aps 209 Flashcards
honey bee odometer - bee species?
Apis mellifera ligustica
honey bee odometer - probabilities of each exp?
exp 1 - round dance = 85%
exp 2 - wiggle dance = 90%
exp 3 - round dance =86%
exp 4 - wiggle dance = 85%
honey bee odometer - how calculate?
know the dimensions of the tunnel, av place the bees flew and how much it magnified it for the bess.. take into account total angular motion that bee experiences when flying
honey bee odometer - what was traditional thought for how know how to do duration of waggle dance?
distance travelled in units
honey bee odometer - whats new h?
amount of image experienced by the eye is used to generate waggle duration. 17.7 degrees of image motion per m/s of waggle
honey bee dance effect - why the paper?
want to investigate the effect of waggle dance language
honey bee dance effect - results from exp 1
orientated light - caused highly directional dances, disorientated did not
honey bee dance effect - results from exp 2
sig more bees came back to colonies when orientated dancing c.f disorientated from colonies located 250 / 400 / 460 m away
honey bee dance effect - other results?
1/3 of all bees came w/o directional information:
summer and autumn produced similar results between dis and orientated, but winter did not.
SO:
dance does increase communication, and used to collect info about food. but not always needed.
honey bee dance effect - what do need to consider from this exp
if its a condition dependent payoff when comes to adaptations
shouldnt emphasize
dom meerkats - what did they record?
- time and outcome of foraging
- success of foraging depending on food item size
- if fed to pup
- if came within 2m of dom -> interactions
dom meerkats - how many hours?
bi weekly for 3-5 hours: 12 dom females
<1000hrs of dom
>1000hrs of sub
dom meerkats - how many groups?
6 treated and 6 control
dom meerkats - eviction craic?
more likely to evict those closest in age / weight to dom (backs up idea that most fertile etc kicked out)
dom meerkats - missed out results lol
pup growth rate was quicker in dom pups
. Pup weight at emergence and independence is likely to have profound long term effects on pup fitness: size at emergence determines competitive ability in early life
dom behaviour results?
dom more tolerant
less likely to attack sub when foraging
less likely to be evicted
attacked subs at lower rates
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - spider name?
Pisaura mirabilis
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - testing? x3
testing for CFC and sperm allocation by looking at :
- effect of nuptial gift on no. of sperm stored by f.
- gift presence on copulation duration and female fucun on egg hatching
- no of sperm after uninterrupted copulations with gift giving males
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - why few studis looked at CFC?
difficult to control for.
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - how count no. of sperm / eggs?
counted sperm after freezing spiders at -50. in belly
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - results
no. of sperm in female spermatheca differed sig. between groups -> G higher than both, GT> NG
positive relationship between hatching success and copulation duration
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - why could there be a difference in no. of sperm stored?
having top M with longest cops removed from NG. BUT - unlikely because M randomaly appointed to exp groups. SO must be CFC
what was hatching success like?
Female and G had the highest.
sperm storage mediated by CFC in spider - male outcomes?
increased sperm storage and fert. when cop duration increased. males offering gift get more sperm comp.
concs from sperm storage?
data show that females stored significantly more sperm from gift-giving males than from males without a gift when we kept copulation duration constant -> then get indirect benefits.
Indeed, males that were satiated, and therefore in good condition were shown to achieve higher mating and paternity success compared with starved males in poor condition, suggesting that females can select males based on their quality
Differential sperm storage may result from preferential sperm uptake during mating (syncopulatory sexual selection) [25,26], or through differential sperm selection or ejection immediately after mating (postcopulatory sexual selection) [24], processes that are proposed to occur widely [3].
From a male perspective, nuptial feeding functions to facilitate copulations and increases copulation duration and sperm transfer [5,43–46]. This is advantageous because P. mirabilis females are polyandrous and control copulation duration, which is positively correlated with nuptial feeding and gift quality [12,47,48]. Our data showed that both sperm storage and fertilization success increased linearly with copulation duration, suggesting that males that are able to offer gifts that take longer to consume would gain an advantage in sperm competition
. Females do not only discriminate males on gift presence, they also accept males in good feeding condition with higher probability [
Males therefore gain two different types of advantage from the nuptial gift by preferential female storage of sperm from gift-giving males, and by prolonged copulation duration that correlates positively with sperm transfer.
black / red bird exp - name of bird?
Erythrura gouldiae - Gouldian finches
black / red bird exp - study looking at ?
adaptive female participation in EPC
black / red bird exp - looked at who mated with who, BUT what else look at?
examined potential post copulatory sexual selection
black / red bird exp - results?
