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MUSC History > April 3 Exam > Flashcards

April 3 Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Besides composing, how else did Robert Schumann combine his interest in literature and music?

A
  • “Neue Zeitshrift fur Musik” (New Jornal for Music)
  • Musical criticism journal
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2
Q

What kind of piece is Schumann’s Carnaval?

A

It is a collection of more than 20 small piano pieces, each bearing a title of a person or event at an imaginary masked ball during carnival season.

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3
Q

Who are Florestan and Eusebius?

A

Schumann’s pieces
They are the names that he gave to the impetuous and dreamy sides of his personality.

Florestan: more outgoing, loves music
Eusebius: Gentle nature, tender, contemplative

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4
Q

How do Schumann’s symphonies compare with earlier symphonic works, especially those by Beethoven, Schubert, and Berlioz?

A

4 movements (Intro/Slow/Scherzo/Fast)

Story told through instrumentation
(“Spring” fluttering flutes/triangle)

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5
Q

What contributions did Clara Schumann make to musical life during the Romantic period?

A
  • She played her husband, Robert Schumann’s pieces when he couldn’t
  • Wrote character pieces for piano, chamber music
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6
Q

What elements of Carl Maria von Weber’s “Der Freischuts” connect it with the older tradition of Singspiel?

A
  • Melodrama (Instead of singing, characters are still speaking while orchestra is going in background)
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7
Q

Which elements mark Carl Maria von Weber’s “Der Freischuts” as an example of early romantic opera?

A

More mythological/ darker themes in Wolf’s Glen scene

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8
Q

How did Richard Wagner’s participation in the political uprisings of 1848 - 49 affect his musical career?

A
  • He was a revolutionary and was expelled from Germany, sending him to Zurich and Paris which influenced his musical style
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9
Q

What are the key aesthetic ideas that Wagner developed around the middle of the century, which he later realized in his operas?

A
  • Gesamtkunstwerk: the idea that music should be a “total work of art” and that he has to involve himself in every aspect of the opera
  • continuous music
  • leitmotive
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10
Q

What is “The Ring of the Nibelung”?

A

A monumental cycle of four operas composed by Wagner
- Das Rheingold (The Rhinegold)
- Die Walkure (The Valkyrie)
- Siegfried
- Gooterdammerung (Twilight of the Gods)

Characters based on German and Norse legends

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11
Q

How did the working conditions in Italian opera theatres shape the compositional approach of Gioachino Rossini?

A

There was a demand for rapid production. He only had about 3 weeks to compose an opera because of how fast they moved in and out of popularity in Italy

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12
Q

What is a cabaletta and how does it fit into the typical Rossini aria?

A

Cabaletta: second part of double aria that is fast and full of vocal fireworks

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13
Q

What was the Risorgimento, and how was Giuseppe Verdi linked to this movement?

A

Risorgimento: means resurgence/ musical and political movement contributing to Italian Nationalism. All of Italy was brought into a single nation under the leadership of King Victor Emmanuel II

  • Verdi’s operas were used
  • VIVA VERDI: Praise for opera and praise for the King at the time (Vittorio Emanuel Re D’Italia)
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14
Q

Where did Verdi turn for the subject matter of his two late operas?

A

Turned to Shakespearean drama rather than comic opera
- Otello
- Falstaff

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15
Q

How does the musical style and texture of Verdi’s late operas compare with earlier Italian operas by Rossini and others?

A

Verdi composes a more interesting cantabile section called the belcanto and also includes nationalism

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16
Q

How did the birth of nationalism shape the life and music of Franz Liszt?

A

Nationalism presented love for one’s region and its people, culture, and language

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17
Q

What did Heinrich Heine mean by the term Lisztomania?

A

Emotional effect Franz Liszt had on his audience, obsession

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18
Q

What are the major genres associated with Liszt, both in his earlier works for solo piano and his later works for orchestra?

A
  • Character pieces
  • Symphonic poems
  • Programmatic symphonies
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19
Q

What was the New German School?

A

Describes advancements in European music, following Wagner’s term “Music of the Future”

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20
Q

What sort of relationship did Brahms have with both of the Schumanns, Robert and Clara?

