Approoaches Flashcards
History of psychology- William Wundt-
In what country did Wundt open the first psychological lab in 1879?
Germany
History of psychology- William wundt-
What theory did Wundt create? And what is it?
Introspection- the systematic analysis of your conscious experience of a stimulus (thoughts, images and sensations)
History of psychology- William Wundt-
What was wundts study?
Wundt trained psychology students to make observations about their responses to certain stimuli
Behaviourist approach- classical conditioning-
Who discovered classical conditioning? When?
Pavlov (1927)
Behaviours it approach- classical conditioning-
What were each of the factors in Pavlovs study?
UCS- food
UcR- salivating
NS- bell
CS- bell
CR- salivating
Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
Who put this conditioning forward? When?
Skinner (1938)
Behaviourist approach- operant conditioning-
What did Skinner do in his study for negative and positive reinforcement?
Negative reinforcement- the removal of an electric shock
Positive reinforcement- gain food pellets
Social learning theory- Bandura-
What year was the study conducted?
1963
Social learning theory- Bandura-
How many nursery school students took part in this study? How many groups?
66, split into 3 groups
Social learning theory- Bandura-
What did all the groups of children watch?
A video of an adult acting aggressively towards a bobo doll
Social learning theory- Bandura-
What were the three conditions?
1= the adult was neither rewarded or punished
2= the children saw the adult be rewarded
3= the children saw the adult. Be punished
Social learning theory- Bandura-
What were the findings of Banduras study?
Condition 2 was the most aggressive, condition 3 was the least aggressive
Social learning theory- Bandura-
What was the conclusion?
All children learnt to perform aggressively, however children in condition 3 did not perform as many aggressive acts until they were rewarded to do so
Biological approach- Billet-
What kind of analysis dod Billet carry out?
A meta analysis
Biological approach- Billlet-
What did Billet want to investigate?
If there was a genetic explanation for OCD
Biological approach- Billet-
What concordance rate did he fond between the two types of twins?
Mz= 68%, Dz= 31%
Biological approach- Billet-
How many sets of twins did he use?
14
Biological approach- Billet-
What was the conclusion?
OCD can be inherited
Biological approach- Billet-
What year did the study take place?
1998
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
What year did the study take place?
1972
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
What did they want to investigate?
If there is a genetic cause for schizophrenia
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
How many sets of twins were. Used?
57
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
What three things did they check for?
A diagnosis, no diagnosis, a different diagnosis
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
What was the concordance rebate for Mz twins?
42%
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
What was the concordance rate for Dz twins?
9%
Biological approach- Gottesman + shields-
What is the conclusion?
Schizophrenia may not be inherited
Biological approaches- Rauch-
What was the process of the experiment?
OCD patients were faced with their fear
Biological approach- Rauch-
What were the findings of the study?
Increased activity in the basal ganglia
Cognitive approach- computer model-
What represents the brain in this model?
The CPU
Cognitive approach- Maguire-
What was his aim?
To investigate whether structural changes in the brain can be identified in people with vast experience of spatial navigation
Cognitive approach- Maguire-
How many london taxi drivers were used?
18
Cognitive approach- Maguire-
How many london bus drivers were used?
17
Cognitive approach- Maguire-
What kind of scan were the participants given?
MRI
Cognitive approach- Maguire-
What were the results?
London taxi driver shad increased activity i their hippocampus (in charge of spatial awareness)
Cognitive approach- smith-
What was the aim?
To investigate whether spatial working memory is handled by a different part of the brain to verbal working memory
Cognitive e approach- smith-
How many letters were in the nonsense words the participants were shown?
4
Cognitive approach- smith-
What was the alternative to the words the participants were shown?
The position of three dots
Cognitive approach- smith-
What did the participants get inserted?
An intravenous catheter and a radioactive tracer was see through this
Cognitive approach- smith-
What did the participants ahve to do?
The y had to lie in a scanner while recalling and brain images were produced
Cognitive approach- smith-
What were the results?
Left hemisphere= verbal
Right hemisphere= spatial
Cognitive approach- klimesch-
What was the aim?
To investigate if there are different types of long term memory and where they are processed
Cognitive approach- klimesch-
What was teh method?
- pps had to compete tasks using their semantic memory (involved asking general knowledge quetsions)
- they then had to complete a task using episodic memory
- while completing these tasks they had to wear a cap with small electrodes placed on, measuring brain activity
Cognitive approach- klimesch-
What were the results?
Brain activity was different fir each task, and different frequencies
Psychodynamic approach- Little Hans-
At what age did Hans develop an interest in his ‘widler’?
3
Psychodynamic approach- Little Hans-
At what age did he develop a fear of horses?
5
Psychodynamic approach- Little Hans-
Why was he afraid of horses?
Because of their large penis
Psychodynamic approach- Little Hans-
What two other features did Hans not like about horses? what did they represent?
Blinkers (glasses), black bits around the mouth (moustache)
Psychodynamic approach- Little Hans-
What were two fantasies that Hans had?
- he had children with his mother
- someone came and removed his bottom half and replaced it with a larger version
Humanistic approach- Moscow-
What did Moscow believe?
- we have free will
- we have control of our identity/destiny
- we have a choice of how we act
- we overcome hurdles through self determination