- females across all contexts equally likely to EPC
- most f quickly solicited EPC irrespective of head colour
- in paired mates, females copulated less with incompatible mates
- more offspring per brood fathered by adaptive context than neutral
- EPC adaptive offspring have 38% more chance of survival and had more offspring
- compared with neutral contexts, epc resulted in sig more epc offspring in adaptive context!!!! and sig. less in maladaptive
black / red bird exp - why may females may have done epc with shite males?
because she couldntt assess male compatability correctly§
black / red bird exp - concs about EPC
to quantify properly need to be able to account for pre and post copulatory processes. but quanitifying strenght of compatability, timing and all epc is v hard
black / red bird exp - what may similar effects be allowing in birds?
allow females to avoid the negative effects of inbreeding or hybridization
black / red bird exp - nice conc
female finches target genest that are most compatible with their own to ensure fertility.
butterfly? - name species?
Butterfly - peacock butterfly / Inachis io
Blue tit - Parus caeruleus
butterfly - how many eye spots?
4
butterfly? -why conduct this study?
set of orginally by work of Blest 1957 looking at effect of eyespots on bird predation. But lacked a suitable sample size so :)
butterfly? - second hypothesis studied and result?
on first encounter a butterfly may wait till the blue tit is closer to it to try and hide in camouflage. yet second time around the response time is much quicker because the birds have learned and so cant rely on camouflage -> found that this was the case significantly.
butterfly? - how many presentations?
54
butterfly? - results
eyespots - 9/9 survival w/o eyespots -50% survival w/ hiss - 8/9 survival w/o hiss - 8/8 survival w/ both - 7/8 survival w/o both - 2/10 survival
butterfly? - second thing analzed?
looked at generalized linear model (GLIM). meant could look at effects all together. still found that eye spots were only significant effect.
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - names?
sand goby - Pomatoschistus minitus
perch - Perca fluviatilis
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - why look at nest?
to see if it elucidates why / why not FC may occur
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - why may do fc?
parental care is costly
removes the cost of the current reproduction on male
partial can help with overcrowding
energy and nutrients for parents
if TFC - may be that investing in future reproduction
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - what contrasts idea that TFC may be investing in future reproduction?
dont see it when early in brooding season or if high mate access
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - results?
- small clutches had biggest effect on TFC
- exposure to non perch more likely to TFC (35%) than when exposed to perch (21%), but this is insig.
- males lost significantly less weight if did tfc
- association with tfc & pred made significantly greater nest entrances height and width - pfc had no effect
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - why did pfc not be effected by pred?
because pfc benefits current brood
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - what was findings in contrast to?
some experiments found that predation actually increaed parental investment - e.g the side botch lizard had increased investment when the parent is injured
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - discussion on evidence of pred on fc?
no evidence of predator effecting pfc or tfc
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - when is tfc only useful?
when can breed again but to do this need to avoid predation
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - whats craic with weight loss?
tfc lost less but thats only cuz ate the eggs
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - craic with clutch size?
benefit of tfc only seemed to occur when clutch size was small which meant that benefit only outweighed when little eating
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - what did not making elaborate nests mean/
tfc not used for nest construction
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - why did they build bigger nests?
to facilitate predator evasion -> more likely to go to nest and they can go away. which is why do tfc because only worth it if they can reproduce again
predation on filial cannibalism and nest making on sand goby - what does fact that tfc being marginally less effected by pred mean?
. This suggests that the return on parental investment has a greater in-fluence on totalfilial cannibalism than the likelihood of future breeding.
meerkets - why does banded mongoose able to do dom/ suppressant?
direct competition between pups is limited because pups are cared for by a single helper who does not provision other pups30.
meerkets - how can stop them reproducing?
by denying access to unrelated members of the opposite sex. We should also expect dominants to deploy tactics which reduce the cost of conflict, for instance by exaggerating power asymmetries, via strategic resource allocation in early life.
honeybee odometer - what was old thought ?
maybe by energy consumption
honeybee odometer - why did bees do wrong dance/>
flight in narrow tunnel generated a large integrated optic flow on the eye, mimicking the effect of a long flight in the natural outdoor conditions. the distances to the walls and the floor would typically be much smaller than those to nearby objects or the ground during free flight
honeybee odometer - experiment 2? (not tunnels)
placed feeders around campus, all more than 50m away, and studied dances after returning. all did waggle, but importantly they were all the qualitatively the same as the experiments which looked at the random wall pattern :o
honeybee odometer - what did the tunnels do?
magnified the distance flown by a factor of 31. 6m in the tunnel counts as 186m outside
how did they calibrate honeybee odometer?