A
  • Robert Schumann and Brahms were acquaintances
  • Brahms fell in love with Clara, Rob’s girl
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21
Q

What does the idea of absolute music tells us about Brahm’s artistic principles, and how do these principles compare with figures such as Berlioz, Liszt, and Wagner?

A
  • Music should speak for itself
  • Doesn’t need a story to show emotion
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22
Q

What are the other major genres in which Brahms composed?

A
  • Chamber music
  • Instrumental symphonies
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23
Q

What is the historical significance of Brahm’s contemporaries, Anton Bruckner and Antonin Dvorak?

A

Bruckner: Appropriated by the Nazis, Hitler featured his music in Nazi ceremonies

Dvorak: Czech nationalism, wanted to become immersed in Czech culture

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24
Q

Besides Modest Mussorgsky, which Russian composers were members of the kuchka, and what artistic principles united them?

A
  • Mily Balakiriv
  • Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov
  • Cesar Cui
  • Alexander Borodin

Represent Russian Nationalism in their music

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25
Q

What is distinctive about Mussorgsky’s approach toward text setting?

A
  • His songs did not contain tune
  • Only text as if it were spoken
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26
Q

How did Tchaikovsky’s musical training differ from members of the kuchka?

A
  • He was determined to be a professional musician, appointed to the faculty of Moscow’s new conservatory
  • Traveled between Europe and Russia to study music in depth.
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27
Q

What are some musical characteristics of Tchaikovsky’s ballets such as “The Nutcracker”?

A
  • Wrote music to align with 46 sections suggested by choreographer, Marius Pepita
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28
Q

How did Gustav Mahler make a living, and when did he find time to compose?

A
  • Conductor
  • Composed in the summer months
29
Q

What are some stylistic features of Mahler’s songs?

A
  • Composed in literary form
  • Poetry gets listener’s attention (as well as music)
  • Song Cycles
30
Q

What are some stylistic features of Mahler’s symphonies?

A
  • Expanded/Diverse orchestration
  • Programmatic
31
Q

How did Mahler feel about attaching programmatic meaning to his symphonies?

A

If he can express an experience in words, he shouldn’t try to put it in music

32
Q

With whom did Alma Mahler study, and in what genres did she compose?

A
  • Alexander Zemlinsky
  • Piano pieces and songs
33
Q

Which composers did Elgar most admire?

A
  • Johannes Brahms
  • Richard Wagner
34
Q

What is La Scala, where is it located?

A

Teatro alla Scala is an opera house located in Milan

35
Q

What is verismo opera?

A
  • Operas centered on Realism
  • Short and musically condensed
  • Single act
  • about low class violent people
  • Verismo: Italian for “realism”
36
Q

What is impressionism?

A

Impressionism: Evocation of mood and atmosphere, understatement, passivity, and appeal to the senses.

37
Q

What were some of Debussy’s musical influences outside of France?

A
  • Russia: The Mighty Five
  • Italy
  • Bayreuth
  • Gamelan - Heard in Java, Indonesia
38
Q

What are some types of scales found in Debussy’s music?

A
  • Pentatonic
  • Whole tone
  • Octatonic
39
Q

How did Debussy’s use of the orchestra differ from most German composers of the time?

A

Used whole tone scale, octatonic scale and pentatonic scale

40
Q

What city was Richard Strauss from?

A

Munich, Germany

41
Q

What was the principle genre in which Richard Strauss composed early in his career?

A

Tone poems

42
Q

In what city did Strauss conduct the Royal Opera from 1898 to 1918?

A

Berlin, Germany

43
Q

Why is Strauss’s opera “Salome” considered one of the most significant musical works from the early years of the twentieth century?

A

As it gained popularity, younger composers used the features of Salome over past romantic features, starting a new music period

44
Q

What was the Ballets Russes and who was the impresario who established it?

A
  • Russian Ballet
  • Sergei Diaghilev
45
Q

Who was the choreographer and lead dancer for the premiere of Igor Stravinsky’s “The Rite of Spring” in 1913?

A

Vaslav Nijinsky

46
Q

Where was “The Rite of Spring” premiered and how was it received?

A
  • Theatre des Champs - Elysees in Paris
  • It was received poorly because it wasn’t traditional French music, but instead a foreign atonal ballet
47
Q

What are the main stylistic features of “The Rite of Spring”?

