade and Henry Winter Davis that declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of president Lincoln.
Webster-Ashburton Treaty
resolved a number of border disputes between the US and the British North American colonies.
Webster-Hayne Debate
1830, an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation.
Whiskey rebellion
an uprising of Western Pennsylvania farmers that took place between 1791-1794 in response to Alexander Hamilton’s excise tax on whiskey.
Wilmot Proviso
attached to an appropriations bill during the Mexican War. It stated that slavery would be banned in any territory won from Mexico as a result of the war.
Worcester v. Georgia
legal case in which the U.S. Supreme Court on March 3, 1832, held (5–1) that the states did not have the right to impose regulations on Native American land.
XYZ Affair
diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War
Checks and Balances
the principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power
Corporation
Business owned by many people.
Cotton Gin
A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers, invented by Eli Whitney in 1793.
Elastic Clause
allows Congress to. make laws that are “necessary and. proper” to carry out its enumerated. powers
Equal Rep.
Selecting representitives in congress based on a states population
Proportional Rep.
a way of selecting representatives in Congress based on the total population of a state, as opposed to having each state receive equal votes in Congress.
Federal System
a system where political power is divided between a central (national) government and smaller government units called states or provinces.
Headright System
Law passed by England to encourage settlement in the new world by offering settlers fifty acres of land for every individual they brought to the new world.