know the magnification, the distances flew in the tunnel and where it was in the tunnel, know how long. basically 1ms of waggle dance encodes 17.7 of image motion in the eye
honeyguide - name?
indicator indicator
honeyguide - result 1
birds initial flight direction was indicator of honeybee nest
honeyguide - result 2
when with a honey guide, it meant that 75% of time nest located
honeyguide - results 3?
if with honeyguide & voices chance of success
- brrr-hm = 81.3%
- c.f human control siund - 66.7&
- control animal - 57%
honeyguide - discussion?
human voices - because still do it in other places, more likely that is learned fom the bird.
drongo - names
fork tailed drongo - Dicrurus adsmilis
southern pied babbler - Turdoides bicolor
what was 1st exp? drongo, explicitly what lookingat?
4 calls on how long it took to drop food item and then resume.
babblers were slower to resume foragoing in response to mimicked alarm calls than drongos own calls. but no diff between babbler and starling. (must be a good indicator).
drongo 2nd exp
4 calls and how long food was dropped and resumed
time got less with same call, but when changed increased
drongo 3rd
changed alarm call on 74±6% times. BUT more likely to change the call if the last ones hadnt worked
how many drongo calls were mimicked in previous study
42%
variation in helper effort - what were tesing?
variation in the contribution of helpers in coop brood care among species of coop breeding birds is predicted by the inclusive fitness theory
variation in helper effort - results to do with all species
all species helper effort increased with relatedness. when r= 0.5, help was 100%. consistent with H rule
variation in helper effort - non kin?>
still helpEd! signifincant proportion
variation in helper effort - in species with more female-biased helper sex ratios, helpers of both sexes work…
harder relative to parental effort. Among cooperatively
breeding bird species, helper sex ratios tend to be male-biased as a
consequence of female-biased dispersal and male philopatry37.
More female-biased sex ratios among helpers could thus
reflect stronger ecological constraints on dispersal, resulting in
females remaining in their natal territory
helpers - when did helper effort sig decrease?
when proportion of helpers were male
what could benefits to helpers be?
kin selection
cooperation may
also yield direct fitness benefits, for example, increased
survivorship or inheritance of the breeding territory1
what could benefits to helpers be?
kin selection
cooperation may
also yield direct fitness benefits, for example, increased
survivorship or inheritance of the breeding territory1
bell miners - what were testing?
testing both direct and indirect fitness effects of helping AND exploration of behaviour rules of thumb used to regulate helper individuals
bell miners - name?
Manorina melanophrys
bell miners - methods?
observed 27 nests - 9899 nest visits. 2 different nests in aus
recorded:
load size, prey comp, ind. id.
colour banded and blood sampled them
bell miners - how do relatedness?
pairwise relations:
if r= -.5 were related
r = 0 unrelated
r = 0.25 unresolved
bell miners - provisioning efforts results?
significant linear effect of related status on breeders and helpers:
- visitor frequency
- load size
ind. sex had no effect on provisioning effect
because looked at helpers and breeders effect, reanalsyed to see if results were the same with solely helpers - BM and visit freq still sig, item size wasnt
bell miners - visit by visist provising repsonse?
sig effect on brrod begging on load size
bell miners - discussion about group augmentation?
when thinking about benefits of helping, group augmentation shouldnt be thought of as an answer. WHY?
because due to sex ratio, the group augmentation would be biased towards males because:
active benefits -> offspring later becomer helpers, but only males stay - only males benefit
passive benefits -> increased chances of surival of colny by less chance of being attacked. more likely to be male non helper.
bell miners - so why did non kin help?
ARGUES against direct fitness benefits, but perhaps explained by kin selection at colony level:
kin selection between groups vs within groups. think that within groups the ‘non relatives’ were more likely to be related than between groups.
bell - beggers?
begging provision was at different rates, but helpers and breeders both regulate their efforts. helping birds occurs because of sensible investment in broods despite differential investment because of r.
bell - positive incremental effect of kinship was facultative why?
There was no corresponding individual facultative adjustment (i.e. within-subjects effect) of helper relatedness on load sizes or prey types delivered, which is interesting given that variation in these variables can have measurable consequences for nestling growth in this system
the consistently greater provisioning investment shown here by parent bell miners compared with helpers was the result of both sexes delivering larger loads, but only female parents visited the nest more than expected from relatedness alone (figure 1). This probably reflects the fact that male breeders move throughout the whole colony, feeding at multiple nests as do helpers, and therefore have to trade-off visits to their own nest against other duties in cooperative provisioning, mobbing and colony defence.