A

Story: Pagan rituals in Russia
Musically: Changing scales, time signatures, polychords

48
Q

How did Stravinsky’s musical style change after 1920, exemplified by works such as his Octet?

A

Shifted his focus towards Neoclassisicm

49
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Clara Schumann
  • “Liebst du um Schonheit (If You Love for Beauty)
  • Song (Lied) in modified strophic form
50
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Franz Liszt
  • Hungarian Rhapsody No. 15
  • Rhapsody for piano
51
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Johannes Brahms
  • Symphony No. 3
  • First movement in sonata form (Allegro con brio)
52
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Anton Bruckner
  • “Christus factus est”
  • Motet
53
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Modest Mussorgsky
  • “Within Four Walls” from Sunless
  • Song from a song cycle
54
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Peter Tchaikovsky
  • The Nutcracker
  • Excerpt from a ballet score (Act 1, scene 8, in the pine forest)
55
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Gustav Mahler
  • “Um Mitternacht” (At Midnight)
  • Orchestral Song, through composed
56
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Alma Mahler
  • “Die Stille Stadt” (The Quiet City)
  • Song (Lied), through composed
57
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Edward Elgar
  • “Enigma” Variations
  • Ninth Variation (Nimrod) from a set of variations o an original theme for orchestra
58
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Claude Debussy
  • “Reflets dans l’eau” (Reflections in the Water)
  • Character piece for piano
59
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Claude Debussy
  • “Nuages” (Clouds)
  • Symphonic poem
60
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Igor Stravinsky
  • “The Rite of Spring”
  • Excerpt from a ballet score (Dance of the Earth)
61
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Maurice Ravel
  • “Le tombeau de Couperin”
  • Rigaudon (Baroque dance) from a piano suite
62
Q
  • Composer
  • Title and/or where it is from
  • Genre/Form
A
  • Igor Stravinsky
  • Octet
  • First movement, “Sinfonia”, from a chamber piece for winds
63
Q

Carl Maria von Weber’s “Der Freischutz” (1821)

A
  • German Opera
  • Max seeks to win the hand of Agathe and to prove his worthiness, he makes a pact with devilish figure Caspar who promises him magic bullets that will guarantee he wins a shooting contest.
  • But the bullets were guided by evil spirits
  • Max works to redeem himself throughout the opera
64
Q

Richard Wagner, “Das Rheingold” (1854)

A
  • Story starts with the theft of the Rhinegold by Alberich who turns it into a ring that grants ultimate power
  • Wotan needs to pay off the giants Fasolt so he plans to use the gold ring.
  • Alberich curses the ring, bring doom to anyone who has it.
  • Towards the end, the giants demand the promised payment and end up taking Freia, Wotan’s wife
65
Q

Gioachino Rossini “The Barber of Seville” (1816)

A
  • Opera Buffa
  • Count Almaviva tries to win the heart of Rosina who is kept under close watch by her guardian Dr. Bartolo.
  • Almaviva uses the help of Figaro, the town barber and jack of all trades.
  • The opera features hilarious misunderstandings, mistaken identities, and comic antics
66
Q

Giuseppe Verdi “Otello” (1887)

A
  • Based on Shakespeare’s play “Othello”
  • Otello and his wife Desdemona and the deceitful Lago.
  • Lago plants evidence on Desdemona that makes Otello think that she has been unfaithful
  • Otello goes mad, killing Desdemona and then himself when he realizes she was innocent.
67
Q

Giacomo Puccini, “Madama Butterfly” (1904)

A
  • Set in Japan
  • Tells story of young Cio-Cio-San and Ltnt. B.F. Pinkerton
  • They enter a temporary marriage, but he planned to leave her once he returned to America
    -CCS remained faithful until 3 years later when Pinkerton returns with his new American wife, Kate
  • In the end, CCS gave birth to a child and when Kate and Pinkerton try to take the child away from her, she ends up taking her own life, choosing honor over disgrace.
68
Q

Richard Strauss, “Salome” (1905)

A
  • Revolves around the story of Princess Salome, stepdaughter of King Herod
  • She becomes infatuated with Jokanaan
  • She eventually asks for Jokanaan’s head on a silver platter, she kisses his corpse’s lips.
  • King Herod was disgusted so he ordered Salome’s execution

MUSC History (4 decks)

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